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SODIUM BICARBONATE
CASRN: 144-55-8
For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
LARGE DOSES, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL INSUFFICIENCY,
HAVE PRODUCED SYSTEMIC ALKALOSIS AND/OR AN EXPANSION IN THE
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME WITH EDEMA. FRANK HYPOCALCEMIC
TETANY ACCOMPANIED BY HYPOGLYCEMIA HAS OCCURRED IN 9-YR OLD
GIRL ... .
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-125]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXCESSIVE USE OF DRUG...PRODUCES "REBOUND" IN ACID SECRETION &
MAY ALSO CAUSE CRYSTALLIZATION OF PHOSPHATES IN KIDNEY PELVIS.
[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984.,p. 56:04]**PEER REVIEWED**
...DAILY DOSES UP TO 25 MEQ/KG /WERE ADMIN/ TO PATIENTS FOR 3 WK.
...CHANGES IN PLASMA ELECTROLYTE CONCN...WERE NOT REMARKABLE;
PLASMA TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE INCREASED BY ONLY 5 MEQ/L WITH
LARGEST DOSE. CONSIDERABLE WEIGHT GAIN WAS MOST PROMINENT
EFFECT.
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. 1980. 994]**PEER REVIEWED**
...WITH A COMBINATION OF 380 MEQ OF SODIUM BICARBONATE & 640
MEQ OF CALCIUM CARBONATE/DAY ONLY 10% OF 1350 PATIENTS
DEVELOPED ALKALOSIS.
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. 1980. 994]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE ANTICOAGULANT EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE WAS
INVESTIGATED IN FRESH HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD OBTAINED FROM
NORMAL HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. PROTHROMBIN AND THROMBIN
CLOTTING TIME DETERMINATION INDICATED THAT BICARBONATE CAN
INTERFERE WITH THE CLOTTING PROCESS.
[WONG DW ET AL; J AM MED ASSOC 244(1) 61 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The milk-alkali syndrome may occur after prolonged administration of calcium carbonate
with sodium bicarbonate and/or homogenized milk containing vitamin D. This
relatively rare syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemic alkalosis with normal or
elevated phosphorus levels, azotemia, and normal alkaline phosphatase levels.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 909]**PEER REVIEWED**
In neutralizing gastric acid, distention and possible damage or rupture of the stomach
may occur from carbon dioxide release.
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-125]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate is an extremely well-known agent that historically has been used
for a variety of medical conditions. Despite the widespread use of oral bicarbonate, little
documented toxicity has occurred, and the emergency medicine literature contains no
reports of toxicity caused by the ingestion of baking soda. Risks of acute and chronic
oral bicarbonate ingestion include metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypertension,
gastric rupture, hyporeninemia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, intravascular volume
depletion, and urinary alkalinization. Abrupt cessation of chronic excessive bicarbonate
ingestion may result in hyperkalemia, hypoaldosteronism, volume contraction, and
disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
[Thomas SH, Stone CK; Am J Emerg Med 12 (1): 57-9 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
Sodium bicarbonate is generally contraindicated in patients with metabolic or
respiratory alkalosis, in patients with hypocalcemia in whom alkalosis may induce tetany,
in patients with excessive chloride loss from vomiting or continuous GI suctioning, and
in patients at risk of developing diuretic-induced hypochloremic alkalosis.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1641]**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM BICARBONATE SHOULD BE GIVEN CAUTIOUSLY TO PATIENTS
WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE OR OTHER EDEMATOUS OR SODIUMRETAINING CONDITIONS...
