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H U M A N N U T R I T I O N 1. * NUTRIENTS: *substances our body needs to grow, survive and repair itself *give us energy NUTRITION AND HEALTH * 3 MOST IMPORTANT TYPES OF NUTRIENTS: 1 - CARBOHYDRATES: give us energy. >>>>>> Two types: -SUGARS: found in foods that taste sweet -STARCHES: found in bread, potatoes and legumes 2 - FATS: give us energy. >>>>>>>>> >>>>>> Two types: -ANIMAL FATS: butter, bacon -PLANT FATS: olive oil, sunflower oil 3 - PROTEINS: help our body grow and repair itself. Sources: meat, fish, legumes 2. * OTHER NUTRITIVE SUBSTANCES: - VITAMINS AND MINERALS: we need small amounts, but they are essential. Sources: fruits and vegetables; milk (calcium for strong bones) - WATER: most of our body is made of water. We need to compensate the water we lose in urine, transpiration, etc. drinking water or eating food - FIBER: Help food to move through the digestive system. Sources: fruits, vegetables, whole-grains 3. * DIET: is the food that someone normally eats over a period of time. A Healthy diet is complete and balanced: * Complete: include nutrients from all the food groups * Balanced: include the right amount of each nutrient 4. * RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A HEALTHY DIET: * Eat foods from all the food groups * Decrease your intake of candy, desserts and soft drinks (they provide empty calories!) * Avoid animal fats (bad for the circulatory system!) * Eat lots of fresh fruit and vegetables >> contain vitamins and fiber * Chose whole wheat, bread and pasta>> contain fiber * Eat more fish and chicken and less meat or beef >> have less fat * THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS: * converts the food we eat into nutrients that our body can absorb THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS * takes place in the digestive system * has 3 phases: 1 - DIGESTION 2- ABSORPTION 3- ELIMINATION OF WASTE SUBSTANCES * THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: *has two parts: *the digestive tract: - the food we eat passes through this tube - divided into various parts - each part has a specific function - begins in the MOUTH and ends in the ANUS *annex glands: - secrete liquids into the digestive tract, they are: - SALIVARY GLANDS - LIVER - PANCREAS P H A S E S: 1. * DIGESTION: * process which breaks down foods to obtain nutrients * parts of the digestive system that take part in the digestive process: >> MOUTH: >> teeth break food into small pieces and chew them >> pieces are mixed with saliva produced by the salivary glands >> bolus is formed (= mass of chewed, soft food) >> ESOPHAGUS: >> the bolus moves down the pharynx (throat) >> and the esophagus >> and passes into the stomach >> STOMACH: >> the bolus is mixed with the gastric juices that the stomach produces (thanks to the muscle action of the stomach walls) >> produces a thick liquid called chyme >> SMALL INTESTINE: >> the chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine >> intestinal walls produce intestinal juices >> intestinal juice + x juice from the pancreas + bile from the liver = finish digesting the chyme >> and finally a milky fluid called chyle is x produced 2. * ABSORPTION: * process in which nutrients pass from the digestive system into the blood * takes place in the small intestine * walls of the small intestine are covered by finger-like projections called villi. They increase absorption * each villus has blood vessels. They absorb and transport nutrients beyond the intestinal wall 3.* ELIMINATION OF WASTE: * EGESTION is the elimination of undigested food substances * the chyle loses nutritional value as it passes through the small intestine * undigested substances remain and move on the large intestine * large intestine extract water from these substances and form solid waste called feces * we expel feces through the anus * RESPIRATION : * is the movement of air IN and OUT of the body to OBTAIN oxygen and EXPEL carbon dioxide RESPIRATION * this function is carried out by: * THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: * is made up of: * nose * mouth * lungs (2 spongy organs in the thoracic cavity, they contain: bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli x and many blood vessels) * air passageways (tubes which carry air into and out the body) * Humans breathe: air must enter and leave the lungs through: * Breathing or respiratory movements: INHALATION: - air enters the body EXHALATION: - air leaves the body - lungs and thoracic cavity expand - lungs and thoracic cavity contract - this pull the air with oxygen through the air passageways - this pushes the air from the lungs up through the air x to the alveoli passageways and out of the body - in the alveoli OXYGEN passes into the blood - this air contains less OXYGEN and more CARBON DIOXIDE - and CARBON DIOXIDE leaves the blood and passes to the x alveoli * Muscles like the diaphragm (separates the thorax from the abdomen) and the intercostal muscles between the ribs are involved in the respiratory movements * THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS: * begins in the nose >> pharynx >> larynx >> trachea that branches into 2 main: >> bronchi (1 for each lung) that divided into smaller: >> bronchioles with tiny sacs at the ends, called: >> alveoli * EXCRETION: * is the elimination of waste substances from the blood EXCRETION * this process is carried out by the: * EXCRETORY SYSTEM: * is made up of: 1* KIDNEYS 2* URETERS (that go from the kidneys to the urinary bladder) 3* URINARY BLADDER 4*URETHRA (that go from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body) *URINARY PRODUCTION: * The kidneys filter the blood, retain waste substances and use them to produce urine >> ureters carry urine from kidneys to >> the x urinary bladder (store the urine) >> urine leaves the body through the urethra * CIRCULATION: * is the movement of blood through the circulatory system to transport nutrients, oxygen and waste BLOOD CIRCULATION * THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: * is made up of: * heart * blood * blood vessels (are tubes that transport blood) * HEART: * is a hollow organ with very muscular walls * it works like a pump * it moves blood through the body * BLOOD: * is a red liquid that transport substances throughout the body * is made of PLASMA (liquid part) and two types of: BLOOD CELLS: Red blood cells: * are the most numerous * they distribute oxygen and make blood red White blood cells: * form part of our immune system * they fight infection and protect the body of illness *BLOOD VESSELS: There are 3 types: ARTERIES: - Carry the blood AWAY from the heart to the organ VEINS: - Carry the blood from the organs TO the CAPILLARIES: -Connect arteries to veins -Arteries close to the heart are bigger heart -They are the smallest blood vessels and -Arteries far from the heart are smaller and have many - Veins close to the heart are bigger and thicker have very tiny walls branches than the veins far from the heart *BLOOD CIRCULATION: Blood moves through the circulatory system in a close circuit. There are two CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS: PULMONARY CIRCULATION: * is the movement of SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION: * is the movement of blood to the rest of the body blood between the heart and the lungs * blood with oxygen from the lungs leaves the heart through the artery aorta and * blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary returns to the heart through the vena cava arteries x and returns to the heart through the *blood picks up substances from digestion in the small intestine pulmonary veins *blood distributes OXYGEN and nutritive substances and picks up CARBON DIOXIDE and waste substances, as it travels through the body