Download launch 1st - HS Writing and Literacy

Grammar
Launch
All content herein is adapted from The
Magic Lens series by Michael Clay
Thompson, Fireworks Press
What is grammar?
a way of thinking
about language
4 Levels of Grammar
Parts of Speech
 Parts of the Sentence
 Phrases
 Clauses

Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
n
pron
v
adv
adj
interjection
preposition
conjunction
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
name of a person, place,
NOUN:
thing
Types of NOUNS
proper: capitalized, specific name of a
person, place, or thing
o common: not capitalized, general name of a
person, place, or thing
o
Kyle and Julia went out for pizza and
a movie.
Kyle and Julia went out for pizza and
a movie.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
name of a person, place,
NOUN:
thing
Types of NOUNS
o singular: name one person, place, or thing
o
plural: name more than one
Examples:
singular
award
horse
knife
woman
plural
awards
horses
knives
women
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
name of a person, place,
NOUN:
thing
Types of NOUNS
o collective: names a group--people or
things that are regarded as a unit
examples: tribe, litter, flock, committee,
batch
o
QUICK QUIZ: identify the types of nouns
(proper, common, singular, plural, collective)
The volleyball team went to Baskin Robbins for sundaes
after their victory over Prospect High School.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
name of a person, place,
NOUN:
thing
QUICK QUIZ: identify the types of nouns
(proper, common, singular, plural, collective)
The volleyball team went to Baskin Robbins for sundaes
after their victory over Prospect High School.
team: common, singular (collective)
Baskin Robbins: proper, singular
sundaes: common, plural
Prospect High School: proper, singular (collective)
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
takes the place of a noun,
PRONOUN:
refers to a noun, general
Types of PRONOUNS
 subject pronouns: used as subjects
(nominative case)
Subject
Pronouns
1st person
Singular
Plural
I
we
2nd person
you
you
3rd person
he / she / it
they
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
takes the place of a noun,
PRONOUN:
refers to a noun, general
Types of PRONOUNS
 object pronouns: used as objects
(direct objects, indirect objects, object of
the preposition)
Object
Pronouns
1st person
Singular
Plural
me
us
2nd person
you
you
3rd person
him / her / it
them
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
takes the place of a noun,
PRONOUN:
refers to a noun, general
REMEMBER:
A SUBJECT is a SUBJECT and
an OBJECT is an OBJECT.
Identify the correct statement:
•He saw he.
•Him saw him.
•He saw him.
•Him saw he.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
takes the place of a noun,
PRONOUN:
refers to a noun, general
Types of PRONOUNS
 interrogative pronoun: used to ask the questions:
who, whose, whom, which, what (e.g. Which dog
is
yours?)
 demonstrative pronoun: used to demonstrate: this,
that, these , those (e.g. This is my dog.)
 relative pronoun: relates an adjective clause
to a main clause: who, whose, whom, which,
that (e.g. This is my dog that I have trained.)
 possessive pronoun: used to show ownership: my,
your, his, her, its, our, their (e.g. This is my dog.)
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
takes the place of a noun,
PRONOUN:
refers to a noun, general
Types of PRONOUNS
 indefinite pronoun: general, do not have
antecedents: anyone, anybody, each, all, etc. (e.g.
Everybody is going to the football game on
Friday.)
 reflexive pronoun: -self or -selves pronoun, refers
back to a word used previously in the sentence:
myself, ourselves, himself, etc. (e.g. I found myself
spending
Friday night grounded.)
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
takes the place of a noun,
PRONOUN:
refers to a noun, general
A term you should
know…
antecedent: noun that a pronoun refers to
ante:
before
cede: go
Example: Mrs. Smith went the the store. She
bought eggs, cheese, and milk.
Identify the pronoun: _________
The pronoun refers to ________ (antecedent)
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word
that
modifies
a
noun
or
ADJECTIVE:
pronoun
What does MODIFY mean?
•CHANGE
For example:
•frozen summit
•political summit
2 DIFFERENT
PICTURES
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word
that
modifies
a
noun
or
ADJECTIVE:
pronoun
Three Degrees of Adjectives
1. positive: modifies noun
o Rosati’s pizza is good.
2.
comparative: compares 2
o Rosati’s pizza is better than Garabaldi’s.
