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1st Semester Review Package
NAME _________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD ________
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter for ALL the answers that are TRUE.
THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER.
Organisms that CAN’T photosynthesize and must get their energy by eating other organisms
are called ________________.
A. mutants
B. unicellular
C. autotrophs
D. heterotrophs
E. homeostatic
________________ reproduction produces offspring by combining the genetic information
from 2 parents.
A. ASEXUAL
B. SEXUAL
An organism like an green plant that can make its own food is called a(n) _______________.
A. autotroph
B. heterotroph
The development of an embryonic stem cell into a nerve, muscle, skin, or blood cell is called
__________.
A. homeostasis
B. metabolism
C. differentiation
D. evolution
E. stimulus
Humans are _____________________.
A. multicellular
B. unicellular
C. heterotrophs
D. autotrophs
Growing a new plant by breaking off a piece of an existing plant and sprouting it, is an
example of _______________ reproduction.
A. sexual
B. asexual
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1st Semester Review Package
Shivering when you get too cold is an example of which two concepts you learned about?
CIRCLE TWO (2)
A. evolution
B. metabolism
C. homeostasis
D. differentiation
E. stimulus-response
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MATCH THE VOCAB WORD FROM THE WORD BANK WITH ITS DEFINITION:
BIOLOGY
HOMEOSTASIS
METABOLISM
ORGANISM
DIFFERENTIATION
STIMULUS
EVOLUTION
-A signal to which an organism responds _____________________________
-Another name for a living thing is ______________________
-The “science of life” that studies all living things is called _____________________
-The process by which organisms as a group change over time; Process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms _______________________
-The process in which cells change as they grow and develop
to become specialized with different functions _____________________________
-A set of chemical reactions through which an organism
builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
_____________________
-Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
_______________________
LIST 8 CHARACTERISTICS of LIVING THINGS:
________________________
_____________________
__________________________
___________________
______________________
_______________________
______________________
_______________________
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Match the term to its meaning.
_____1. Metabolism
_____2. Reproduction
_____3. Inheritance
_____4. Growth
_____5. Homeostasis
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A. Passing of characteristics from parent to offspring
B. Shivering in response to the cold
C. When a cell adds structure to itself
D. Organisms producing more of its own kind
E. Involves using energy within a cel
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Biochemistry Review
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Circle the letter for ALL the answers that are TRUE. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER.
NO other kind of atom can form the number and variety of molecules that ___________________ can
because it can bond to 4 other atoms at the same time to make carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and
proteins.
A. hydrogen
B. oxygen
C. carbon
D. sodium
A ____________________ is made up of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.
A. amino acid
B. nucleotide
C. phospholipid
D. glycoprotein
Circle the nitrogen base found in DNA but NOT RNA is _____________________
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Lipids are
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
different from other macromolecules because they ___________________
are hydrophobic and don’t dissolve in water
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
dissolve easily in water
form large protein molecules
are hydrophilic
Glycogen, cellulose, and starch are all __________________.
A. proteins
B. polysaccharides
C. nucleic acids
D. lipids
E. phospholipids
Which 2 kinds of molecules combine to form cell membranes?
A. nucleic acids and carbohydrates
B. phospholipids and proteins
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1st Semester Review Package
C. carbohydrates and nucleic acids
D. polysaccharides and RNA
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil are all _____________________
A. amino acids used to make proteins
B. carbohydrates used to make polysaccharides
C. lipids used to make phospholipids
D. nitrogen bases used to make nucleotides
Which part of a phospholipid molecule is NON-POLAR & HYDROPHOBIC?
A. the lipid “tails”
B. the glycerol/phosphate “head”
This molecule is a(n) ____________________________
A. nucleic acid
B. amino acid
C. phospholipid
D. carbohydrate
This molecule is ___________________
A. insulin
B. hemoglobin
C. glucose
D. a phospholipid
E. ATP
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MATCH THE MOLECULE WITH THE SUBUNIT THAT BUILDS IT:
________ POLYSACCHARIDES
________ NUCLEIC ACIDS
________ PROTEINS
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TRUE or FALSE
Circle T if the statement is TRUE
Circle F if the statement in FALSE and use the blank provided to correct the underlined word/phrase.
T
F
The 20 different polysaccharides used to make proteins differ in what is attached in their
R group position. _____________________
T
F
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that makes plants sturdy. ___________________
T
F
One function of proteins is to provide insulation. __________________
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T
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People with diabetes can’t make hemoglobin to control their blood sugar.
__________________________Match the molecule with its description:
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
____________________________ made by joining amino acid subunits in long chains which provide
a wide variety of functions in cells
____________________________ made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
____________________________ made from nucleotide subunits which store and carry information
____________________________ Hydrophobic fats, oils, waxes, & steroids made mainly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms in long chains or multiple rings
COMPARE:
KINDS OF CARBOHYDRATES
# of SUGARS it
contains
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES
MONOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
MACROMOLECULES
GIVE SOME FUNCTIONS OF EACH
1.
CARBOHYDRATES
2.
1.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
2.
1.
LIPIDS
2.
3.
1.
PROTEINS
2.
3.
4.
5.
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COMPARE NUCLEIC ACIDS:
DNA
RNA
Is it Single/double stranded?
Which Nitrogen bases does it
contain?
Which Sugar does it contain?
Function(s)?
NAME THE MOLELCULE DESCRIBED BELOW:
Protein hormone that tells animal cells to store blood glucose
as glycogen
Double stranded nucleic acid made from nucleotides subunits
containing A, T, G, and C that stores genetic info in cells
Protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the
body
Membrane protein with carbohydrates attached that helps
cells identify “self” and plays a role in blood types, organ
transplants, and germ recognition
Macromolecule with a polar glycerol/phosphate “head” and 2
non-polar hydrophobic “tails” used to make cell membranes
Single stranded nucleic acid made from nucleotide subunits
containing A, U, C, and G which carries information from the
DNA to the cell for protein synthesis
Storage form of glucose used by plant cells
Storage form of glucose used by animal cells
Structural polysaccharide made from glucose subunits that
makes plants sturdy
Reactants in an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction are called __________________
A. polymers
B. products
C. substrates
D. organics
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ENZYMES
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
Circle the
letter of
the
answer(s)
that
correctly
complete
the
sentence.
THERE
MAY BE
MORE
THAN ONE
CORRECT
ANSWER.
1st Semester Review Package
Macromolecule that can act as enzymes are ______________________.
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. Nucleic acids
D. proteins
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by _________________________.
A. decreasing the activation energy
B. increasing the activation energy
C. making more hydrogen bonds
D. changing the pH of the solution
Proteins (like enzymes) unwind or ___________________ when placed in extreme pH or
temperature conditions.
A. desensitize
B. polymerize
C. depolarize
D. denature
Enzymes are ___________________________
A. used up during chemical reactions
B. unchanged during chemical reactions and reusable
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MATCH EACH COMPONENT IN THE ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION BELOW WITH ITS NAME
BY WRITING THE LETTER ON THE LINE PROVIDED.
_____ PRODUCTS
_____ SUBSTRATE
_____ ACTIVE SITE
_____ ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
_____ ENZYME
Name two (2) environmental conditions that
can cause proteins (enzymes) to change their shape.
______________________________
_________________________
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION REVIEW
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle all that are TRUE. There may be MORE THAN ONE correct answer.
Which of the following is TRUE of a cell membranes?
A. Cell membranes allow ALL substances to pass through easily
B. It is selectively permeable so only certain molecules can pass through it.
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1st Semester Review Package
C. It acts more like a fluid than a solid because its molecules are constantly
moving
D. Cell membranes surround all animal, plant, and bacterial cells.
E. It is a bilayer composed mainly of phospholipids and proteins
The nucleus includes all of the following EXCEPT ____________________
A. cytoplasm
B. nuclear envelope
C. DNA
D. nucleolus
E. chromatin
Substances produced in a cell and exported outside of the cell would pass through __________________
A. endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
B. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
C. nucleus and lysosomes
D. vacuoles and mitochondria
Cells like muscle cells which require lots of energy would probably have many __________.
A. nuclei
B. flagella
C. mitochondria
D. lysosomes
Viruses, bacteria, and old organelles that a cell wants to get rid of are broken down in ______________
A. ribosomes
B. mitochondria
C. rough ER
D. lysosomes
Integral proteins with carbohydrates (sugars) attached that stick out on the exterior surface of cell
membranes help recognize “self” and are called _______________________.
A. amino acids
B. lipoproteins
C. glycoproteins
D. monosaccharides
Mitochondria store the energy released when they burn glucose as __________________.
A. DNA
B. ATP
C. SER
D. RNA
The structures that synthesize proteins in cells are the ____________________.
A. ribosomes
B. Golgi apparatus
C. lysosomes
D. vacuoles
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The folded inner membrane in mitochondria which increases the surface area for chemical reactions to take
place is called the ________________.
A. thylakoids
B. centrioles
C. chromatin
D. cristae
The dark spot seen in the nucleus in non-dividing cells where RNA for ribosomes is made is called the
______________________
A. cristae
B. nucleolus
C. plastids
D. cytosol
The organelle that makes steroids in gland cells, regulates calcium in muscle cells, and
a break down toxins in liver cells is the __________________.
A. lysosomes
B. Golgi bodies
C. smooth ER
D. rough ER
The cells organelles that are surrounded by DOUBLE MEMBRANES and contain their OWN DNA are the
_________________
A. nucleus, ER, and lysosomes
B. nucleus, vacuoles, and chloroplasts
C. nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria
D. ER, Golgi bodies, and vacuoles
Which two
A.
B.
C.
D.
molecules are used to make cell membranes?
carbohydrates and glycogen
polysaccharides and nucleic acids
phospholipids and starch
phospholipids and proteins
One difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that _____________________
A. prokaryotes are surrounded by a cell membrane and eukaryotes are not
B. prokaryotes have a nucleus and eukaryotes don’t
C. eukaryotes have DNA and prokaryotes don’t
D. eukaryotes have membranes around their nucleus and organelles and
prokaryotes don’t
Vacuoles are _______________ in plant cells than in animal cells.
A. smaller
B. larger
Cell membranes form because the hydrophobic tails on phospholipids try to ________ water.
A. be near
B. stay away from
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Which of the following organelles does the Endosymbiotic Theory suggest evolved from symbiotic relationships
between prokaryotic cells?
A. mitochondria
B. Golgi bodies
C. chloroplasts
D. ribosomes
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Name two organelles found in plant cells that are NOT seen in animal cells.
____________________________
____________________________
Tell one way you can tell this cell is NOT A PLANT CELL.
___________________________________
Tell one way you can tell this cell is NOT A BACTERIA.
_________________________________
TELL TWO (2) WAYS EACH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE
DIFFERENT?
CHROMATIN
CHROMOSOME
CILIA
FLAGELLA
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In the diagram below, match the parts of the cell membrane to their structure and function.
