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Greek Mythology LJ #__: Greek Mythology KWL Make a 3 column KWL chart like this: I KNOW In this column list what you already know about Greek Mythology. I WANT (keep blank until later) I LEARNED (keep blank until later) LJ #__: Greek Mythology Notes Take notes as you read through the following slides. Where is Greece? Greece § Greece was divided into small city states. Greece § These city states were completely self governed. § They often had a patron god, whom they believed watched over them. § Wars were fought between these city states, usually over land. § Allied city states would change for different wars. Greece § Greek life was dominated by religion and so the temples of ancient Greece were the biggest and most beautiful. Greek Gods As in all cultures, the ancient Greeks explained the world and acts of nature through gods and the actions of those gods. These gods were the reason the sun comes up everyday, explained why there are earthquakes, explained how man came to be, and so forth. Greek Gods According to Hesiod, a Greek oral poet (rhapsode), here is how the world was created: ...In the beginning, there was Chaos, vast and dark. Then appeared Gaea, the deep-breasted earth, and finally Eros, ' the love which softens hearts ', whose fructifying influence would thenceforth preside over the formation of beings and things. From Chaos were born Erebus and Night who, uniting, gave birth in their turn to Ether and Hemera, the day. On her part Gaea first bore Uranus, the sky crowned with stars, ' whom she made her equal in grandeur, so that he entirely covered her '. Then she created the high mountains and Pontus, ' the sterile sea ' with its harmonious waves... Greek Gods Notice the similarities between the ancient Greek’s story of creation and the Judeo-Christian story of creation: ...In the beginning, Hesiod says, there was Chaos, vast and dark. Then appeared Gaea, the deep-breasted earth, and finally Eros, ' the love which softens hearts ', whose fructifying influence would thenceforth preside over the formation of beings and things. From Chaos were born Erebus and Night who, uniting, gave birth in their turn to Ether and Hemera, the day. On her part Gaea first bore Uranus, the sky crowned with stars, ' whom she made her equal in grandeur, so that he entirely covered her '. Then she created the high mountains and Pontus, ' the sterile sea ' with its harmonious waves... In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Then God said, “Let there be light” and there was light…. And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light day, and the darkness He called night…. Then God said, “Let the waters below the heavens be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear” and it was so….. Then God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night…. Then God said “Let the waters teem with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of the heavens…. Then God said, “let the earth bring forth living creatures after their kind…. Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness…. God saw all that He had made, and behold, it was very good. Mount Olympus § Mount Olympus towers up from the center of the earth and is the home of the major gods. Mount Olympus Greek Gods The Greeks created gods to explain the forces of nature. Greek Gods How are the earth and heavens held together? Greek Gods Atlas Greek Gods Why do violent storms at sea occur? Greek Gods Poseidon is angry Greek Gods How is it that we win some wars and lose some wars? Greek Gods Athena favors us or is against us Greek Gods § For the modern reader, it may be difficult to understand myths because they often seem so extraordinary and fantastical. § The modern reader understands the workings of nature and scientific principles. § But we must suspend our belief and just accept that this is how the ancient Greeks viewed and understood the world. Greek Gods • The Greeks understanding of the gods was based on their own natures. So the gods were really just one big family. • Here is the family tree of the gods Greek Gods The gods that we will focus on are those gods specifically featured in the Odyssey. Cronus § Cronus was a ruler of the universe during the Golden Age. § He was one of the 12 Titans and the youngest son of Uranus and Gaea, Cronus and his sisterqueen, Rhea, became the parents of 6 of the 12 gods and goddesses known as the Olympians. Cronus § Cronus ate his first five children as soon as they were born. § Rhea did not like this. She switched the sixth child with a rock in a blanket, Zeus, to save him. § When Zeus grew up he forced Cronus to vomit up his siblings § Zeus and his siblings fought a war against Cronus and the Titans and won. Zeus § Married to Hera