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 838]**PEER REVIEWED**
Gastric distension and flatulence may occur with sodium bicarbonate preparations.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1872]**PEER REVIEWED**
PREDISPOSING FACTORS /CONTRIBUTING TO MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME/
ARE PREEXISTING HYPERTENSION, SARCOIDOSIS, DEHYDRATION AND
ELECTORLYTE IMBALANCE DUE TO VOMITING OR ASPIRATION OF
GASTRIC CONTENTS WITH INADEQUATE IV FLUID REPLACEMENT, AND
RENAL DYSFUNCTION CAUSED BY PRIMARY RENAL DISEASE.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 909]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate should not be used orally as an antidote in the treatment of acute
ingestion of strong mineral acids, since carbon dioxide gas forms during neutralization
and may cause gastric distention and possible rupture.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1641]**PEER REVIEWED**
One manufacturer cautions that rapid injection (10 ml/min) of hypertonic sodium
bicarbonate solutions in neonates and children younger than 2 yr of age may produce
hypernatremia, decreased CSF pressure, and possible intracranial hemorrhage. It is
recommended that the rate of iv administration in these children not exceed 8 mEq/kg
daily and that slow iv administration of a 4.25 solution may be preferred.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1641]**PEER REVIEWED**
ALKALINIZATION OF URINE MAY BE DETRIMENTAL. CONSEQUENTLY,
DAILY DOSE LIMIT TO 200 MILLIEQUIVALENTS IN PERSONS UNDER 60 YR
OF AGE & 100 MILLIEQUIVALENTS IN THOSE WHO ARE OLDER...
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. 1980. 994]**PEER REVIEWED**
...VOLUME EXPANSION CAN INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE & PROMOTE
EDEMA, SO THAT USE OF EVEN MODERATE AMT OF SODIUM
BICARBONATE MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO PERSONS WITH RENAL
INSUFFICIENCY OR INCIPIENT OR ACTIVE HYPERTENSION OR CARDIAC
FAILURE.
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th
ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 966]**PEER REVIEWED**
...CONTRAINDICATED IN PT WHO ARE LOSING CHLORIDE BY VOMITING OR
FROM CONTINUOUS GASTROINTESTINAL SUCTION, & IN PT RECEIVING
DIURETICS KNOWN TO PRODUCE HYPOCHLOREMIC ALKALOSIS. ...
ADDITION...TO PARENTERAL SOLN CONTAINING CALCIUM SHOULD BE
AVOIDED EXCEPT WHERE COMPATIBILITY HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY
ESTABLISHED.
[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary Pharmaceuticals & Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.:
Harwal Publishing Co., 1980.,p. 17/8]**PEER REVIEWED**
BECAUSE SODIUM BICARBONATE PRODUCES METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
WHEN USED EXCESSIVELY OR IN PT WITH IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION, IT
MUST NOT BE TAKEN FOR LONG PERIODS. ...SHOULD NOT BE USED
ROUTINELY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER...
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 894]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drugs that increase urinary pH (eg ... sodium bicarbonate) prevent the hydrolysis of
methenamine to formaldehyde. Methenamine should not be given to patients receiving
these drugs.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 1551]**PEER REVIEWED**
Excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate may cause metabolic alkalosis and
hypernatremia. Rapid alkalization may precipitate tetany in hypocalcemic patients and
cause cardiotoxicity and paralysis in hypokalemic patients. ... If administered in excess,
sodium bicarbonate increases the production of lactate, worsens cardiac output, and
decreases blood pressure in patients with lactic acidosis.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 838]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vancomycin has been reported to be incompatible in iv solution with ... sodium
bicarbonate.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pregnancy: Problems in humans have not been documented; however, risk-benefit must
be considered, since sodium bicarbonate is absorbed systemically. Chronic use may
lead to systemic alkalosis. The sodium load that is absorbed can also cause edema and
weight gain.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2471]**PEER REVIEWED**
Except under special circumstances, /sodium bicarbonate/ would not be used when the
following medical problems exist: Alkalosis, metabolic or respiratory (may be
exacerbated); chloride loss due to vomiting or continuous gastrointestinal suction
(increased risk of severe alkalosis; or hypocalcemia (increased risk of alkalosis producing
tetany).
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Risk-benefit should be considered when the following medical problems exist: Anuria or
oliguria (increased risk of excessive sodium retention) edematous sodium-retaining
conditions such as: cirrhosis of liver, congestive heart failure, renal function impairment,
toxemia of pregnancy; or hypertension (may be exacerbated)
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** SODIUM BICARBONATE ***, is relevant for this
HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Metabolic abnormalities predominate. Hypernatremia,
hypokalemia, hypochloremia, alkalosis, and hypocalcemia
may be seen.
a) Initial symptoms of hypernatremia and metabolic
alkalosis are nausea, vomiting, weakness, and mental
confusion. Later, muscle cramping, progressing to
tetany or seizures, ventricular dysrhythmias and coma
may be seen.
2) Toxicity is rare following acute ingestion in healthy
adults, but can be serious in small children and in
renal insufficiency.
