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Weeks 4 and 5 The Skeletal System Objective 1: Bone Classification Classification by shape: Long bones are longer than they are wide. phalanges humerus metacarpals Short bones are roughly cubical carpals Flat bones are thin, with parallel surfaces, and usually a little curved. rib parietal bone sternum Irregular bones do not fit into the other categories. vertebra pelvic bone Objective 2: Bone Markings Bone markings are bumps, projections, openings and ridges on the surfaces of bones. They function as passageways for nerves and blood vessels, as points of muscle and ligament attachment, and as joint surfaces. Projections that help form joints: Head: a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface Projections that help form joints Condyle: rounded articular projection Ramus: armlike projection of bone Projections that serve as sites for muscle and ligament attachment Crest: a narrow prominent ridge of bone Sacrum Line: Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest Projections for muscle and ligament attachment Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process Tuberosity: large, rounded projection which may be roughened Femur Fibula and Tibia Projections for muscle and ligament attachment Tubercle: small, rounded projection or process Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle Humerus Depressions and openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels Meatus: canal-like passageway Foramen: rounded or oval opening through a bone Depressions and openings Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening Sinus: cavity within a bone filled with air Ethmoid bone Depressions and openings Groove: furrow Fossa: shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface Humerus Objective 3: Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Objective 4: Chemical Composition of Bone Bone matrix has two components: 1. Organic ground substance (osteoid) which consists of soluble proteins and collagen fibers • osteoid gives bone its tensile strength • in lab you will observe bone treated with heat to denature proteins What effect do you think heating bone will have? 2. Inorganic materials (hydroxyapatitie) which consist of a variety of mineral salts, primarily calcium and phosphorus • hydroxyapatite gives bone its compressional strength • in lab you will observe bone that has been treated with acid to remove minerals What effect do you think this will have? Objective 5: Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone Human bone is primarily arranged in a ringed pattern and is called lamellar bone: Haversian System (Osteon) Central (Haversian) canal concentric lamella Interstitial lamella Canaliculi Lacunae (containing osteocytes) Lacuna (containing an osteocyte) Canaliculi Haversian canal Perforating (Volkman’s) canal