3.
superlative: compares more than 2
o Rosati’s pizza is the best in Chicago.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word
that
modifies
a
noun
or
ADJECTIVE:
pronoun
ARTICLES
1.
definite: the
o Did you bring the book with you?
2.
indefinite: a, an
o Did you bring a book with you?
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
Verb:
word that shows action, being,
or links a subject to a subject
complement
Types of VERBS
ACTION
Verb:
LINKING
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
Verb:
word that shows action, being,
or links a subject to a subject
complement
ACTION VERBS
action: expresses physical or mental action
o physical: gallop, steal, chew, study
o mental: recall, desire, know, visualize
o transitive verb: acts on a direct object
o
o Joe threw the football.
o
intransitive verb: does not act on direct
object
o Joe threw fast.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
Verb:
word that shows action, being,
or links a subject to a subject
complement
LINKING VERBS
o
linking: connects subject with a
word(s) that identify or describe the
subject
o Forms of BE: is, was, are, be, been,
have, had, has, am, were, appear,
become
o Common linking verbs: appear,
become, feel, grow, look, remain,
seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
Verb:
word that shows action, being,
or links a subject to a subject
complement
CAUTION
Some verbs can function as BOTH
action and linking verbs
o
EXAMPLE: grew
o action: We grew pumpkins in the fall.
o linking: The laborer grew hungry.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
Verb:
o
o
o
o
o
o
word that shows action, being,
or links a subject to a subject
complement
6 VERB TENSES
present: protests
past: protested
future: will protest
present perfect: have protested
past perfect: had protested
future perfect: will have protested
Auxiliary (helping) verb: helps main verb
o have cried, will have laughed
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that modifies a verb, an
Adverb: adjective, or another adverb
VERB
Adverb:
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that modifies a verb, an
Adverb: adjective, or another adverb
MODIFIES
VERB
Julie arrived early.
ADVERB
My mom shops so quickly.
ADJECTIVE
Lucie planted bright purple
flowers.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that shows relationship
preposition between a noun/pronoun and
another word in the sentence
Each preposition below relates yelled to
child, but notice how the meaning
changes with the preposition.
•He yelled to the child.
•He yelled at the child.
•He yelled about the child.
•He yelled near the child.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that shows relationship between
preposition a noun/pronoun and another word in
the sentence
Common Prepositions
about
before
during
off
toward
above
behind
except
on
under
across
below
for
out
underneath
after
beneath
from
outside
until
against
beside
in
over
unto
along
between
inside
past
up
among
beyond
into
since
upon
around
but
like
through
with
as
by
near
throughout
within
at
down
of
to
without
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that shows relationship
preposition between a noun/pronoun and
another word in the sentence
Prepositions are in the PRE-POSITION;
they introduce a prepositional phrase.
Example: He yelled to the child.
•the preposition “to” introduces the
prepositional phrase “to the child”
•prepositional phrases end with a noun or
pronoun called the object of the preposition.
•the object of the prepositional phrase “to
the child” = child
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that shows relationship
preposition between a noun/pronoun and
another word in the sentence
Practice
I traveled to California over the summer.
•Identify the preposition.
•Name the entire prepositional phrase.
•State the object of the preposition.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
conjunction
word that joins two words
or two groups of words
con = together
junct = join
Types of Conjunctions
coordinating conjunctions: join equals
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Examples:
I washed my clothes, and I packed my bags.
I rushed to O’Hare, but my flight was delayed.
Shelly, Brian, and I finally boarded the plane.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
word that joins two words
conjunction
or two groups of words
Types of Conjunctions
subordinating conjunctions: join unequals
after, although, as if, because, before, even
though, how, if, in order that, rather than,
since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until,
when, where, whether, while, why
Examples:
After I went jogging, I ate lunch with my sister.
Since graduating college, Mandy has traveled to
England, France, Germany, and Italy.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
conjunction
word that joins two words
or two groups of words
Types of Conjunctions
correlative conjunctions: PAIRS of
conjunctions that connect words/groups of
words that correlate
both…and
neither…nor
either…or
not only…but also
whether…or
Example:
Neither motorboats nor
jet skis are allowed in
the lake.
Level 1: The 8 Parts of Speech
interjection
word/short phrase used
to show emotion
Interjection
•no grammatical function
•usually set off from the rest of the sentence
by an exclamation point (!) or a comma (,)
Examples:
Wow! I can’t believe we won the game.
Oops, I forgot to call my mom.