B
A
C
D
_____ Bilayer
_____ Temporarily attach to cell membrane
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_____ Peripheral proteins
_____ Permanently attach to cell membrane
_____ Phospholipids
_____ Help move materials across membrane
_____ Integral Proteins
_____ Embedded Protein
_____ Attached to internal or external surface
_____ Helps in chemical signaling
CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS
TRAIT
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote?
BACTERIA
PLANT CELL
Encloses Cytoplasm
of Cell?
Presence of
Nuclear
Membrane?
Presence of Cell
Wall?
DNA in Single or
Multiple
Chromosomes?
Presence of
Cytoskeleton?
Vacuoles --Small, Large,
None?
Presence of
Lysosomes?
With or without
Centrioles?
Chloroplasts?
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ANIMAL CELL
1st Semester Review Package
Cell Size --Small or Very
Small?
Mitochondria?
Ribosomes?
CELL THEORY
1. All living things are ____________________________.
2. Cells are the basic unit of _______________ & ______________
in an organism (= basic unit of life)
3. Cells come from the reproduction of __________________________
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English scientists who first saw “little boxes” in CORK that he named cells
_________________________
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Dutch microscope maker who was the first to observe LIVING cells
____________________________
Botanist who concluded that ALL PLANTS are made of cells
______________________________
Zoologist who concluded that ALL ANIMALS are made of cells
______________________________
Doctor who reasoned that cells COME ONLY FROM EXISTING CELLS
_____________________________
American biologist who provided evidence for the Endosymbiotic theory which explains the origin of
chloroplasts & mitochondria _________________________________
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_____________ CELL
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_____________ CELL
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The _____________ of a cell increases faster than its ____________________ so cells must
divide instead of continuing to grow larger in order to be able to exchange materials with its
_________________.
THE WORD BEGINSWITH?
1. Small structure in a cell that performs a specific function is the _O_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
2. Dark spot(s) in the nucleus where ribosomes are made would be the _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
3. Sac of digestive enzymes = _L_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
4. _R_ __ __ __ __ ER is covered by ribosomes and sends its modified proteins to the Golgi apparatus.
5. The _C_ __ __ __ _W_ __ __ __ is found outside the cell membrane in
provides support and protection.
plants and bacteria and
6. An organism like a green plant that can make its own food = _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
7. These sausage shaped organelles burn glucose and store the energy as ATP
= _M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
8. The molecule used by cells to store genetic information = __ __ __
9. An organism with a nuclear membrane and organelles surrounded by
_E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
membranes =
10. The _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ is surrounded by a double membrane, contains
acts as the control center.
11. One or two long, hair-like structures called _F_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cells and help move the cell.
the cells DNA, and
extend from the surface of
12. The _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the gel-like material plus the cell’s organelles.
13. Smooth ER has several functions including regulating _C_ __ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ levels in muscle
cells, breaking down _T_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ in liver cells, making membrane lipids called
_C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ ___, and producing steroid _H_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ in the
ovaries and testes.
14. The folded inner membranes inside mitochondria are called _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __.
15. A cell membrane is a lipid _B_ __ __ __ __ __ __ because the
phospholipids line up in TWO ROWS
to try and keep their _H_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ tails away from water.
16. The _P_ __ __ __ ___ ___
_M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ surrounds all cells and is _
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S_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _P_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ to control what
enters and
leaves the cell.
17. The function of ribosomes is to make _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
18. _P_ __ __ __ __ and animal cells are both E_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.
19. ER is an abbreviation for _E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
20. __ __ __ __ __ __ ER does NOT have ribosomes attached.
21. The thylakoid sacs found inside a _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are where photosynthesis
happens in plant cells.
22. _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ have a polar head and two non-polar tails and combine with
_P_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ to make cell
membranes.
23. A _G_ __ __ __ __
transport out of the cell.
_B_ __ __ __ looks like a stack of pancakes and packages molecules for
24. _I_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ proteins stick into the cell membrane that can go part way or all the way
through to the other side.
25. Space for storing food, water, enzymes, or waste = _V_ __ __ __ __ __ __
26. An organism (like you) that CAN’T make its own food and gets it energy by eating other organisms =
_H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
27. A _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is an organism like a bacteria with NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE and
NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES.
28. _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are small structures that make proteins.
29. _B_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ would be examples of cells that are
PROKARYOTES.
30. The _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is made of microtubules and microfilaments in the
cytoplasm that provide support and give the cell its shape.
31. Molecule used by mitochondria to store energy = __ __ __
32. _C_ __ __ __ __ are many short hair-like structures on the surface of a cell that help move the cell
or move substances past the cell.
33. _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are log-like structures that appear during cell division in animal cells
and pull the chromosomes apart.
34. The process in which a cell destroys itself for the good of the organism is called _C_ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __.
Cellular Transport Review
OSMOSIS
Label the pictures below ( isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic environments)
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_________________
__________________
_________________
__________tonic means there is a GREATER concentration of solute molecules
OUTSIDE the cell than inside.
__________ tonic means there is a LOWER concentration of solute molecules
OUTSIDE the cell than inside.
__________tonic means there is the SAME concentration of solute molecules
outside the cell as inside.
The pressure inside a plant cell caused by water pushing against the cell wall is called
___________________ pressure.
The SWELLING AND BURSTING of animal cells when water enters
is called _________________________.
This happens when a cell is placed in a _________tonic solution.
Placing plant cells in a HYPOTONIC solution causes
the osmotic pressure to _______________.
increase
decrease
The SHRINKING of plant cells when water leaves so the cell membrane
pulls away from the cell wall is called __________________________.
It happens when a plant cell is placed into __________tonic solution.
When water leaves a plant cell, the osmotic pressure will ___________________.
increase
decrease
The shrinking of ANIMAL cells that are placed in a HYPERTONIC solution is
called ______________________.
Cells stay the same size when placed in an ________tonic solution because the amount of water
leaving the cell is the same and the amount of water entering.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the answer(s) that best completes the sentence.
The substance that dissolves to make a solution is called the ___________________
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A.
B.
C.
D.
diffuser
solvent
solute
concentrate
During diffusion molecules tend to move _____________________
A. up the concentration gradient
B. down the concentration gradient
C. from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
D. in a direction that doesn’t depend on concentration
When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a system, the system has reached
__________________.
A. maximum concentration
B. homeostasis
C. osmotic pressure
D. equilibrium
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called ________________.
A. active transport
B. facilitated diffusion
C. osmosis
D. phagocytosis
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis are all kinds of _______________ transport.
A. active
B. passive
Glucose enters cells most rapidly by _________________
A. diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. ion channels
D. phagocytosis
Energy for active transport comes from a cell’s ___________________.
A. Golgi complex
B. nucleus
C. mitochondria
D. lysosomes
________________ transport requires energy from ATP to move substances across membranes.
A. Passive
B. Active
A cell must expend energy to transport substances using ________________.
A. diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. ion channels
D. endocytosis
White blood cells engulf, digest, and destroy invading bacteria using __________________.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Facilitated diffusion
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
osmosis
The carrier proteins that help in facilitated diffusion are _______________ proteins.
A. Peripheral
B. Integral
All of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
following are kinds of passive transport EXCEPT ________________________
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
phagocytosis
Endocytosis that brings in small dissolved molecules (solutes) and fluids is called ___________________.
A. pinocytosis
B. phagocytosis
C. facilitated diffusion
D. osmosis
Golgi bodies use ____________________ to transport molecules out of cells.
A. ion channels
B. phagocytosis
C. pinocytosis
D. exocytosis
The pressure exerted by water moving during osmosis is called __________________ pressure.
A. tonic
B. diffusion
C. selectively permeable
D. osmotic
Placing an animal cell in a hypotonic solution will cause water to ______________________.
A. move into the cell
B. move out of the cell
When molecules move DOWN the concentration gradient it means they are moving from ______________
A. an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration
B. an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide move across cell membranes using _____________________
A. endocytosis
B. ion channels
C. diffusion
D. facilitated diffusion
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Complete the transport terms.
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1. Active transport requires _E_ __ __ __ __ __ to move molecules across membranes.
2. _A_ __ __ is the molecule that provides the energy for active transport.
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3. Golgi bodies use _E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ to release molecules outside the
cell.
4. _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __moves oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules from a high concentration to
a low concentration across membranes.
5. The cell organelles that burns glucose and provides ATP for active transport are the
_M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __,
6. Water moves across membranes by _O_ __ __ __ __ __ __.
7. A small membrane sac used to transport substances during exocytosis & endocytosis
= _V_ __ __ __ __ __ __
8. Kind of endocytosis that takes in small dissolved molecules (solutes) or fluids
= _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
9. _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ transport does NOT REQUIRE energy.
10. During _F_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ diffusion carrier proteins grab glucose molecules, change
shape, and flip to the other side of the membrane, like a revolving door.
11. A _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ protein is an integral membrane protein that helps move molecules across a
cell membrane.
12. A cell placed in an _I_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ solution neither swells or shrinks because the
concentration of molecules outside the cell is the same as inside.
13. A solution in which there is a HIGHER concentration of molecules OUTSIDE the cell than inside
= _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
14. A CONCENTRATION _G_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ forms whenever there is a difference in
concentration between one place and another.
15.Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and Na+-K+ pumps are all kinds of _A_ __ __ __ __ __ transport because
they use energy to move substances across membranes.
16. A solution in which the concentration of molecules outside the cell is LOWER than inside
= _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
17. A _S_ __ __ __ __ __-_P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _P_ __ __ __ uses ATP to move three
Na+ ions out of a cell while it moves two K+ ions in.
18. Pinocytosis & phagocytosis are both kinds of _E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
19. When molecules move from high to low along a concentration gradient we say they are moving
“_D_ __ __ __” the gradient.
20. _O_ __ __ __ __ __ __ pressure is caused by water inside a plant cell pushing against the cell wall.
21. The shrinking of a plant cell membrane away from the cell wall when placed in a hypertonic solution is
called _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
22. White blood cells use _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ to engulf and destroy bacteria that
the glycoproteins recognize as “not self”.
23. The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a hypotonic solution is called
_C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
24. Proteins (like carrier proteins) that stick INTO the cell membrane either part way or all the way
through are called _I_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ proteins.
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25. Ca , H+, Na+, and K+ move across membranes by going through passageways called
_I_ __ __ _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
LOOK AT THE DIAGRAMS. The black
dots represent solute molecules dissolved
in water
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In which beaker is the concentration of solute the greater?
A
or
B
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If the solute (dots) in this diagram is unable to pass through the
dividing membrane, what will happen?
A. the water level will rise on the right side of the tube
B. the water level will rise on the left side of the tube
C. the water level will stay equal on the two sides
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COMPARE/CONTRAST
the kinds of transport
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What does it use to
help:
Membrane proteins?
Vesicles?
Needs no help
(phospholipids)?