3) Chronic toxicity usually occurs within 4 to 10 days
following ingestion of very large amounts.
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Hypotension and tachycardia may be noted.
2) Hypertension may occur.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Pulmonary irritation may occur following inhalation.
Apnea, cyanosis, and pulmonary edema secondary to
alkalosis may be observed.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Dizziness, weakness, irritability, and mental status
changes may be initial symptoms of alkalosis or
hypernatremia. Progressive obtundation, coma, and
seizures may occur in severe toxicity.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Spontaneous rupture of the stomach has occurred rarely
following ingestion on a very full stomach. Severe
sharp abdominal pain and hematemesis are presenting
symptoms.
0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Transient albuminuria and elevations in BUN may occur
with alkalosis.
0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Sodium bicarbonate contains about 1/20th the sodium
content of sodium chloride. Very large amounts or
chronic ingestion may cause hypernatremia.
2) Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis usually
occurs after 4 to 10 days of chronic high-dose
ingestion, but has occurred following 1 dose in
infants.
3) Hypocalcemia with tetany and hypoglycemia may occur.
Cerebral and peripheral edema may occur.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE
A) Sodium bicarbonate is not known to affect human
reproduction.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
A) At the time of this review, no studies regarding the
potential carcinogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate in
humans or experimental animals have been found.
Laboratory:
A) Monitor arterial blood gases, blood pH, total CO2,
electrolytes, glucose, renal function, urinary chloride,
and EKG.
Treatment Overview:
0.4.2 ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
A) SUMMARY - Correct of fluid, electrolyte (especially
potassium and magnesium), and acid-base imbalances. When
chloride and potassium deficits are corrected, the
kidney will eliminate bicarbonate in persons with normal
renal function.
B) Activated charcoal has NOT been shown to effectively
adsorb sodium bicarbonate.
C) SEIZURES: Administer a benzodiazepine IV; DIAZEPAM
(ADULT: 5 to 10 mg, repeat every 10 to 15 min as needed.
CHILD: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg, repeat every 5 min as needed)
or LORAZEPAM (ADULT: 2 to 4 mg; CHILD: 0.05 to 0.1
mg/kg).
1) Consider phenobarbital if seizures recur after diazepam
30 mg (adults) or 10 mg (children > 5 years).
2) Monitor for hypotension, dysrhythmias, respiratory
depression, and need for endotracheal intubation.
Evaluate for hypoglycemia, electrolyte disturbances,
hypoxia.
D) HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If
hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20
mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at
0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1
mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response.
E) VENTRICULAR DYSRHYTHMIAS/SUMMARY: Institute continuous
cardiac monitoring, obtain an ECG, and administer
oxygen. Evaluate for hypoxia, acidosis, and electrolyte
disorders. Lidocaine and amiodarone are generally first
line agents for stable monomorphic ventricular
tachycardia, particularly in patients with underlying
impaired cardiac function. Sotalol is an alternative.
Amiodarone and sotalol should be used with caution if a
substance that prolongs the QT interval and/or causes
torsades de pointes is involved in the overdose.
Unstable rhythms require cardioversion.
F) FLUIDS - Correction of chloride and potassium deficit
may allow for renal excretion of bicarbonate.
1) Administer D5W and 0.45 to 0.9% sodium chloride with
potassium chloride 40 mEq/L at a rate (usually 2/3 of
daily maintenance) calculated to normalize sodium no
sooner than 24 to 36 hours.
G) ACETAZOLAMIDE - May selectively correct alkalosis by
promoting bicarbonate excretion. CANNOT be used if serum
potassium is less than 3.5 mEq/L. (Dose: 250-500 mg PO
or IV every 6 to 12 hours).
H) SEVERE ALKALEMIA - Administer ammonium chloride in
normal saline, administered over 12 to 24 hours.
Alternatively, dilute hydrochloric acid (0.1 N) through
a central line may be administered at 10 mEq/hour.
I) DIALYSIS - High chloride, low acetate dialysates may be
used to remove bicarbonate and replace chloride deficit
when other measures fail or in renal insufficiency.
Range of Toxicity:
A) Alkalosis has occurred after one tablespoonful in a young
infant. Much larger amounts are needed to cause
hypernatremia (10 to 20 g/kg). Adults with normal renal
function can tolerate up to 1700 mEq daily with minimal
symptoms.
