* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download World War I – Allied Victory 1 US Entry 1. US Entry 2
Survey
Document related concepts
Historiography of the causes of World War I wikipedia , lookup
List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in Artois wikipedia , lookup
Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–1919 wikipedia , lookup
American entry into World War I wikipedia , lookup
Allies of World War I wikipedia , lookup
History of the United Kingdom during the First World War wikipedia , lookup
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Aftermath of World War I wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of World War I wikipedia , lookup
Technology during World War I wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
World War I – Allied Victory © Paul Kiem, HTA 1. 1 2. 3 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7 7. 8. US Entry US Entry Russian Withdrawal 1918: German Spring Offensive 1918: German Spring Offensive 1918: Allied Counter‐Offensive 1918 The Armistice 1918 The Armistice Reasons for Allied Victory Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Exam Questions History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Develop a broad understanding • 1917 the war was stalemated on the Western Front . 1917 the war was stalemated on the Western Front • US entry and Russian withdrawal were potential turning points. • The German Spring Offensive in early 1918 broke the stalemate but failed to win the war. The German Spring Offensive in early 1918 broke the stalemate but failed to win the war. • The Allied Counter‐Offensive led to the Armistice in late 1918. y p • Was Germany defeated or did it collapse? • What were the goals of the Versailles Treaty makers? History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Know enough detail – but not too much! • 1917, April US entry • 1917, Dec Russian withdrawal • 1918, March‐July 1918 M h J l G German Spring Offensive S i Off i • 1918, July‐Nov Allied Counter Offensive • 1918, 29 Oct 1918 29 Oct German Navy mutinied German Navy mutinied • 1918, 11 Nov Armistice – war ends • 1919, June 1919 June Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Also, Also developments in collapse of German Home German Home Front. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Prepare for source based questions Understand Context of Sources Analyse Sources Understanding + Knowledge + Knowledge Recognise important detail in sources Recognise important detail in sources Use some knowledge + sources History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 1. US Entry into World War I Background • US neutrality favoured the Allies. See trade figures. Important in the war of attrition. US li f d h Alli S d fi I i h f ii • US reaction to sinking of Lusitania in 1915 limited Germany’s ability to blockade. It was forced to use ‘limited submarine warfare’. • 31 January 1917 – 31 January 1917 Germany reintroduced ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’. Germany reintroduced ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’ A gamble – US might enter but Britain could be starved out and the war ended first. Events • 7 April 1917: US declared war after attacks on US ships and the Zimmerman Telegram. • Unrestricted submarine warfare failed. The war continued. Unrestricted submarine warfare failed The war continued Consequences Short term: ‐ US entry had limited impact on the ground but boosted Allied morale. ‐ A deteriorating home front & US entry put pressure on Germany. Long term: ‐ US troops and resources would benefit the Allies enormously. ‐ President Wilson would have a major role in the peacemaking. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au United States Trade With European Powers, 1914‐1916 1914 1916 Total Allied Powers Allied Powers $ 824 000 000 $3 214 000 000 $4 038 000 000 $ Central Powers Central Powers $ 169 000 000 $ 1 159 000 $ 170 159 000 $ History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au German use of submarines to blockade Britain. Restricted U boat warfare U Unrestricted U boat warfare t i t dUb t f © HTA Modern History Study Guide 1915 May Lusitania is sunk by German U boat, with American loss of life. 1917 Jan Jan April Germany begins ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’. ‘Zimmermann Telegram’ intercepted. US declares war on Germany. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Destroyer Merchant Ships Convoy System overcame the U boat threat. • Eg only 637 of 1,100,000 US troops lost crossing Atlantic in 1917‐1918. Diagram from Martin Gilbert’s The Routledge Atlas of the First World War 3 The Routledge Atlas of the First World War 3rd ed. 2008 ed. 2008 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Ships reaching port Ships sunk Diagram from Martin Gilbert’s The Routledge Atlas of the First World War 3rd ed. 2008 d 2008 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Australian Troopship in 1917 Convoy forms in Sierra Leone Looking for subs Images, Images Vasco Loureiro, 11th Field Co. AIF History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Size of Armies in 1916 Allied Powers Central Powers British 3 516 000 German 5 470 000 F French 2 978 000 h 2 978 000 A t i 2 750 000 Austrian 2 750 000 Russian 4 767 000 Turkish 500 000 Italian 1 676 000 Bulgarian 400 000 Others 900 000 Others 900 000 Total 13 837 000 9 120 000 American Troops