Active (ATP)
or
Passive
(KINETIC
ENERGY)
DIFFUSION
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
(ION CHANNELS)
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Example of
substance(s) that
use this kind of
transport in cells
1st Semester Review Package
SODIUM-POTASSIUM
(NA+ -K+) PUMP
(ANIMALS)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(PHAGOCYTOSIS)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(PINOCYTOSIS)
EXOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
PROTON PUMP
(PLANTS)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH
1. Molecules that collect light energy are called _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ .
2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B_ __ __ __-_V_ __ __ __ __ __ and _R_ __ __ wavelengths of light
best.
3. _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the main light absorbing pigment found in green plants.
4. Plants “look” green because chlorophyll _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ green light.
5. Organisms, like green plants, that can make their own food using energy from the sun are called
_A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
6. The gel-filled space inside the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid stacks is called the
_S_ __ __ __ __ __.
7. _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ I and II contain chlorophyll and absorb light energy during
the _L_ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ reactions.
8. During the light dependent reactions, H+ ions build up in the _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ space
when _W_ __ __ __ __ molecules are split.
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9. The enzymes for the light dependent reactions are found in the _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
_M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , while the Calvin cycle happens in the _S_ __ __ __ __ __.
10. The stacks of thylakoids found inside chloroplasts are called _G_ __ __ __ __ .
11. The light independent reactions are also called the _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _C_ __ __ __ __.
12. Carbon and oxygen from _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ end up as part of a
_G_ __ __ __ __ __ __ molecule following the Calvin cycle.
13. _A_ __ __ and _N_ __ __ __ __ are made during the _L_ __ __ __ __ dependent reactions and
carry energy and high energy electrons that are used during the Calvin cycle to produce
_S_ __ __ __ __ __, like glucose.
14. The O in H2O is given off as_O_ __ __ __ __ __ gas to the atmosphere when water is split during
the light dependent reactions.
15. Proteins in living things that help chemical reactions happen are called _E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ .
16. Electrons are transferred along the membrane from Photosystem II to Photosystem I using the
_E_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _S_ __ __ __ __ __ .
17. Orange and yellow colored pigments called _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ absorb different
wavelengths of light and help chlorophyll use more of the sun’s energy.
18. _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , amount of _W_ __ __ __ __ , and _L_ __ __ __ __ intensity
are all factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
19. _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ pushes H+ ions from the stroma across the membrane into the
thylakoid space.
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ENERGY AND LIFE
MULTIPLE CHOICE: CIRCLE ALL THE STATEMENTS THAT ARE TRUE OR COMPLETE THE STATEMENT.
THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER.
1. Which molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in an ATP molecule?
A. ADP
B. water
C. glucose
D. adenine
2. Which
A.
B.
C.
D.
of the following are TRUE about ATP?
ATP consists of ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate and releases energy.
Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste.
ATP provides energy for active transport in cells.
What is it called?
DESCRIPTION
Organisms that can make their
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GIVE 2 EXAMPLES
1st Semester Review Package
own food
Organisms that obtain energy
from the food they eat
What is the ultimate source of energy autotrophs use to produce their own food?
_____________________
On the line below each picture, classify the organism as either an AUTOTROPH or a HETEROTROPH.
_______________________
Hint: What color are mushrooms?
_______________________
_______________________
NAME THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND SHOWN BELOW THAT CELLS USE TO STORE ENERGY. _________
LABEL THE PARTS THAT MAKE UP THIS MOLECULE:
Reading on Page 54
A= _________________________________
B= __________________________________
C=___________________________________
WHAT DOES ATP STAND FOR?
A_______________________ T________________________________________
HOW MANY PHOSPHATES ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF ADP? ____________
HOW IS ATP MADE FROM ADP?
__________________________________________________________________________________
USE the words: ENERGY STORING and ENERGY RELEASING to label what is happening in
the reactions shown below:
_____________________________________
____________________________________
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Name 3 cellular activities that use the energy stored in ATP:
_______________________________________
______________________________________
_______________________________________
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS: An Overview
CIRCLE ALL THAT ARE TRUE.
1. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing MOLECULES called __________________.
A. thylakoids
B. pigments
C. chloroplasts
D. glucose
2. Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in the _______________ regions of the visible spectrum.
(Circle all that are true)
A. blue-violet
B. green
C. red
D. yellow
3. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll _________________________________________.
A. reflects green light
B. absorbs green light
4. A student conducts an experiment by collecting the gas given off by a green plant in bright sunlight
at room temperature. The gas being collected is probably ___________________.
A. ATP
B. water vapor
C. carbon dioxide
D. oxygen
Write the complete overall chemical equation for photosynthesis using chemical symbols
instead of words:
___________
__________________
+ ___________________
→ __________________ + ___________________
How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are used to make 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) ?
1
2
3
6
12
In addition to water and carbon dioxide, what two things are required for photosynthesis to happen?
_______________________ and _______________________
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REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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1st Semester Review Package
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
1. Where are Photosystems I and II found?
A. in the stroma
B. in the thylakoid space
C. in the thylakoid membrane
D. in the Calvin cycle
2. The Calvin cycle is another name for __________________________
A. photosynthesis
B. the electron transport chain
C. light-dependent reactions
D. light-independent reactions
3. Why does the space inside the thylakoid become positively charged during the light-dependent
reactions?
A. ATP synthase pushes H+ ions from the stroma across the membrane into the space
B. B. H+ ions build up in the space as water is split
C. Electrons have a + charge and are released here by Photosystem II
C. Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma
4. CIRCLE ALL THAT ARE TRUE about the LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION.
A. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.
B. Pigments in photosystems II and I absorb light.
C. ATP synthase helps H+ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membrane to the
stroma.
D. ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars.
5. CIRCLE ALL THAT ARE TRUE about the CALVIN CYCLE
A. ATP is produced by ATP synthase and oxygen is released
B. It is also called the light-independent reaction.
C. ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used here
D. High energy sugar compounds are made from CO2
6. Which
A.
B.
C.
D.
step is the beginning of photosynthesis?
Pigments in photosystem I absorb light.
Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.
High energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.
ATP and NADPH produce high energy sugars.
7. CIRCLE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING THAT ARE FOUND INSIDE THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE.
A. electron transport chain
B. photosystem I
C. photosystem II
D. ATP synthase
8. Which molecule acts as a carrier for high energy electrons during photosynthesis?
A. ATP
B. H2O
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1st Semester Review Package
C.
D.
9. How is
A.
B.
C.
D.
NADP+
CO2
the Calvin cycle different from the light-dependent reactions?
It takes place in chloroplasts.
It takes place in the stroma.
It requires light.
It takes place in the thylakoid membrane
10. Oxygen produced during the light-dependent reaction is __________________________.
A. used in the Calvin cycle to make sugar
B. joined with the NADPH to make water
C. is released into the atmosphere
D. None of these, oxygen is NOT produced by the light-dependent reaction
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How does NADP become NADPH?
___________________________________________________________________________________
Name 3 factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE
Circle T if the statement is TRUE.
Circle F if the statement is FALSE and use the blank provided to correct the underlined word/phrase.
T
F
Increasing light intensity decreases the rate of photosynthesis. _____________________
T
F
Carbon dioxide molecules enter the light-dependent reactions from the atmosphere.
______________________
T
F
Photosynthesis uses energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH produced in
the light-dependent reactions to make glucose in the Calvin cycle. ___________________
T
F
The light-dependent reaction produces ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide. _____________
T
F
ATP synthase spins like a turbine as H+ ions pass through it to generate ATP. __________
T
F
Electrons are energized twice during photosynthesis. __________
USE THE LETTERS IN THE DIAGRAM AT THE LEFT TO
IDENTIFY:
______ stroma
______ thylakoid
______ granum
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1st Semester Review Package
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COLOR THE DIAGRAM AS DESCRIBED:
Color the energy from sunlight YELLOW
Color the two places where light energy
enters the reactions ORANGE
Color the hydrogen ions RED
Color the electrons GREEN
Color the thylakoid membrane BLUE
On which side of the membrane would you find the STROMA?
(Hint: look to see where NADPH is being made)
A
or
On which side of the membrane is the INNER THYLAKOID SPACE?
(Hint: look to see where water molecules are being split)
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B
A
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or
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B
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Where does ATP formation happen?
Stroma
inner thylakoid space
Add an equation to the diagram in the correct location
that shows the formation of ATP from ADP.
USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANK TO FILL IN
THE CHART COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS AND THE CALVIN
CYCLE: (You can use them more than once!)
in stroma
in thylakoid membrane
Requires light
O2
ATP
CO2
Doesn’t require light
H2 O
SUGARS (glucose)
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
LOCATION
REACTANTS
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NADPH
CALVIN CYCLE
1st Semester Review Package
PRODUCTS
LIGHT?
THINK ABOUT IT
Which of these graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? ______
(Hint: Many molecules that help with photosynthesis are enzymes)
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. ___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Which of these graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? ______
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
********************************************************************************************
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Circle ALL that are TRUE. There may be MORE THAN one correct answer.
_______________________ is the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in
glucose.
A. Alcoholic fermentation
B. Lactic acid fermentation
C. Glycolysis
D. Electron transport chain
The carriers for energy and high energy electrons during GLYCOLYSIS are ________.
A. ATP
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. NADPH
If oxygen
A.
B.
C.
is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by _____________________
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain
fermentation
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1st Semester Review Package
Name the
A.
B.
C.
D.
3 carbon molecule produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis.
pyruvic acid
lactic acid
Acetyl-CoA
citric acid
Since fermentation does not require oxygen it is said to be __________________.
A. aerobic
B. anaerobic
Which high energy electron carrier is regenerated during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make
ATP using glycolysis?
A. NAD+
B. NADPH
C. ATP
D. ADP
How many ATP molecules are added to get glycolysis started?
_________
Since glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules, this results in a NET GAIN of _____ ATP’s
MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL:
(You can use them MORE THAN ONCE)
______ MATRIX
______ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
______ CYTOPLASM
______ OUTER MEMBRANE
______ INNER MEMBRANE (CRISTAE)
______ Place GLYCOLYSIS happens
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Write the complete overall chemical equation for cellular respiration using chemical symbols instead of words:
____________ + _______________  ________________+_________________+________________
Compare this reaction to the one you learned about last chapter for PHOTOSYNTHSIS
(6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2) How are these equations related?
_____________________________________________________________________
Write in words the equations for the two kind of fermentation:
Alcoholic fermentation
_________________+_______________→_________________+_________________ +______________
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1st Semester Review Package
Lactic acid fermentation
___________________+_________________→___________________+_________________
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Tell the kind of fermentation used in each example:
Yeast use this to make bread dough rise ________________________
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Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low ________________
Bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine _____________________
Bacteria use this to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream ___________________
If alcoholic fermentation is used to make bread dough rise, how come you don’t become intoxicated when you
eat the bread?
_____________________________________________________________________
The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Circle the answer or answers that best complete the statement or answer the question.
(THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE RIGHT ANSWER.)
Which of the following shows the correct sequence during cellular respiration?
A. Electron transport chain → glycolysis → Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis → Electron transport chain → Krebs cycle
C. Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain → glycolysis
D. Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain
Where do
A.
B.
C.
D.
the carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up following the Krebs cycle?