[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO,
2004; CCIS Volume 122, edition expires Nov, 2004. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):
TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2004; CCIS Volume
122, edition expires Nov, 2004.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... Sodium bicarbonate ... reported .. toxic to poultry, 0.6% and 2.4% in the drinking
water being toxic to young and mature chickens, respectively.
[Humphreys, D.J. Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed. London, England: Bailliere Tindell,
1988. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**
/SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING INGESTION INCLUDE/...THIRST, SEVERE
ABDOMINAL PAIN, & GASTRO-ENTERITIS. ... PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
INCLUDE CORROSION ABOUT THE MOUTH, WITH PATCHES OF
INFLAMMATION IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT, PARTICULARLY THE
STOMACH, AND WITH EDEMA & THICKENING OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE, &
HYPEREMIA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.
[Humphreys, D.J. Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed. London, England: Bailliere Tindell,
1988. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXCESSIVE /VETERINARY/ USE CAN CAUSE SYSTEMIC ALKALOSIS.../IN
TREATED ANIMALS/.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 533]**PEER REVIEWED**
YOUNG RABBITS INJECTED WITH 7% SODIUM BICARBONATE DIED OF
HYPEROSMOLALITY AT OVER 380 MOSMOL/L. RABBITS UNDER 10%
HYPOXIC ENVIRONMENT DIED AT 350 MOSMOL/L DURING INFUSION OF 7%.
NEWBORN RABBITS INJECTED WITH 7% AT 10 ML/KG, IP, HAD
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE AT 335 MOSMOL/L.
[SUGIMOTO T ET AL; BRAIN DEV 3(3) 297 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate ... was evaluated for teratologic effects ... . Maximum dose levels
were as follows: mice, 580 mg/kg; rats, 340 mg/kg; and rabbits, 330 mg/kg. No effects
were found in any of these species.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology:
Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982.
3061]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat oral 4,220 mg/kg
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 2413]**PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism/Metabolites:
EXCESSIVE USE CAN CAUSE SYSTEMIC ALKALOSIS /IN ANIMALS/, BUT
BODY USUALLY SPLITS BICARBONATE RADICAL INTO WATER & CARBON
DIOXIDE...
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 533]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate rapidly reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride,
carbon dioxide, and water; excess bicarbonate that does not neutralize gastric acid rapidly
empties into the small intestine and is absorbed.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1870]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
...BODY USUALLY SPLITS BICARBONATE RADICAL INTO WATER & CARBON
DIOXIDE & LATTER CAN EASILY BE ELIMINATED VIA LUNGS.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 533]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXCESS SODIUM BICARBONATE IS EMPTIED RAPIDLY INTO SMALL
INTESTINE WHERE IT IS ABSORBED.
[Miller, R. R., and D. J. Greenblatt. Handbook of Drug Therapy. New York: Elsevier
North Holland, 1979. 1043]**PEER REVIEWED**
IT IS ELIMINATED PRINCIPALLY IN THE URINE AND EFFECTIVELY
ALKALIZES IT. ... /IT/ IS COMPLETELY ABSORBED ORALLY AND USUALLY
IS EXCRETED WITHIN 3-4 HR.
[American Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations.
4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980. 1440]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
/IN TREATMENT OF ACIDOSIS BY IV INJECTION/ BICARBONATE ION IS
RELEASED IN FORM OF CARBON DIOXIDE THROUGH LUNGS LEAVING
EXCESS OF SODIUM CATION BEHIND TO EXERT ITS ELECTROLYTE EFFECT.
[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984.,p. 40:08]**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM BICARBONATE THERAPY INCR PLASMA BICARBONATE, RAISES
BLOOD PH & REVERSES CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACIDOSIS /IN THE
TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS/.
[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary Pharmaceuticals & Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.:
Harwal Publishing Co., 1980.,p. 17/8]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
...ON RAISING PH OF GASTRIC CONTENTS TO...8 WITH SODIUM
BICARBONATE, BASIC DRUGS BECAME MORE NON-IONIZED & SHOWED
MORE RAPID ABSORPTION RATE. ACIDIC COMPD, WHICH BECAME MORE
HIGHLY IONIZED AT ALKALINE PH, SHOWED DECREASE IN ABSORPTION
RATE.