but, is famous for his many affairs, which resulted in many children. § Athena was his favorite child. He bore her alone from his head. § One of the greatest feasts for Zeus was the Olympic games. They took place every four years in Olympia. Athena § Goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, industry, justice and skill. § Athena sprang full-grown and armored from the forehead of the god Zeus. § She was fierce and brave in battle but, only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies. Athena § She was the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. § She invented the bridle, which permitted man to tame horses, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. § Her symbols (objects that represent her) include the aegis (a fringed cloak, sometimes decorated with a Gorgon's head), the helmet, and the spear. Poseidon § God of the sea. § His weapon was a trident, which could shake the earth, and shatter any object. § He was second only to Zeus in power among the gods. § Under the ocean, he had a marvelous golden palace. § Poseidon was the father of Polyphemus. § Poseidon had numerous love affairs. § Poseidon was temperamental and held grudges. Apollo § Apollo was primarily a god of prophecy. He sometimes gave the gift of prophecy to mortals whom he loved. § As a prophet and magician, he is the patron of medicine and healing. He was a gifted musician, who delighted the gods with his performance on the lyre. § He was also a master archer and a fleet-footed athlete, credited with having been the first victor in the Olympic games. § He was famous for his oracle at Delphi. People traveled to it from all over the Greek world to divine the future. § He was also the god of agriculture and cattle, and of light and truth. Hermes § Hermes' main role was as a messenger. § As the special servant and courier of Zeus, Hermes had winged sandals and a winged hat and bore a golden caduceus, or magic wand, entwined with snakes and surmounted by wings. § He conducted the souls of the dead to the underworld and was believed to possess magical powers over sleep and dreams. § Five minutes after he was born, he stole a herd of cows from Apollo. § Hermes was the patron of trickster and thieves because of his actions early in life. Hephaestus § God of fire and metalwork. § He was born lame and weak, and shortly after his birth, he was cast out of Olympus. § In most legends, however, he was soon honored again on Olympus and was married to Aphrodite, goddess of love. § His workshop was believed to lie under Mount Etna, a volcano in Sicily. § He made many wonderful artifacts for the gods, including the twelve golden thrones of the Olympians, their weapons and treasures. Helios § God of the Sun. § Lives in a golden palace at the easternmost end of the world § Everyday he drives his golden chariot across the sky bringing sunlight to the gods and mortals. § At night he sails back to his palace in a boat that Hephaestus made for him. The Trojan War § War over Helen of Troy - “The face that launched a thousand ships” § Version 1 – war began because Helen, wife of Menelaus, a Greek king was raped by Paris, a Trojan prince. § Version 2 – war began over a competition between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite for the prize of “the most fairest” – Aphrodite told Paris that if he chose her, she’d secure him possession of Helen The Trojan War § Menelaus was brother of Agamemnon, the most powerful Greek King § He got a host of 100,000 men and 1,186 ships together § Traveled to Troy and declared war when Helen was not returned The Trojan War Troy Ithaca Greece The Trojan War § Both sides agree to a treaty that the whole conflict will be decided by a duel between Paris and Menelaus. § Paris is defeated but saved from death by the intervention from Aphrodite § Open war ensues when the treaty is broken § War lasts for 10 years The Trojan War § Zeus forbids the gods to take part, but they do anyway § Athena advises the Greeks to builds a giant wooden horse § The most strong soldiers hide in it as its taken into the city of Troy The Trojan War § At night when the Trojans are drunk and sleeping, the Greeks attack and defeat the Trojans § All Trojans are killed or enslaved and the city is destroyed LJ #____: I am a “god”! If you were a Greek god, what would your “powers” be? What would you be in charge of? What would your relationship be to us “mortals”? 1 paragraph minimum response LJ #__: Greek Mythology KWL Return to the KWL chart, complete the 2nd and 3rd columns: I KNOW In this column list what you already know about Greek Mythology. I WANT In this column list what questions you still have / what you would like to know more about. I LEARNED In this column list what you have learned about Greek Mythology