They enter the electron transport chain and make ATP
They become part of a carbon dioxide molecule and end up in the atmosphere
They join with citric acid to make Acetyl-CoA
They build up in the intermembrane space
Because cellular respiration requires oxygen it is said to be _________________
A. aerobic
B. anaerobic
How many total ATP molecules are produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration ?
2
6
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE PRODUCED DURING THE KREBS CYCLE?
A. ATP
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. CO2
What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron transport chain?
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1st Semester Review Package
A.
B.
C.
D.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
glucose
NADH
The movement of which ion across the membrane from the intermembrane space to the matrix causes ATP
synthase to spin and make ATP
A. Na+ ions
B. oxygen
C. H+ ions
D. water
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
A. glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Electron transport
D. Acetyl-CoA charging
Which of the following happens as electrons pass down the Electron Transport chain?
A. Energy from the moving electrons transports H+ ions into the intermembrane space
B. Carbon dioxide is released
C. Energy from H+ ions crossing back into the matrix causes ATP synthase to make ATP.
D. Water is produced
Name the ? molecule that joins in this reaction
to make Acetyl-CoA.
A. ATP
B. NADP+
C. Coenzyme A
D. citric acid
If oxygen is present, what will happen to the NADH
produced in this reaction?
A. Its electrons will enter the Electron
transport chain
B. It will donate its H+ ions to make glucose
C. It will join with ATP to make citric acid
D. It will join with oxygen to make CO2
Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms
when Acetyl-CoA joins its 2 carbons to a 4
carbon molecule during the Krebs cycle.
A. ATP
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1st Semester Review Package
B. pyruvic acid
C. glucose
D. citric acid
MATCH THE LETTER IN THE DIAGRAM WITH THE LABEL:
(You can use them MORE THAN ONCE or NOT AT ALL)
______ Place where glycolysis happens
______ Place where enzymes for the Electron
Transport Chain are located
______ Place that fills with H+ ions as electrons move
down the Electron transport chain
______ Place where ADP and P join to make ATP
______ Place where oxygen acts as the final electron
acceptor to make water
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Explain why FADH2 produces fewer ATP molecules than NADH when it passes its electrons
down the Electron transport chain.
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a 6 carbon molecule that is produced first when acetyl-CoA
joins with a 4 carbon molecule to enter the Krebs cycle.
2. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the process of splitting a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid
molecules.
3. The molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy is __ __ __.
4. Glycolysis happens outside the mitochondria in the __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ of the cell.
5.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ happens when oxygen is present
and includes glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport.
6. This describes a process that requires oxygen = __ __ __ __ __ __ __
7. This high energy electron carrier produces fewer ATP’s than NADH as its electrons pass
through the Electron Transport Chain because it enters farther down the chain
a. =__ __ __ __ __
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1st Semester Review Package
8. This atmospheric gas is required for aerobic respiration = __ __ __ __ __ __.
9. This describes a process that does NOT require oxygen; it means “without air”
a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
10. Type of fermentation used by human muscles in low oxygen conditions and microorganisms to make
yogurt, cheese, pickles, sauerkraut and kimchi. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
11. As electrons pass down the electron transport chain, H+ ions build up in the
a. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ space.
12. The __ __ __ __ __ cycle breaks down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and produces NADH, FADH 2,
and ATP.
13. The NADH and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle pass their electrons down the
14. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ chain to produce ATP.
15. The passage of H+ ions through __ __ __
ATP.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ causes it to spin and produce
16. This 3 carbon molecule is produced during glycolysis when glucose splits in half
a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
17. Cell organelle which acts as the cell’s power plant to burn glucose and store energy as ATP
a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
18. If oxygen is NOT present, glycolysis is followed by __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
19. Type of fermentation used to make bread dough rise and produce beer and wine.
a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
20. This molecule has the formula C6H12O6 and is split in half during glycolysis = __ __ __ __ __ __ __
21. The carbon atoms in pyruvic acid end up as __ __ __ in the atmosphere following the Krebs cycle.
22. 9. The folded inner membranes inside a mitochondrion are called __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
23. This molecule reacts with pyruvic acid to release C02, produce NADH, and acetyl-CoA.
a. = __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
24. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ forms when Coenzyme A attaches to two carbons from pyruvic acid.
25. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the storage form of glucose used by animal cells which can be broken
down for energy when glucose is used up.
26. The area inside the cristae where the Krebs cycle happens is the __ __ __ __ __ __.
LABEL &/OR EXPLAIN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS:
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Name of process?
Where it occurs?
What’s split?
Aerobic or anaerobic?
Net ATP made?
Where cycle occurs?
Aerobic or anaerobic?
Gas produced
Energy carriers made?
Name of Cycle?
Where Occurs?
What is made?
NADH + FADH2
From Krebs ENTER
Name of Process?
Where it occurs?
Gas used?
Substance made?
Net ATP?
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O2 
?
+ 36 ATP
1st Semester Review Package
Cell Reproduction Review
CELL CYCLE
In the space provided in the figure below, write the letter of the phase of the cell cycle that
matches each phase in the figure.
a.
b.
c.
d.
prophase
G1
telophase
metaphase
Phases of the Cell Cycle
e. S
f. cytokinesis
g. G2
h. anaphase
CELL DIVISION
Label all parts of each cell in the cell cycle and explain what is occurring at each
stage.
Stage (Label all structures)
What's occurring?
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INTERPHASE
PHASE
METAPHASE
Stage (Label all structures)
What's occurring?
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ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
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MITOSIS
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement.
1. DNA that is spread out in a non-dividing cell is called _____________________.
A chromosome
B. chromatin
2. The two copies of each chromosome that are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the
same traits are called ___________________________ chromosomes.
A. maternal
B. paternal
C. heterozygous
D. homologous
3. Bacteria reproduce using ______________________.
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. binary fission
D. binary duplication
4. As a cell grows in size, which increases more rapidly?
A. its volume
B. its surface area
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5. The two chromatid arms on a chromosome are ____________________.
A. identical copies
B. similar but not identical
6. Homologous chromosomes are _____________________.
A. identical copies
B. similar but not identical
7. Cells spend most of their lifetime in _____________________ phase of interphase.
A. Mitosis
C. S
B. G1
D. G2
MATCHING: Match the vocabulary word with its definition:
1. _____ framework of microtubules to which chromosomes
attach during cell division to pull them to the poles
A. Chromatid
2. _____ paired structures that appear next to the nucleus
during prophase to separate chromosomes
B. Centriole
3. _____ constricted area in a pair of chromosomes that
holds the two chromatids together
C. Centromere
4. _____ region where the centrioles are located
D. Centrosome
5. _____ one of the two homologous strands of a
chromosome
E. Spindle
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MATCH THE PHASE WITH WHAT HAPPENS:
You CAN use them more than once
S
_______
G1
G2
G0
Mitosis (M)
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Cytokinesis (C)
Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing
______ Division of chromosomes happens
______ Division of cytoplasm happens
______ Cell makes the molecules and organelles needed for cell division
______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, metaphase
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_______ Cell is reading the DNA code and “doing its job”
_______ Cell makes a copy of its DNA
Tell how cell division in PROKARYOTES is different from EUKARYOTES.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
MATCH THE PHASE WITH WHAT HAPPENS:
You CAN use them more than once!
Interphase (I)
Prophase (P)
Telophase (T)
Cytokinesis (C)
Anaphase(A)
Metaphase (M)
_______ 1. DNA is all spread out as chromatin and nuclear membrane is visible
_______2. DNA scrunches up and chromosomes are first visible
_______3. Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
_______4. DNA is copied and cell prepares to divide
_______5. Chromatid arms separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
_______6. Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear
_______7. Two nuclei are visible
_______8. First dividing phase
_______9. Made up of G1, S, G2
_______10. Centrioles & spindle fibers appear next to nucleus
_______11.
Cytoplasm is split between two cells
_______12. Spindle fibers and centrioles disappear
_______13.
Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nucleus
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1st Semester Review Package
What Does it Start with?
1. Cell division in eukaryotes consists of two parts: M __ __ __ __ __ __ which divides the chromosomes
and C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ which divides the cytoplasm.
2. Bacteria divide using B __ __ __ __ __ F __ __ __ __ __ __ instead of mitosis.
3. In M __ __ __ __ __ __ a cell divides once to produce two daughter cells that are genetically
identical to the parent cell; In M __ __ __ __ __ __ a cell divides twice to produce four genetically
different daughter cells with one-half the number of chromosomes of a body cell,
4. A C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is made up of two
C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ arms joined in the middle by a
C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
5. G1, S, and G2 combine to make up I __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , the non-dividing phase of the cell
cycle.
6. When cells like nerve cells are in G0 , they leave the cell cycle and
S __ __ __ dividing.
7. DNA is copied during the S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ or S phase of interphase.
8. P __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the first phase of mitosis during which
C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ scrunches into chromosomes, the
S __ __ __ __ __ __ fibers appear to pull the chromosomes apart, and the
N __ __ __ __ __ __ M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and the
N __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ fragment and disappear.
9. During M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.
10. In A __ __ __ __ __ __ __ the chromatid arms separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
11. T __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is also called reverse P __ __ __ __ __ __ __ because all of the events
that happen in prophase are “undone” in telophase.
12. H __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ chromosomes are the same size and the same shape and carry genes
for the same traits but are NOT identical.
13. The region near the nucleus where the centrioles are found that helps organize the spindle fibers
during cell division is called the C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
14. C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are log-like structures that appear near the nucleus during cell
division in an animal cell and move to opposite poles to pull the chromosomes apart.
15. The S __ __ __ __ __ __ fibers are made of
M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and connect each chromosome to the centrioles.
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16. DNA and its attached proteins is spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells, it is called C __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ .
17. When DNA is scrunched up in dividing cells it is called
C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
18.The disease in which one of the body’s own cells loses the ability to control division=
C __ __ __ __ __
19. When animal cells undergo cytokinesis they use a C __ __ __ __ __ __ __
F __ __ __ __ __ to split their cytoplasm, but plant cells use
a C __ __ __ P __ __ __ __ because their cell wall keeps them from pinching.
20.The repeating steps a cell goes through during its lifetime are called
the C __ __ __ C __ __ __ __.
EVENTS of the CELL CYCLE
The parts of the cell cycle are interphase (G1, S, and G2), mitosis (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase), and cytokinesis. The following events occur in these phases. Write
the correct name for the part of the cell cycle in which each event occurs.
__________1. DNA is replicated
__________2. Most protein synthesis occurs in a cell
__________3. Microtubules form the spindle
__________4. In animal cells the centrioles separate
__________5. Cell plate forms from membranes of the ER in plant cells
__________6. Cell matures and carries on its normal activities
__________7. Animal cell pinches together at the center
__________8. Cleavage furrow forms in animal cells
__________9. The cell prepares for cell division by making more cytoplasm, proteins, and
organelles
__________10. The nucleolus begins to break down and disappear
__________11. Nuclear envelope reforms from the ER
__________12. Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
__________13. Non-dividing cells may leave this phase and enter the G0 phase
__________14. Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to the poles
__________15. The nucleolus reforms and becomes visible inside the nucleus again
__________16. The spindle is broken down
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MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement.