[LaDu, B.N., H.G. Mandel, and E.L. Way. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and
Disposition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971. 28]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN PATIENT POISONED WITH PHENOBARBITAL, IT HAS BEEN THE
IMPRESSION THAT IV SODIUM BICARBONATE CAUSES A PROMPT
LIGHTENING OF DEPRESSION.
[LaDu, B.N., H.G. Mandel, and E.L. Way. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and
Disposition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971. 56]**PEER REVIEWED**
Alkalization of the urine with acetozolamide or sodium bicarbonate may lead to toxic
serum concentrations of quinine by decreasing its urinary excretion.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 432]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate may cause increased gastrointestinal pH; concurrent administration
with sodium bicarbonate may result in a marked reduction in absorption of
ketoconazole; patient should take sodium bicarbonate at least 2 hours after
ketoconazole.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2473]**PEER REVIEWED**
Alkalinization of the urine caused by sodium bicarbonate slows excretion and prolongs
the effects of mecamylamine; concurrent use is not recommended.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2473]**PEER REVIEWED**
Alkalinization of the urine caused by sodium bicarbonate may reduce the effectiveness
of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde; concurrent use is not
recommended.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption may be decreased when oral tetracycline are used concurrently with sodium
bicarbonate because of increase in intragastric pH; patients should be advised not to take
sodium bicarbonate within 1 to 2 hours of tetracycline.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
.../IN TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS/, WHEN THE PLASMA
BICARBONATE CONCENTRATION DROPS BELOW 15 TO 20 MEQ/L, ORAL
THERAPY WITH SODIUM BICARBONATE ... SHOULD BE INITIATED.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 838]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN ACUTE MILD TO MODERATE ACIDOSIS, ORAL TREATMENT IS
PREFERABLE TO IV THERAPY; TABLETS, ... ORAL SOLUTIONS (2% TO 5%),
OR A SOLUTION CONTAINING SODIUM BICARBONATE 0.15% TO 0.3% &
SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.3% TO 0.4% MAY BE USED. IN SEVERE ACUTE
ACIDOSIS, SODIUM BICARBONATE MAY BE GIVEN IV.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 838]**PEER REVIEWED**
DRUG IS USED FOR VERY SEVERE HYPERPNEA OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS &
ITS ADMINISTRATION IS CONTINUED ONLY UNTIL RESPIRATORY SIGNS OF
DYSPNEA & HYPERPNEA HAVE BEEN RELIEVED.
[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984.,p. 40:08]**PEER REVIEWED**
.../FOR TREATMENT OF SEVERE HYPERKALEMIA/ IV INJECTIONS OF
SODIUM BICARBONATE 7.5% IS PREFERRED; IF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC
ABNORMALITIES PERSIST, 40-160 MILLIEQUIV MAY BE INJECTED IV OVER 5
MIN PERIOD & THEN REPEATED AFTER 10-15 MINUTES.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 2nd ed.
Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1973. 177]**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM BICARBONATE IS USED LOCALLY ON SKIN FOR VARIOUS
DISORDERS, PARTICULARLY AS AN ANTIPRURITIC, IN FORM OF MOIST
PASTE OR SOLN; THERE IS DOUBT WHETHER ANTIPRURITIC EFFECT
DERIVES FROM ANYTHING MORE THAN ITS COOLING WETNESS.
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. 1980. 995]**PEER REVIEWED**
IT IS USED WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION IN TREATMENT OF
HYPONATREMIA.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 2nd ed.
Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1973. 185]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): .../SODIUM BICARBONATE IS USED/ EXTERNALLY AS
PASTE OR STRONG SOLN AS ANTIPRURITIC OVER ERYTHEMATOUS OR
URTICARIAL AREAS AS MAY FOLLOW INSECT BITES, NETTLE
RASH...ESPECIALLY ON HORSES. STRONG SOLN.../DISSOLVE/ SCABS &
EXUDATES WITHOUT VISIBLE IRRITATION TO AFFECTED AREAS.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 532]**QC REVIEWED**
ALTHOUGH ONSET OF /ANTACID/ ACTION IS RAPID, THE DURATION OF
ACTION IS SHORT (1 G NEUTRALIZES 115 ML OF 0.1 N HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ALMOST IMMEDIATELY & ONLY 117 ML AFTER 2 HR).
