Download Unit 4.PlateTectonics Regents Review Packet Answers

1. A) Normal Fault - A geologic fault in which the hanging wall
has moved downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults
occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by
tension.
B) Reverse Fault - A geologic fault in which the hanging wall
has moved upward relative to the footwall. Reverse faults
occur where two blocks of rock are forced together by
compression.
C) Transform Fault - A geologic fault in which
the crust slides horizontally apart.
2. Transform Fault
3. A) Convergent Plate Boundary – two plates are
moving towards each other.
B) Divergent Plate Boundary – two plates are
moving away from each other.
C) Transform Plate Boundary – two
plates are sliding past each other.
4. Volcanic eruptions, mountain building,
and earthquakes.
5. Eurasian and Pacific Plates, IndianAustralian and Pacific Plates, Eurasian and
Indian-Australian Plates, North American
and Pacific Plates, Nazca and South
American Plates.
6. Pacific and North American Plates,
Caribbean and North American Plates,
Antarctica and African Plates, and Scotia
and Antarctica Plates.
7. Arabian and African Plates, Antarctic and
Indian-Australian Plates, Antarctic and
Pacific Plates, Nazca and Pacific Plates,
North American and Eurasian Plates, and
South American and African Plates.
8. Because the oceanic crust is more dense.
9. Oceanic crust – 3.0g/cm³ and basalt.
Continental crust – 2.7g/cm³ and granite.
10. Conduction – heat transfer by touch.
Convection – heat transfer by movement
of a heated fluid.
Radiation – heat transfer through empty
space.
11. Convection Currents
12. From the mantle and core.
13. Differences in temperature and density,
and gravity.
14. Asthenosphere – plastic-like layer in the
upper mantle that flows and causes plate
movement.
15. Lithosphere – includes the crust and
upper rigid mantle.
16. Sea-Floor Spreading; found on either
side of mid-ocean ridges.
17. Seismic waves
18. Movement along fault lines, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, or movement of
large vehicles.
19.
20. P-waves – primary waves, first to arrive
at a seismograph station, fastest moving
earthquake wave, compression waves,
and can travel through all materials (solids
and liquids).
21. S-waves – secondary waves, second to
arrive at a seismograph station, slower
moving earthquake wave, shear or
transverse waves, and can travel ONLY
through solids.
22. 12 minutes 40 seconds
23. 2 minutes and 10 seconds
24. P-waves are deflected and S-waves are
absorbed.
25. When the oceanic crust is displaced
during an underwater earthquake.
26. Oldest rocks are farthest from the midocean ridge; youngest rocks are closest
from the mid-ocean ridge.
27.
28. Difference in arrival times of p-waves
and s-waves.
29. Northwestward.
30. Distorted banding, folding, and faulting
of rock layers.
31. Both increases.
32. 1200 °C
33. Theory of Continental Drift – all the
continents were once joined together as
Pangaea and separated to their current
positions.
Evidences:
1) Continents coastlines fit together like a
puzzle.
2) Same fossils (plant and animal), rocks
types, mountain ranges, and glacial
striations found on different continents.
3) Coal deposits found in Antarctica but can
only form in tropical regions.
34. Alfred Wegener
35. Because Wegener could not explain
HOW the continents moved.
36. Theory of Sea-Floor Spreading - a process that
occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic
crust is formed through volcanic activity and
then gradually moves away from the ridge.
Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift
in the theory of plate tectonics.
Evidences for sea-floor spreading:
1) Pillow shaped basaltic rocks and rift
valleys on either side of the mid-ocean
ridge.
2) Same magnetic pole patterns on either
side of the mid-ocean ridge.
3) Age of rocks on either side of the midocean ridge increases from the ridge
towards the coastlines.
4) Discovery of deep-ocean trenches.
37. Theory of Plate Tectonics - states that
Earth’s crust is made up of about a
dozen rigid sections called lithospheric
plates (~100km thick, includes crust and
rigid upper mantle); these plates are
“floating” on the asthenosphere and are
moving slowly by giant convection
currents in the mantle (asthenosphere
section). *This theory combines
Continental Drift and Sea-Floor
Spreading theories to explain HOW the
Earth’s has changed.
Evidences for Plate Tectonics:
1. Tilted strata
2. Faulting of rocks
3. Folding of rocks
Ex. Anticlines and Synclines
4. Displaced fossils
5. Heat Flow
6. Hot Spots
38. Divergent Plate Boundary
39. Mountains and Trenches are created by
convergent plate boundaries.
Valleys (hot spots, mid-ocean ridges) are
created by divergent plate boundaries.
40. The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale
used for measuring the intensity of an
earthquake based on people reports.
41. The Richter magnitude scale quantifies
the energy contained in an earthquake,
whereas, the Mercalli scale is based on
subjective people reports on damage.
42. Richter scale.
• Be able to:
• Find Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust,
•
•
•
•
•
Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ESRT p.1
Interpret Tectonics Plates map - be able to determine
latitude and longitude of different features (Ex. Hot
spots, Trenches, etc.) and identify which lithospheric
plates (countries) are at convergent, divergent, or
transform boundaries- ESRT p.5
Determine the Inferred Positions of Earth’s Landmasses –
ESRT p.9
Interpret the Interior Layers of Earth – ESRT p.10
Interpret Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time to
determine epicenters – ESRT p.11
Determine the Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere
-– ESRT p.14