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1. _______________is a kind of cell division that produces haploid cells with ½ the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell.
A, mitosis
B. meiosis
2. Cells undergo meiosis to _____________________.
A. grow bigger
B. repair injuries
C. replaces worn out cells
D. makes gametes
3. The pairing up of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called _______________.
A. crossing over
B. synapsis
C. independent assortment
D. binary fission
4. The group of 4 chromatids that forms during synapsis is called a _____________.
A. biad
B. triad
C. tetrad
D. quadrad
5. The exchange of genetic material between arms of homologous chromosomes is called
A. synapsis
B. independent assortment
C. asexual reproduction
D. crossing over
6. The pairing up of maternal and paternal chromosomes (synapsis) during meiosis happens in
___________________.
A. prophase I
B. metaphase I
C. prophase II
D. interphase II
7. During meiosis, crossing over happens in __________________________.
A. prophase I
B. metaphase I
C. prophase II
D. interphase II
8. During meiosis, independent assortment happens in _______________________.
A. metaphase I
B. anaphase I
C. anaphase II
D. telophase II
9. In MEIOSIS a 2n parent cell divides to produce ____________________.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Four identical 2n cells
Two identical 2n cells
Two identical 1n cells
Four different 1n cells
10. During oogenesis, the cytoplasm is divided UNEVENLY so that only one mature egg is produced
along with three _____________________.
A. polar bodies
B. diploid cells
C. zygotes
D. spermatids
11. The production of mature sperm cells is called _________________________.
A. oogenesis
B. spermo-synthesis
C. spermosis
D. spermatogenesis
12. The random separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during anaphase I
is called ____________________.
A. crossing over
B. polarization
C. independent assortment
D. spermatogenesis
13. The production of offspring from one parent without joining gametes is called
___________________ reproduction.
A. sexual
B. asexual
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TRUE or FALSE
Circle T if the statement is TRUE.
Circle F if the statement is FALSE.
If it is FALSE, MAKE CORRECTIONS to the underlined word(s) to make the statement true.
T
F
Offspring from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent.
T
F
Polar bodies go on to become eggs.
T
F
The 2nd division in meiosis is a mitosis division without copying the DNA 1st.
T
F
In humans, meiosis occurs in the testes and ovaries.
T
F
Gametes produced in meiosis are identical to each other, but different from
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the parent cell.
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NAME two processes that happen during meiosis which result in genetic recombination so that the 4
daughter cells have different DNA from each other and from the parent cell.
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________________________________________
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Complete the following table comparing mitosis with meiosis.
Mitosis
Number of Divisions?
Number of cells
produced?
Chromosome number?
2n ?
Used by what type cells?
Cells produced diploid or
haploid?
Name of phases?
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2n ?
DNA, RNA, and PROTEINS
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
The three bases on the tRNA molecule that are complementary to one of the mRNA codons are called the
___________________.
A. message matches
B. anticodon
C. promoter
D. exon
E. intron
According to Chargaff’s rules, which nucleotide is always paired with Adenine IN A DNA MOLECULE?
A. Adenine
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. Cytosine
E. Uracil
Ribosomes are made out of __________________________.
A. RNA and proteins
B. phospholipids and proteins
C. glycoproteins and lipids
D. DNA and proteins
DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, ___________________________________________
A. each with two new strands
B. one with two new strands and one with 2 original strands
C. each with two original strands
D. each with one new strand and one original strand
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Which type(s) of RNA is/are involved in protein synthesis?
A. t-RNA only
B. R-RNA only
C. r-RNA and m-RNA only
D. all 3 kinds of RNA are involved in making proteins
Where in the cell does transcription take place?
A. in the nucleus
B. on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
C. in Golgi bodies
D. on the nucleosomes
Where in the cell does translation take place?
A. in the nucleus
B. on ribosomes in the cytoplasm
C. in Golgi bodies
D. on the nucleosomes
DNA wraps around histones to form bead-like structures called __________________.
A. introns
B. exons
C. ribosomes
D. nucleosomes
How many codons are needed to specify THREE AMINO ACIDS?
A. 3
B. 6
C. 9
D. 12
What did the Hershey-Chase blender experiment help prove?
A. DNA is a double helix.
B. Pneumonia causes dead mice.
C. Histones are made of DNA.
D. The genetic material is made of DNA.
Many DNA molecules contain sequences called ____________ that are not involved in coding for proteins and
are edited out of the complementary RNA molecule copy before it is used.
A. exons
B. introns
C. nucleosomes
D. anticodons
The molecule that caused transformation in Griffith’s pneumonia/mouse experiment was ______________.
A. DNA
B. a bacteriophage
C. a protein
D. RNA
Nitrogen bases with only 1 ring are called ____________________.
A. nucleosomes
B. purines
C. pyrimdines
D. histones
The place where RNA polymerase binds to start transcribing a gene is called the _______________
A. operator
B. promoter
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C. repressor
D. anticodon
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MATCH THE PROCESS WITH ITS DESCRIPTION:
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
REPLICATION
_______________________ Making an complementary RNA sequence from a DNA code (DNA  RNA)
_______________________ Making a DNA copy of a DNA molecule (DNA  DNA)
_______________________ Making proteins from an RNA message (RNA  protein)
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Use words from the word bank to match the following:
messenger-RNA
transfer-RNA
ribosomal-RNA
___________________ Carries the DNA code from nucleus to cytoplasm
___________________ Made by the nucleolus
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Adds the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Has a CODON region
Has an ANTICODON region
___________________
___________________
___________________
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
CHROMATIN
What are DNA/proteins doing?
Type of cell seen in?
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CHROMOSOMES
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST
DNA
RNA
INTRON
EXON
Double / Single stranded?
Sugar used?
List all nitrogen bases it has
Which nitrogen base is missing?
Location in cell?
HOW ARE THEY ALIKE ?
What happens to it?
SHORT ANSWER:
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide molecule:
__________________
_____________________
_____________________
THINK ABOUT IT: Use what you know about heat and enzymes.
Why do you think heating the lethal pneumonia bacteria in Griffith’s experiment killed them?
Explain the function of the TATA box. Is it found on
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USING ANALOGIES:
If a double helix is compared to a “twisted ladder”, which would the following
represent?
Sides of the ladder ? ___________________________
Rungs of ladder ? ______________________________
Glue in the middle that holds the ladder together? ____________
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DNA, RNA, & PROTEINS REVIEW
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1. Making a copy of DNA is called _________________________.
2. Which nitrogen base isn’t used during this process?
3. Name the enzyme you learned about that adds the complementary nucleotides and
spell checks to make sure the new copy is correct.
4. This process of copying an RNA message from the DNA code is called
____________________.
5. Tell where in the cell this happens.
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6. USE THE mRNA CODE WHEEL
to tell the amino acid sequence
coded for by the following
message:
U C A A A A U U C
7. Which kind of RNA has an ANTICODON region and carries the amino acids to the ribosome?
8. Name the parts/structures of a cell:
A = __________________
B = __________________
C = __________________
D = __________________
E = __________________
F = __________________
9. Tell several ways DNA is different from RNA.
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10. What do we call the small pieces of DNA that are
edited out of the mRNA message before it is
expressed?
11. DNA that is SPREAD OUT in the nucleus of NON-DIVIDING cells is called ________________.
12. When making DNA, CYTOSINE always pairs with _______________________.
13. Using an RNA message to make a protein is called ________________.
14. Name this subunit used to build DNA and RNA.
15. Name the spot RNA polymerase attaches to DNA during TRANSCRIPTION.
16. Give the complementary DNA strand. A T T
G C C
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17. NAME THIS KIND OF RNA.
18. Name the molecule attached at the arrow.
19. An experiment conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha
Chase showed that:
A. pneumonia kills mice
B. Proteins carry the genetic code
C. DNA can be transferred between bacteria
D. DNA carries the genetic code
20. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS could also be called ___________________.
21. Nitrogen bases made up of TWO RINGS are called
________________ Name them.
22. The process in which one bacterium is changed by the transfer of genetic material from another
bacterium is called _________________.
23 Name this subunit used to build PROTEINS.
24.
For "E", write the:
A. anticodon _______
B. Codon ________
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25. Name the nucleic acid that is double stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar.
26. Name the woman whose X-ray images of DNA helped James Watson and Francis Crick to figure out
the structure of DNA.
27. Name the enzyme involved with
TRANSCRIPTION.
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Chromosomes and Heredity
A family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations is called a
_____________________
A. karyotype
B. Punnett square
C. pedigree
D. periodic table
A person that has ONE copy of an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE allele and does not express the
trait, but can pass it along to his/her offspring is called a __________________.
A. mutant
B. carrier
C. hemophiliac
D. gene marker
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
____________________
A. segregation
B. codominance
C. sex-linkage
D. nondisjunction
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This picture of an organism’s chromosomes is called a _________
A. pedigree
B. Punnett square
C. karyotype
3 traits for completing a
karotype
The person shown at the left is a __________ because they have two X chromosomes.
A. male
B. female
The chromosomes that DO NOT determine sex are called ____________________
A. sex chromosomes
B. autosomes
C. gene markers
D. pedigree partners
Which parent determines the sex of the baby?
A. father
B. mother
The dense region in the nucleus of female cells that forms when one of the X chromosomes is
randomly inactivated is called a _____________________ body.
A. Turner
B. Klinefelter
C. Huntington
D. Barr
Most sex-linked genes are found on the _______________
A. Y chromosome
B. O chromosome
C. X chromosome
D. #21 chromosome
Which of the following genetic disorders results from nondisjunction?
A. hemophilia
B. PKU
C. sickle cell disease
D. Turner’s syndrome
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Which of the following is an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT genetic disorder?
A. Colorblindness
B. Huntington’s disease
C. Down syndrome
D. Tay-Sachs disease
Which of the following is an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE genetic disorder?
A. Colorblindness
B. Huntington’s disease
C. Tay-Sachs disease
D. Down syndrome
Heterozygous persons with one sickle cell allele and one normal allele also show resistance to
_______________.
A. malaria
B. yellow fever
C. strep throat
D. measles
Which food group must persons with PKU avoid in order to prevent retardation?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
Which genetic disorder is more common in Caucasians?
A. sickle cell anemia
B. Tay-Sachs
C. cystic fibrosis
D. hemophilia
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What genetic disorder can be detected in the karyotype
shown at the left?
A. Down syndrome
B. Turner syndrome
C. sickle cell disease
D. PKU
E. Klinefelter syndrome
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Which members of this family show the trait? (Circle all that
apply)
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which members of this family are carriers for the trait?
(Circle all that apply)
A
B
C
D
E
F
Which member of this family is a MALE without the trait?
A
B
C
D
E
F
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SHORT ANSWER:
Explain why X-linked disorders like colorblindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy are
carried by females BUT show up more frequently in MALES. (Hint: males are XY; females
are XX)
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It STARTS WITH ---
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1. A _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several
generations.