Landing in Europe, 1917‐1918 1917 1917 187 928 187 928 1918 831 187 Total 1 019 115 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 2. Russian Withdrawal Background • Germany dominated the Eastern Front but could not gain victory. • The Eastern Front kept Germany committed to a two front war. Events 1917 March October D December b 1918 March Tsar abdicates, Provisional Government continues the war. Bolshevik Revolution B l h ik Bolsheviks agree to armistice with Germany. i i i hG Treaty of Brest Litovsk – Russia withdraws from the war. Consequences Conseq ences • Gave Germany a ‘window of opportunity’ before large numbers of US troops arrived OR the home front US troops arrived OR the home front deteriorated further. • Troops were transferred from the Eastern Front to the Western Front Eastern Front to the Western Front. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 3. The German Spring Offensive (Ludendorff Offensive) 21 March – July 1918 • Mobile stormtroopers. • Rapid advance. R id d • Stalemate broken. • Allies recovered. Allies recovered Germans: ‐Were stopped. Were stopped ‐ Became exhausted. ‐ Ran out of reserves. ‐ Were exposed to Were exposed to counter‐attack. German Advance, 21 March – July 1918: History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 4. Allied Counter Offensive July‐November 1918 • Combined Command – Foch • Effective Artillery ‐ High Concentration g ‐ Creeping Barrage • Combined Arms ‐ Infantry ‐ Tanks ‐ Air • American Troops • Mobile Warfare • Demoralised Enemy Eg 8 Aug ‘Black Day of German Army’ ’ History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Reconnaissance & Protection All arms All arms coordinated offensive. Mass M Artillery Creeping Barrage Supply Supply Drops 1 Supply Tanks 2 Infantry Tanks y History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 3 5. Events Leading to the Armistice 1917 no side wanted ‘peace without victory’. 1918 Jan: President Wilson announced his Fourteen Points: 1918, no annexations, disarmament, self-determination, an ‘association of nations’ … - Ludendorff Offensive failed. - Allied Counter-Offensive succeeded. - Bulgaria g ((Sept.), p ), Turkey y ((Oct.), ), Austria ((Nov.)) surrendered. - October: German High Command advised the government to seek peace. - October: German Navy mutinied. - 9 Nov.: General Strike in Berlin. - 9 Nov.: Kaiser abdicated. - 11 Nov. new German government signed Armistice. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Two statements by German Commander Ludendorff: Two statements by German Commander Ludendorff: A. Advice to Reichstag, 2 October 1918. We can carry on the war for a substantial further period, we can cause the enemy heavy loss, but we cannot win the war … We must make up our minds to abandon the war as hopeless Every day brings the enemy our minds to abandon the war as hopeless. Every day brings the enemy nearer his goal… B. From his book, War Memories, 1921. The civilian politicians, the Socialists and the Soldiers The civilian politicians the Socialists and the Soldiers’ Councils on the Councils on the home front worked behind our backs. Their efforts undermined the efforts of our brave fighting men in the trenches. In the end Germany suffered defeat at the hands of a minority who spread discontent while suffered defeat at the hands of a minority who spread discontent while our proud army remained undefeated in the field of battle. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 6. Reasons for the Allied Victory 1 1. G Germany was att a strategic t t i disadvantage di d t in i a llong war. 2. The German Home Front collapsed. 3. The US entered the war on the Allied side. 4 4. The German Army was beaten on the Western Front Front. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 1. Germany was at a strategic disadvantage in a long war. Early advantages: Strong economy and large, well equipped, well-trained army. Strategic position in middle of Europe. War fought on Allied territory. Germany could be defensive on Western Front while Allies had to make costly attacks. Disadvantages Di d t iin a llong war after ft ffailure il off Schlieffen S hli ff Plan. Pl Forced to fight a two front war until 1918. The British Navy’s blockade of Germany was successful in a war of attrition. By contrast, contrast the German U boat campaign brought the US into the war war. While Battles like the Somme cost the Allies heavily, they also hurt Germany, militarily and economically. Germany’s Germany s allies provided limited support support. By contrast, the allies had support from their empires and the US. Arguably the Allied powers had the advantage in a long war of attrition Arguably, attrition. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 2. The German Home Front collapsed. • The British blockade, the war and inflation put enormous strain on the economy. • By 1916 there were shortages; by 1918 starvation. • The German High Command took workers out of agriculture and sent them to the army or industry (1916 Hindenburg Program). Led to neglect of agriculture. • In 1914 a political truce – Burgfrieden – had been declared in Germany, with all parties offering to support the government’s war effort. With increasing hardship, the old divisions re emerged: divisions re‐emerged: ‐ In 1917 the Reichstag supported a Peace Resolution. ‐ Revolutionary socialists emerged to lead strikes and mutinies. ‐ By late 1918 there was a political breakdown, revolution and mutiny. By late 1918 there was a political breakdown revolution and mutiny ‐ Example of strikes: 1000/month in 1915 100,000/month in 1918 100,000/month in 1918 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 3. The US entered the war on the Allied side. This was a critical factor in German defeat. American potential in resources and men was a blow to German morale. The Allies had access to millions of US draftees. The Allies had access to millions of US dollars and US industrial output. Note the impact of US forces by mid‐late 1918. Size of Armies in 1916 Size of Armies in 1916 Allied Powers Central Powers British 3 516 000 German 5 470 000 French 2 978 000 Austrian 2 750 000 Russian 4 767 000 Turkish 500 000 Italian 1 676 000 Bulgarian 400 000 Others 900 000 Total 13 837 000 9 120 000 American Troops Landing in Europe, 1917‐1918 1917 187 928 1918 831 187 Total 1 019 115 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au 4. The German Army was beaten on the Western Front. • O Once the Ludendorff Offensive failed, German army had exhausted its reserves and h L d d ff Off i f il d G h d h di d now faced an Allied counter offensive. • By By 1918, Allied commanders had improved technology and tactics: 1918 Allied commanders had improved technology and tactics ‐ They coordinated infantry, machine guns, artillery, tanks and aircraft ‘all arms’ attacks. ‐ There were improvements in everything from artillery to mapping. ‐ They had aerial supremacy. They had aerial supremacy ‐ They had a combined command under Marshal Foch. The German army suffered from declining morale. On 8 August 1918, Ludendorff German army suffered from declining morale On 8 August 1918 Ludendorff’ss • The ‘black day’, 12,000 were taken prisoner. • Despite Despite later claims about a later claims about a ‘stab stab in the back in the back’,, the High Command admitted in the High Command admitted in October that the army had been defeated: ‘there exists no further prospect of forcing peace on the enemy ... we can no longer win.’ History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au The answer is complex: • The result was close – Germany could have won at any time up to mid 1918. • Only O l hindsight hi d i ht allows ll us tto see G German mistakes: i t k - Failure of Schlieffen Plan - Failure of unrestricted U boat campaign, resulting in US entry. - Mismanagement of home front front. • All home fronts were under strain. Arguably Germany’s Arguably, Germany s home front collapsed only in late 1918 1918. • US entry only became a major factor late in 1918. • Recently historians have emphasised the improvement in Allied tactics and the fact that Germany was defeated militarily. Eg.: see Robin Prior’s ‘Stabbed in the front: German defeat in 1918’ in Ashley Elkins (ed.) 1918 Year of Victory, 2010 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Der Erste Welt Krieg 1914‐1918 – German World War I Exhibition, Berlin 2014 Teaching History, December 2014 Selected Captions The War at Sea “The U‐boat war isolated the German Empire diplomatically and accelerated the entry of the United States into the war.” The Exhausted Metropolis Th E h dM li “The people suffered from hunger in all the warring countries. But in Germany the hunger was more drastic than in France or Great Britain because of the British naval blockade... W War weariness increased perceptibly in the German Empire from 1916 ... At the end of i i d tibl i th G E i f 1916 At th d f January 1918 a massive political strike was called, joined by a million German people.” Victory and Defeat Victory and Defeat “The German Supreme Army Command recognized that it was senseless to continue the fighting and demanded that the government should negotiate a cease fire with the Allies to end the war In this way the military shifted the responsibility for defeat on to the new to end the war. In this way the military shifted the responsibility for defeat on to the new government of the German Reich.” History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au © Paul Kiem Obliterated French Village – Verdun History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Georges Clemenceau Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George France USA Britain Punish Germany Lasting Peace Protect Britain Protect France Internationalism Realist History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Wilson USA Lloyd George BRITAIN Clemenceau FRANCE Idealist Realist Nationalist War cost US little War cost Br a great deal War cost Fr the most Limited support at home Elected to ‘make Germany pay’ pay Strong anti‐German feelings in France in France Wanted to: Wanted to base future security on League of Nations 1) Make Britain secure 2) Offer some support to Fr. Offer some support to Fr Wanted to: 1) Weaken Germany 2) Secure US & Br Secure US & Br guarantees Insisted on League but gave way to France on treatment of Germany Ensured Br. gained advantage. Ensured Fr. gained advantage. Limited support for League. Limited support for League. Supported some reparations. Supported reparations. Supported harsh reparations. Result: • The treaty was not based on Wilson’s 14 points. • Germany blamed for the war. Germany blamed for the war • Germany required to pay huge reparations. • Germany disarmed and large areas of territory taken. • A League of Nations set up. A League of Nations set up