2. A _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ is someone with ONE copy of an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE allele and one
normal allele who does not express the trait, but can pass it along to his/her offspring.
3. The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
_N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
4. _D_ __ __ __ syndrome is also called _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ -21 because persons with this disorder
have three #21 chromosomes.
5. The chromosomes that DO NOT determine sex are called _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
6. The dense region in the nucleus of female cells that forms when one of the X chromosomes is randomly
inactivated is called a _B_ __ __ __
_B_ __ __ __.
7. Heterozygous persons with one sickle cell allele and one normal allele also show resistance to
_M_ __ __ __ __ __ __
8. Humans have two _S_ __ __
_C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ called X and Y.
9. In a pedigree, males are represented by _S_ __ __ __ __ __ __.
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10. People with _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (PKU) can’t eat food containing
Phenylalanine or they will become _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
11. A female with only one X chromosome has _T_ __ __ __ __ __ ‘ __ syndrome.
12. People with _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _F_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ have a defect in the protein involved
in Cl- ion transport so thick mucous builds up in their lungs and digestive organs.
13. _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is another name for “Dwarfism”.
14. _M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ or maternal twins come from the same zygote so they have
identical DNA.
15. _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is an X-lined recessive disorder in which persons
can’t distinguish colors, especially red and green.
16. Males that show an XXY karyotype have _K_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ‘ __ syndrome.
17. _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a genetic disorder in which blood clotting proteins are defective
causing excessive bleeding after minor injuries.
18. Persons with two X chromosomes are _F_ __ __ __ __ __ and those with XY are _M_ __ __ __.
19. A photograph of a cell’s chromosomes grouped in pairs in order of size called a
_K_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ can tell a person’s sex and some chromosomal abnormalities such as
Down or Turner’s syndrome.
20. Colorblindness, Hemophilia, and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are ALL X-L_ __ __ __ __ __
_R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ disorders.
21. _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a
disorder that results in progressive weakening and loss of skeletal muscle.
22. Woody Guthrie, the songwriter, had _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ‘ __ disease, an autosomal
_D_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ disorder that results in progressive loss of muscle control and mental
function beginning in middle age.
23. _M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ results when a cell has only ONE copy of a chromosome
24. Mutations that happen in _S_ __ __ __ __ __ __ cells are not passed on to offspring.
25. In children with _T_ __ __ - _S_ __ __ __ __ ,the accumulation of lipids in their brain causes
blindness, retardation, and death in early childhood.
26. Sickle cell disease is a C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ disorder because the heterozygous person
has a different phenotype than someone with two normal alleles.
27. Tay-Sachs, PKU, and cystic fibrosis are ALL _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ recessive disorders.
28. The gene for hairy _P_ __ __ __ __ is the only known Y-linked gene.
29. X-linked recessive disorders show up more frequently in _M_ __ __ __ __ because they only have
one X chromosome and no back-up X to protect them.
30. Most genetic disorders result from a mutation that changes the amino acid sequence in a
_P_ __ __ __ __ __ __.
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31. Persons with _S_ __ __ __ __ __ _C_ __ __ __ disease have a defect in their hemoglobin gene
causing their red blood cells to change shape and clog blood vessels.
32. _G_ __ __ __ cell mutations happen in sperm and eggs and are passed on to offspring.
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NAME THOSE TWINS AND DESCRIBE THEIR DNA
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Type _______________
Type _______________
DNA _______________
DNA _______________
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MATCH THE GENETIC DISORDER WITH ITS DESCRIPTION (SEE TABLE.)
X-linked recessive
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal Dominant
Nondisjunction
NAME
Brain deteriorates starting about age 30-40.
Lose ability to walk, talk, think→ early
death; Caused by extra CAG repeats in the
code
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Autosomal Codominant
KLINEFELTER’S
DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
COLORBLINDNESS
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
HEMOPHILIA
DOWN SYNDROME
TURNER’S
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
HUNTINGTON’S
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
TAY-SACHS
ACHONDROPLASIA
DESCRIPTION of DISORDER
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1st Semester Review Package
Abnormal hemoglobin protein causes red
blood cells to sickle; causes circulatory
problems and organ damage; caused by
SUBSTITUTION of A for T
Eating foods containing phenylalanine causes
mental retardation; enzyme to break down
phenylalanine doesn’t work; All babies born in
SD are tested for this
Inability to distinguish the colors
(especially red from green)
X-linked recessive disorder in which the
protein that clots blood is missing causing
excessive bleeding after injuries
Trisomy-21; Three #21 chromosomes;
characteristic facial features; slanted eyes;
mental retardation; some heart defects;
X0 females; females have only one X
chromosome;
infertility;
Males with extra X chromosomes (XXY,
XXXY, XXXXY); infertility; males with some
female characteristics;
Protein for transporting Cl – ions doesn’t
work; Thick mucous clogs lungs and digestive
organs
Progressive weakening and loss of skeletal
muscles causing paralysis and eventual death
Disorder in which lipids accumulate in the
brain causing retardation, blindness and
early death
“Dwarfism”; defect in bone formation causing
normal sized head/torso, but short
arms/legs
QUESTIONS:
1. What is a mutation?
2. What is the difference between a germ cell mutation and a somatic cell mutation and
which of these is passed on to offspring?
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3. How can mutations be beneficial?
4. What is a lethal mutation?
5. What is a sex linked gene?
6. How are twins made?
7. How are the two kinds of twins different?
8. What do we call twins that fail to completely separate and are born joined together?
9. What’s the difference between an autosomal and sex linked trait?
10. What is a carrier?
11. Why are X-linked recessive disorders more common in males?
12. What’s the difference between a chromosome mutation and a gene mutation?
13. What’s the difference between a trisomy and monosomy? What causes these?
14. What is a Barr body? Why does it form?
Genetics Review
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the answer that best completes the sentence.
The Austrian monk whose experiments with pea plants were the beginning of our understanding of genetics
was _____________________.
A. Albert Einstein
B. Albus Dumbledore
C. Gregor Mendel
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The different alternatives or choices for a gene are called _____________.
A. generations
B. traits
C. tetrads
D. alleles
Crossing organisms from the F1 generation produces the _____ generation.
A. P2
B. F2
C. P1
D. None of these-you can’t cross F1 organisms with each other!
Crossing organisms from the P1 generation produces the _____ generation.
E. P2
F. F1
G. F2
H. None of these-you can’t cross P1 organisms with each other!
Mendel’s “factors” or “particles” are now called ___________________.
A. gametes
B. genes
C. cells
D. zygotes
Self-pollination produces seeds with genetic information from _______ parent plant(s).
A. ONE
B. TWO
C. THREE
What pattern did Mendel see when crossing pure TALL with pure SHORT pea plants?
A. ALL the F1 offspring were short, but the F2 generation were all tall.
B. ALL the F1 offspring were tall, but the F2 generation were all short.
C. ALL the F1 offspring were short, but 50% the F2 generation were all tall and 50% were short.
D. ALL the F1 offspring were tall, but 25% the F2 generation were short and 75% were tall.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE of MENDELIAN INHERITANCE?
A. If a dominant allele is present, the recessive allele won’t be seen.
B. If a recessive allele is present, the dominant allele won’t be seen.
C. Both recessive and dominant alleles show if present
Pollen is produced by the _________________ part of the flower.
A. female
B. male
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MATCH THE WORD FROM THE WORD BANK WITH ITS DEFINITION:
GENETICS
HEREDITY
TRAIT
DOMINANT RECESSIVE
PURE-BREEDING
ALLELE
FERTILIZATION
_______________________ A characteristic that can be observed such as hair color, seed shape,
flower color, etc
_______________________ The joining of a sperm and egg to make a zygote
_______________________ A gene choice that MASKS ANOTHER choice for a trait
_______________________ A gene choice that IS MASKED BY ANOTHER choice for a trait
_______________________ the branch of biology that studies how characteristics are transmitted
from parent to offspring
_______________________ the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring
_______________________ An alternative choice for a gene
_______________________ An organism that always produces offspring identical to itself if self
pollinated
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Use a Punnett Square to show the possible offspring from the crosses given and answer the
questions:
IN PEAS:
flowers
R = round
r=wrinkled
T= tall
t = short
Y = yellow peas
P = purple flowers
y = green peas
p = white
MAKING MONOHYBRID CROSSES:
What is the genotype of a HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW SEED plant? ______________________
What is the genotype of A HOMOZYGOUS GREEN SEED plant? ______________________
What is the genotype of a HETEROZYGOUS YELLOW plant? ______________________
Make a cross between a PURE YELLOW SEED parent and a PURE GREEN SEED
parent.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
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POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
________________________________________
What is the probability an offspring will show the DOMINANT TRAIT (YELLOW SEEDS)? _________%
What is the probability an offspring will show the RECESSIVE TRAIT (GREEN SEEDS)? ___________%
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What is the genotype of a PURE PURPLE FLOWERED plant ? = ________
What is the genotype of a PURE WHITE FLOWERED plant? = _________
What is the genotype of a HYBRID PURPLE FLOWERED plant? = ________
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS PURPLE FLOWERED plant and a
HOMOZYGOUS WHITE FLOWERED plant.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
________________________________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
What is the probability an offspring will show the DOMINANT TRAIT (PURPLE FLOWERS)?
_____________________________%
What is the probability an offspring will show the RECESSIVE TRAIT (WHITE FLOWERS)?
____________________________%
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WHAT IS THE GENOTYPE OF A HOMOZYGOUS TALL plant? ________________
WHAT IS THE GENOTYPE OF A PURE SHORT plant? ______________________
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS TALL plant and a PURE SHORT plant.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
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POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
________________________________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
What is the probability an offspring will show the DOMINANT TRAIT (TALLNESS)?
________________________%
What is the probability an offspring will show the RECESSIVE TRAIT (SHORTNESS)?
_______________________%
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SEE A PATTERN FOR HOMOZYGOUS (P1) MONOHYBRID CROSSES:
If you cross plants that are PURE DOMINANT for a trait with plants that
are PURE RECESSIVE for that trait, ________ % of the offspring will show
the DOMINANT trait and the ___________________ trait will not show at
all.
USE THE PATTERN ABOVE TO MAKE PREDICTION ABOUT A CROSS
If you cross a HOMOZYGOUS ROUND SEED plant with a PURE WRINKLED SEED plant
100% will look __________________
0% will look ____________________
The offspring will have a 100% probability of having the ______ genotype.
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MAKE SOME HETEROZYGOUS MONOHYBRID CROSSES
A black coat (B) is DOMINANT in guinea pigs. A brown coat (b) is RECESSIVE.
What is the genotype of a HOMOZYGOUS BLACK guinea pig? = _______
What is the GENOTYPE of a HETEROZYGOUS BLACK guinea pig? =_________
What is the GENOTYPE of a brown guinea pig? =__________
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Make a cross between TWO HETEROZYGOUS BLACK guinea pigs.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
________________________________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
What is the probability that a baby will be black? _________ %
What is the probability that a baby will be brown? _________%
What is the probability the baby will be a HYBRID? ________%
What is the probability the baby will be HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT ? _________%
What is the probability the baby will be HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE? ___________%
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Purple fur (P) is DOMINANT in monsters. Yellow fur (p) is RECESSIVE.
What is the genotype of a PURE PURPLE monster? ________
What is the GENOTYPE of a HETEROZYGOUS purple monster? _____
What is the GENOTYPE of a YELLOW monster? ________
Make a cross between TWO HETEROZYGOUS PURPLE MONSTERS.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
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POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
________________________________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
What is the probability that a baby will be purple? __________%
What is the probability that a baby will be yellow? __________%
What is the probability the baby will be a heterozygous? _______%
What is the probability the baby will be HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT ? _________%
What is the probability the baby will be HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE? ___________%
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Tallness (T) is DOMINANT in pea plants. Shortness (t) is RECESSIVE.
What is the GENOTYPE of a HYBRID TALL pea plant? _______
What is the GENOTYPE of a SHORT pea plant? ________
Make a cross between two HYBRID TALL pea plants.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
________________________________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
What is the probability that an offspring plant will be tall ? __________%
What is the probability that an offspring plant will be short? __________%
What is the probability that an offspring plant will be a HYBRID? ________%
What is the probability that an offspring plant will be HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT? ________%
What is the probability that an offspring plant will be HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE? __________%
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SEE A PATTERN FOR HETEROZYGOUS (F1) MONOHYBRID CROSSES:
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If you cross 2 parent plants that are BOTH HETEROZYGOUS for a trait the
offspring will show a ____ : ____ phenotypic ratio.
________ % of the offspring will show the DOMINANT trait and
________ % of the offspring will show the RECESSIVE trait.
USE DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE TO FILL IN THE BLANKS BELOW:
¼ of the offspring will have two __________________ alleles, ½ will be hybrids
with one _______________ and one _______________ allele, and
¼ will have two _________________ alleles.
USE THE PATTERN ABOVE TO MAKE PREDICTION ABOUT A CROSS
If you cross two HETEROZYGOUS ROUND SEED plants
75% will look __________________
25% will look __________________
The probability is:
¼ will have the genotype ____ ½ will have the genotype ___ ¼ will have the genotype ___
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Scientists have been investigating the genetic make up of the residents in Bikini Bottom.
Complete the following questions about these inhabitants.
For each genotype below, indicate whether it is HETEROZYGOUS (HE) or HOMOZYGOUS (HO).
TT _______
Bb ________
DD _______ tt ________
Dd _______
ff _________ bb ________ BB _______
Ff _______
FF ______
Determine the PHENOTYPE for each genotype given. IN SPONGE PEOPLE the allele for
YELLOW BODY COLOR (Y) is DOMINANT to BLUE (y).
YY = ____________
Yy = _____________
yy = _______________
IN SPONGEPEOPLE the allele for SQUARE SHAPE (S) is dominant to ROUND (s).
SS = ______________ Ss = _______________
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SpongeBob SquarePants recently met SpongeSuzie RoundPants at a dance.
SpongeBob is HETEROZYGOUS for his square pants, but Suzie is ROUND.
Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that could result if SpongeBob and
SpongeSuzie had children.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
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What is SpongBob’s genotype? _____________
What is SpongeSuzie’s genotype? ___________
What are the chances a child will have a square shape?
________ out of 4 OR _______%
What are the chances a child will have a round shape?
________ out of 4
OR _______%
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In SQUID PEOPLE the allele for LIGHT BLUE SKIN (B) is DOMINANT over the
GREEN (b) allele. Everyone in SquidWard’s family has light blue skin. His family brags
that they are a “purebred” line. He recently married a nice girl with light green skin,
which is recessive. Create a Punnett square to show the
possible offspring from this match.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES___________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES __________________
What are the chances of a child with green skin? ______%
Would SquidWard’s children still be considered “purebreds”? YES NO
EXPLAIN WHY or WHY NOT.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE:
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In Four O’clock plants RED FLOWERS (R) are INCOMPLETELY dominant over white (r) flowers.
Heterozygous plants show a blended intermediate phenotype of PINK flowers.
MAKE A CROSS WITH 2 HETEROZYGOUS FOUR O’CLOCK PLANTS.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
Genotypes___________________________
Genotypic Ratio ______________________
Phenotypes __________________________
Phenotypic Ratios _____________________
IF the red allele in Four-o’clocks WAS COMPLETELY DOMINANT over the white allele, what
would the phenotype be for a plant with Rr genotype? ____________________
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You are exploring the jungle and find a new species of plant. Some of the plants have red
flowers and some have yellow flowers. You cross a red flowering plant with a yellow flowering
plant and all the offspring have orange flowers. You might assume that the alleles for flower
color in this plant show ____________________.
A. complete dominance
B. incomplete dominance
C. codominance
If the red and yellow alleles in the mystery jungle plant above showed CODOMINANCE instead,
what might you expect a plant with one red allele and one yellow allele to look like?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It would have all red flowers
It would have all blue flowers
It would have red and yellow flowers together on one plant
It wouldn’t make any flowers because it is a mutant.
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BLOOD TYPES:
In the ABO blood type system the A and B alleles are dominant to O allele, and A and B are
codominant to each other.
Make a cross between an AO mom and an BO dad.
What are the possible genotypes of the offspring?
________ _________ _________ _________
What is the probability the offspring will have:
A type blood ____% B type blood _____% O type blood _____% AB type blood _______%
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Make a cross between an AO mom and an BB dad.
What are the possible genotypes of the offspring?
________ _________ _________ _________
What is the probability the offspring will have:
A type blood _____% B type blood ______% O type blood _____% AB type blood ______%
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Make a cross between an AA mom and an OO dad.
What are the possible genotypes of the offspring?
________ _________ _________ _________
What is the probability the offspring will have:
A type blood ____% B type blood _____% O type blood _____% AB type blood ______%
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You are working in the Emergency room and a bleeding patient with type B blood is
brought in. You need to give him blood, but the hospital is all out of type B. Circle
ALL the types of blood could you safely give him instead.
A
AB O
EXPLAIN your choices.
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
What if the bleeding patient had type AB blood and the hospital was out of AB
blood. Circle ALL the types of blood could you safely give him.
A
B
O
EXPLAIN your choices.
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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JERRY SPRINGER GENETICS:
Wanda tells Jerry Springer that she thinks either Ralph or Fred could be the father of her
baby. Wanda’s genotype is AO. Wanda’s baby has type O blood. Ralph’s genotype is AB. Fred’s
genotype is BO.
Make two crosses to show who could be the father of Wanda’s baby.
Ralph X Wanda
Fred X Wanda
Is it possible for Ralph to be the baby’s father?
YES
Is it possible for Fred to be the baby’s father? YES
NO
NO
Does this absolutely PROVE that Fred IS the baby’s father?
YES
NO
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
IF Wanda’s baby has type O blood, what are the possible genotypes for men who
COULD BE the father of Wanda’s baby?
______________________________________________
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IN PEAS:
R = round
T= tall
Y = yellow peas
r = wrinkled
t = short
y = green peas
P = purple flowers
p = white flowers
MAKING HOMOZYGOUS DIHYBRID CROSSES:
Cross a HOMOZYGOUS TALL, HOMOZYGOUS ROUND pea with a SHORT,
WRINKLED pea.
Parent's genotypes
__________ X __________
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Possible gametes
____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
How many out of 16 will be:
_______ TALL & ROUND
_______ TALL & WRINKLED
_______ SHORT & ROUND
_______ SHORT & WRINKLED
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Cross a HOMOZYGOUS TALL, HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW pea with a PURE SHORT,
GREEN pea.
Parent's genotypes
__________ X __________
Possible gametes
____ ____ ____ ____
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How many out of 16 will be:
_______ TALL w/ YELLOW PEAS
_______ TALL w/GREEN PEAS
_______ SHORT w/ YELLOW PEAS
_______ SHORT w/ GREEN PEAS
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SEE A PATTERN FOR HOMOZYGOUS (P1) DIHYBRID CROSSES:
If you cross plants that are PURE DOMINANT for TWO TRAITS with plants
that are PURE RECESSIVE for TWO TRAITS, ________ % of the offspring
will look DOMINANT for BOTH traits and the ________________ traits will
not show at all.
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Cross a HETEROZGOUS TALL, HETEROZYGOUS ROUND pea with a PURE
SHORT, WRINKLED pea.
Parent's genotypes
__________ X __________
Possible gametes
____ ____ ____ ____
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How many out of 16 will be:
_______ TALL ROUND
_______ TALL WRINKLED
_______ SHORT ROUND
_______ SHORT WRINKLED
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Cross a HYBRID TALL, HYBRID YELLOW pea with a HETEROZYGOUS TALL,
HETEROZYGOUS YELLOW pea.
Parent's genotypes
__________ X __________
Possible gametes
____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
How many out of 16 will be:
_______ TALL w/ YELLOW PEAS
_______ TALL w/ GREEN PEAS
_______ SHORT w/ YELLOW PEAS
_______ SHORT w/ GREEN PEAS
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FIND THE PATTERN FOR HETEROZYGOUS (F1) DIHYBRID CROSSES:
If you cross 2 parent plants that are BOTH HETEROZYGOUS for TWO
TRAITS, the offspring will show a ____ : ____ : ____ : ____ phenotypic
pattern.
Fill in the blanks below with:
DOMINANT
or
RECESSIVE
9/16 of the offspring will show both ___________________ traits.
3/16 will look _________________ for trait 1 and _________________
for trait 2.
3/16 will look __________________ for trait 1 and _________________
for trait 2.
1/16 will look ____________________ for both traits.
USE THIS PATTERN TO TELL THE POSSIBLE OFFSPRING OF A
HETEROZYGOUS DIHYBRID CROSS WITHOUT USING A PUNNETT
SQUARE:
R = round
r=wrinkled
RrTt
T= tall
t = short
X
RrTt
9/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
3/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
3/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
1/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
P = purple
p= white
PpTt
T= tall
t = short
X
PpTt
9/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
3/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
3/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
1/16 will look ______________________ and _____________________
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Rhett and Scarlett are expecting a baby. Rhett’s rich uncle has promised them
$1 million if their baby is a blue eyed boy that can carry on the family name.
Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). Rhett has brown eyes, while
Scarlett has blue eyes. Fill in the Punnett square with Rhett and Scarlett’s
possible gametes.
Rhett’s Genotype: BbXy
Possible gametes: ______ _____ _____ _____
Scarlett’s Genotype: bbXX
______ _____ _____ _____
What genotype does a baby need to be a blue eyed boy and get the $1 million?
_______________
Use a Punnett square to show
the possible genotypes for their
baby.
________ Brown eyed boys
________ Brown eyed girls
________ Blue eyed girls
________ Blue eyed boys
What is the probability they will have a BLUE-EYED BOY and get the $1
million? _______________%
Why does this cross not follow the 9:3:3:1 pattern for DIHYBRID (2 gene)
crosses?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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EVOLUTION STARTS WITH?