History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au President Wilson Address to US Congress, 2 April 1917 The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be placed upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest... We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au This cartoon appeared in the German satirical magazine Simplissimus, ti i l i Si li i 3J 3 June 1919. Cartoon by Australian Will Dyson in London’ss Daily Herald, May 1919. London Daily Herald May 1919 History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Source A: Major R. J. Donaldson History of the 11th Field Company Australian Engineers, 1919 8 August 1918 It was obvious that the enemy has lost the initiative in the failure of his attempt to force the Marne, and that the violent battles on the French and American sectors in July marked its definite passage to the Allies. The breaking Th b ki off the th German G li on the line th 8th August A t marked k d the th end d off the th old ld “sit‐down” “ it d ” trench warfare and to no one did this represent a bigger change than to the sappers. Instead of settling down for a month or more at a time in a camp … and no sign or hope of an end to proceedings, proceedings the company now began to experience conditions approximating open warfare, with troubles and discomforts all compensated for by victory, and at least a hope of peace to come. 1 In Source A, trench warfare was described as 1. In Source A trench warfare was described as ‘sit‐down’ sit‐down because: because: A it was stalemated. B it was a boring style of warfare. C it was planned by generals at desks it was planned by generals at desks. D soldiers spent most of the time seated. 2. Source A could be used as evidence to show that: A open warfare was enjoyable open warfare was enjoyable. B battles were less violent after July 1918. C Allied troops’ morale was high in late 1918. D American troops took the initiative in late 1918 American troops took the initiative in late 1918. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Source B: Graph from Martin Gilbert’s The Routledge Atlas of the First World War, 3rd ed. 2008 German Prisoners British Casualties 3. What can be concluded from Source B? A The British suffered low casualties in late 1918. B British casualties peaked at 45 000 per week in 1918 British casualties peaked at 45,000 per week in 1918. C Large numbers of Germans were captured during the Ludendorff Offensive. D Large numbers of Germans were captured during the Allied Counter Offensive. History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au Short Answer Question 1. Use Sources A and B and your own knowledge to explain how fighting on the Western Front changed during 1918. 4 marks History Teachers’ Association of NSW www.htansw.asn.au General: There is, however, one small problem. Blackadder: That everyone always gets slaughtered in the first ten seconds? G General: l Th ' i h A d Fi ld M h ll H i i That's right. And Field Marshall Haig is worried that this may be i d h hi b depressing the men a tadge. So, he's looking to find a way to cheer them up. Blackadder: Well his resignation and suicide would seem the obvious suggestion Blackadder: Well, his resignation and suicide would seem the obvious suggestion. Lieutenant George: Great Scott sir, you mean, you mean the moment's finally arrived for us to give Harry Hun a darned good British style thrashing, six of the best, trousers down? Blackadder: If you mean, "Are we all going to get killed?" Y Cl l Fi ld M h l H i i b t t Yes. Clearly, Field Marshal Haig is about to make yet another gargantuan k t th t effort to move his drinks cabinet six inches closer to Berlin. The General ‘Good‐morning; good‐morning!’ the General said When we met him last week on our way to the line. Now the soldiers he smiled at are most of ’em h ld h l d f ’ dead, d d And we’re cursing his staff for incompetent swine. ‘He’s He s a cheery old card, a cheery old card ’ grunted Harry to Jack grunted Harry to Jack As they slogged up to Arras with rifle and pack. * * * But he did for them both by his plan of attack. Si f i d S Siegfried Sassoon Gary Sheffield Gary Sheffield The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army, 2011 The war poets and Blackadder have distorted our view of World War I. The war poets and Blackadder have distorted our view of World War I Haig was a competent and respected general and contributed to victory: ‐ He retrained the army. He retrained the army ‐ The battles of 1916 and 1917 did wear down the German Army. ‐ The British Army learnt from these battles. ‐ The battles of 1918 were well planned, directed and supplied. p , pp “On the eve of the battles that were to win the war, Haig’s army was very different from the one that had fought on the Somme two years before ... The BEF was more experienced, from high command down; it had evolved effective procedures for battle and staff work; and its morale was robust. Thanks in no small part to Churchill at the Ministry of Munitions, the British could now fight a rich man’s war, with unlimited supplies of material.” Recent Historiography Recent Historiography Meleah Hampton ‘Rise, Fall and Rise of Douglas Haig’ in Wartime, Summer 2016 , g g , Professor Buzzkill podcast # 19 Professor Richard Grayson on ‘Blackadder Professor Richard Grayson on Blackadder and World War I and World War I’:: http://professorbuzzkill.libsyn.com (3 Nov 2015, check podcast archives)