1. E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms
2. A scientific T __ __ __ __ __ is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred
in the natural world.
3. C __ __ __ __ __ __ D __ __ __ __ __ was an English naturalist who made numerous
observations during his travels on the Beagle which led him to pose a hypothesis about how
life changes over time.
4. F __ __ __ __ __ __ are the preserved remains of ancient organisms that provide evidence for how life
has changed over time.
5. J __ __ __ __ H __ __ __ __ __ proposed that the Earth is shaped by geological
forces over extremely long periods of time, and that the Earth is very old
6. T __ __ __ __ __ M __ __ __ __ __ __ predicted that the human population would grow
faster than the resources needed to sustain it.
7. J __ __ __ - B __ __ __ __ __ __ __ L __ __ __ __ __ __ proposed that the
selective use or disuse of an organ led to a change the organ that was then passed
to the offspring.
on
8. C __ __ __ __ __ __ L __ __ __ __ explained that the geological processes seen
happening on the Earth now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time.
9. A __ __ __ __ __ W __ __ __ __ __ __ published his own theory of evolution by
natural selection about the same time as Charles Darwin.
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10. The S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ F __ __ E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ means that members of each
species compete regularly for food and other necessary resources.
11. F __ __ __ __ __ __ is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment.
12. Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival, like webbed feet, sharp
claws, or speed, is called an _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
13. The process whereby individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more
successfully is called N __ __ __ __ __ __ S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , which Darwin nicknamed
S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ O __ T __ __ F __ __ __ __ __ __
14. The idea that all species- living and extinct - were derived from common ancestors linked by a single
“tree of life” = _C_ __ __ __ __ __ _D_ __ __ __ __ __ __
15. Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called
H __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
16. Homologous structures that are so reduced in size that they no longer function, like the human appendix
or legs in
skinks, are called _V_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ organs
17. Choosing to breed cows that produce the most milk or the fastest horses is termed
A __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ S __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
18. The idea that each living species has descended with changes over time from other species is called
D __ __ __ __ __ __ with M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
19. Charles Darwin’s observations of finches and turtles on the G __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Islands led
to his Theory of E __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
20. A giraffe that stretches its neck longer by reaching for food and then passes this long-necked trait on
to offspring is an example of I __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ of A __ __ __ __ __ __ __
traits.
29. Dolphins, penguins, and sharks are distantly-related species that share similar characteristics which help
them live in water. This is an example of C __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ evolution.
30. Even though the Galapagos finches share a common ancestor, they have evolved to fit the ecosystems of
their individual islands. This is an example of D __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ evolution.
31. Another name for divergent evolution is A __ __ __ __ __ __ __ R __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __.
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Circle the answer that best completes the statement.
A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a
________________
A. hypothesis
B. theory
C. law
D. prediction
Darwin’s voyage on the H.M.S.__________________ led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about
life.
A. Collie
B. Cheetah
C. Beagle
D. Lion
Darwin’s hypothesis about how life changes over time in now called the Theory of _________________.
A. Evolution
B. Variation
C. Derived characters
D. Use and disuse
Of all the places he visited, the ___________________ Islands influenced Darwin’s ideas about evolution
the most.
A. Hawaiian
B. Aleutian
C. Beagle
D. Galapagos
In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms called
_________________
A. fossils
B. homologous structures
C. adaptations
D. vestigial organs
On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants _________
A. all looked alike
B. varied from island to island
C. were acquired through use
Which of the following best describes how LAMARCK would explain giraffes with long necks?
A. Long-necked giraffes eat more grass than short necked giraffes so their necks grow longer.
B. Natural variation in the population produces some longer and some shorter-necked giraffes and
longer necked giraffes can reach food more easily.
C. Some giraffes have acquired longer necks by stretching to reach food and passed that trait on.
D. Giraffes just started out with long necks and haven’t changed.
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Which of the following ideas, proposed by Lamarck, was later found to be incorrect?
A. All species were descended from other species
B. Acquired characteristics can be inherited.
C. Living things change over time.
D. Organisms are adapted to their environments.
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MATCH THE SCIENTIST with his contribution
_____ proposed that Earth was shaped by geological forces
that took place over millions of years
_____ proposed that organisms acquired or lost traits
during their lifetime by selective use or disuse of organs
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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CHARLES DARWIN
THOMAS MALTHUS
JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK
CHARLES LYELL
JAMES HUTTON
_____ predicted that the human population will grow faster than
the space and food the space and food needed to sustain it
_____ stressed that scientists can explain past events in terms of
processes occurring they can observe happening now
_____ proposed a hypothesis to explain how living things change over time
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Explain how Hutton’s and Lyell’s ideas about the formation of the Earth influenced Darwin’s ideas about
Evolution.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin discovered birds with differently shaped beaks.
What might this tell you about the eating habits of the birds on different islands? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Tortoises eat plants. On one island plants grow very close to the ground. Which island do you think this is?
Isabela Island
Hood Island
EXPLAIN your answer. Why did you choose the island you did?
________________________________________________________________________________
Which island do you think has sparse vegetation that is hard to reach?
Pinta Island
Hood Island
What would you predict the vegetation and rainfall are like on Pinta Island?
___________________________________________________________________________________
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Evolution
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter of the ONE BEST answer that completes the statement.
Structures that have different mature forms, but develop from the same embryonic structure are called
_______________ structures.
A. Darwinian
B. Lamarckian
C. homologous
D. fossils
Because of its similarities to artificial selection, Darwin referred to the “survival of the fittest” as
__________________________,
A. use it or lose it
B. natural selection
C. homologous structures
D. struggle for existence
The idea that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time is called
________________.
A. descent with modification
B. struggle for existence
C. artificial selection
D. acquired traits
The natural differences between individuals of a species are referred to as________________________
A. fitness
B. natural selection
C. adaptations
D. natural variation
When farmers select the largest hogs, the fastest horses, or the cows that produce the most milk for
breeding it is called ________________.
A. natural selection
B. artificial selection
C. survival of the fittest
D. homologous variation
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An inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment is called a(n) __________________.
A. homologous structure
B. vestigial organ
C. adaptation
D. speciation
A human appendix, whale hipbones, and a skink’s legs are examples of _________________
A. homologous structures
B. embryonic mate
C. vestigial organs
The bones in the diagram at the left are examples of
____________
A. homologous structures
B. embryonic mates
C. vestigial organs
Which of the following best describes how DARWIN would explain giraffes with long necks?
A. Long-necked giraffes eat more grass than short necked giraffes so their necks grow longer.
B. Natural variation in the population produces some longer and some shorter-necked giraffes and
longer necked giraffes can reach food more easily and survive to pass on their genes.
C. Some giraffes have acquired longer necks by stretching to reach food and passed that trait on.
D. Giraffes just started out with long necks and haven’t changed.
Competition for food, space, and other resources among members of a species is called ____________
A. common descent
B. artificial selection
C. survival of the fittest
D. struggle for existence
The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called _______________
A. fitness
B. common descent
C. survival of the fittest
D. struggle for existence
All of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
following play a role in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution EXCEPT __________________________
natural variation
survival of the fittest
struggle for existence
inheritance of acquired traits
Name 7 kinds of evidence that support Darwin’s theory of Evolution:
________________________________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________________
_____________________________________
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1st Semester Review Package
_______________________________________
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PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION AND SELECTION
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MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle all that are true. There may be MORE THAN ONE right answer.
Darwin believed in the idea that evolution happened slowly over a long period of time called __________
A. punctuated equilibrium
B. gradualism
C. symbiosis
D. mass extinction
Which of the following must be TRUE for Hardy-Weinberg to apply to a population?
A. The population must be small.
B. There must be NO movement in or out.
C. Mutations can’t happen.
D. Natural selection can occur.
E. Mating must be random.
A bell-shaped curve like the one at the left is always seen in when graphing
___________ traits.
A. single gene
B. polygenic
C. evolving
D. recessive
A situation in which the allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of
individuals is know as the ___________________
A. genetic equilibrium
B. founder effect
C. Hardy-Weinberg principle
D. polygenic evolution
Any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population is called ________________.
A. punctuated equilibrium
B. mutation
C. evolution
D. genetic equilibrium
Which of the following is most likely to have caused the change in the
population shown in the graphs at the left?
A. a new predator prefers dark-tan crabs
B. a new predator prefers light-tan crabs
C. a new beach color makes medium-tan crabs the least visible
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1st Semester Review Package
D. a new beach color makes medium-tan crabs the most visible
LABEL THE THREE GRAPHS BELOW SHOWING PATTERNS OF SELECTION:
A
________________________
B
C
_______________________
________________________
MATCH THE GRAPH ABOVE WITH THE POPULATION DESCRIPTION:
_____ In which of these is the fitness of individuals at one end of the normal distribution
curve higher than that of individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
_____ In which of these is the fitness of individuals in the middle higher than that of
individuals at the extreme ends
_____ In which of these is the fitness of individuals at the extreme ends higher than that of
individuals in the middle
_____ Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive.
Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller
weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size.
_____ Birds with bigger, thicker beaks can feed more easily on larger, harder seeds. A food shortage
causes the supply of small and medium seeds to run low, leaving only larger seeds. Birds with bigger beaks
show greater fitness than birds with medium or small beaks. Over time more birds with bigger beaks survive
and reproduce.
_______ The orange and black pattern of a Monarch butterfly serves as a warning to sharp-eyed birds that
the Monarch is poisonous to eat and tastes bad. Individuals with the brightest color pattern were
More likely to warn off birds and survive to reproduce than those with a dull or medium color pattern.
over time and many generations, the Monarch population became more brightly-colored.
_______ In birds, feather color among males is more likely to attract a mate, but also more likely to
attract a predator. Over time and many generations, the highest frequency color is for males with medium
colors, while males with very dull colors and males with very bright colors became increasingly rare.
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1st Semester Review Package
_______ A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a
fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium
sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats
large seeds.
MATCH THE PATTERN OF MACROEVOLUTION WITH ITS DESCRIPTION
You can use them more than once!
_____ Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies
end appendages for moving in water even though they
belong in different classes of animal classes
(mammals, birds, fish)
A. COEVOLUTION
B. ADAPTIVE RADIATION
C. MASS EXTINCTION
_____ Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach
the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their
foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers
are red which hummingbirds can see but bees can’t,
and their pollen structure is at just the right height for
the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.
D. CONVERGENT EVOLUTON
E. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
____ Horse evolution shows long stable periods of little evolution
interrupted by brief periods of rapid change
____ The Galápagos finches evolved through natural selection from
a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking species
with different kinds of beaks
____ At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid hit the Earth
causing the loss of many species including the dinosaurs
____ Ostriches are native to the savannahs of Africa, while penguins live in the polar regions.
Although ostriches and penguins are closely-related, they look very different.
____ Ostriches and giraffes are both native to the savannahs of Africa.
They share the same characteristic of a very long neck.
____ Also called divergent evolution
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