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): ...INDICATED IN TREATMENT OF BARBITURATE
TOXICITY. ...ALSO IS INDICATED IN SEVERE DIARRHEA WHICH IS OFTEN
ACCOMPANIED BY SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF BICARBONATE.
[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary Pharmaceuticals & Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.:
Harwal Publishing Co., 1980.,p. 17/20]**QC REVIEWED**
Oral sodium bicarbonate is indicated to reduce uric acid crystallization as an adjuvant to
uricosuric medication in gout.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2472]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate /may be used/ as an aerosol or by instillation to
loosen viscous secretions.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 467]**PEER REVIEWED**
One gram neutralizes 12 milliequivalents of acid.
[Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990.
908]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate has been used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia; however, it
generally has been replaced by more effective agents. /Not included in USA product
labeling/
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2473]**PEER REVIEWED**
Parenteral sodium bicarbonate is indicated in severe diarrhea in which the loss of
bicarbonate is significant.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2472]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): ANTITUSSIVE, MUCOLYTIC AGENT, ELECTROLYTE
SOURCE
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 532]**QC REVIEWED**
IN DOUCHES, MOUTHWASHES & ENEMATA
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th
ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 966]**QC REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
Sodium bicarbonate is generally contraindicated in patients with metabolic or
respiratory alkalosis, in patients with hypocalcemia in whom alkalosis may induce tetany,
in patients with excessive chloride loss from vomiting or continuous GI suctioning, and
in patients at risk of developing diuretic-induced hypochloremic alkalosis.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1641]**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM BICARBONATE SHOULD BE GIVEN CAUTIOUSLY TO PATIENTS
WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE OR OTHER EDEMATOUS OR SODIUMRETAINING CONDITIONS...
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 838]**PEER REVIEWED**
Gastric distension and flatulence may occur with sodium bicarbonate preparations.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1872]**PEER REVIEWED**
PREDISPOSING FACTORS /CONTRIBUTING TO MILK-ALKALI SYNDROME/
ARE PREEXISTING HYPERTENSION, SARCOIDOSIS, DEHYDRATION AND
ELECTORLYTE IMBALANCE DUE TO VOMITING OR ASPIRATION OF
GASTRIC CONTENTS WITH INADEQUATE IV FLUID REPLACEMENT, AND
RENAL DYSFUNCTION CAUSED BY PRIMARY RENAL DISEASE.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 909]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate should not be used orally as an antidote in the treatment of acute
ingestion of strong mineral acids, since carbon dioxide gas forms during neutralization
and may cause gastric distention and possible rupture.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1641]**PEER REVIEWED**
One manufacturer cautions that rapid injection (10 ml/min) of hypertonic sodium
bicarbonate solutions in neonates and children younger than 2 yr of age may produce
hypernatremia, decreased CSF pressure, and possible intracranial hemorrhage. It is
recommended that the rate of iv administration in these children not exceed 8 mEq/kg
daily and that slow iv administration of a 4.25 solution may be preferred.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1641]**PEER REVIEWED**
ALKALINIZATION OF URINE MAY BE DETRIMENTAL. CONSEQUENTLY,
DAILY DOSE LIMIT TO 200 MILLIEQUIVALENTS IN PERSONS UNDER 60 YR
OF AGE & 100 MILLIEQUIVALENTS IN THOSE WHO ARE OLDER...
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc. 1980. 994]**PEER REVIEWED**
...VOLUME EXPANSION CAN INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE & PROMOTE
EDEMA, SO THAT USE OF EVEN MODERATE AMT OF SODIUM
BICARBONATE MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO PERSONS WITH RENAL
INSUFFICIENCY OR INCIPIENT OR ACTIVE HYPERTENSION OR CARDIAC
FAILURE.
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th
ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 966]**PEER REVIEWED**
...CONTRAINDICATED IN PT WHO ARE LOSING CHLORIDE BY VOMITING OR
FROM CONTINUOUS GASTROINTESTINAL SUCTION, & IN PT RECEIVING
DIURETICS KNOWN TO PRODUCE HYPOCHLOREMIC ALKALOSIS. ...
ADDITION...TO PARENTERAL SOLN CONTAINING CALCIUM SHOULD BE
AVOIDED EXCEPT WHERE COMPATIBILITY HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY
ESTABLISHED.
[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary Pharmaceuticals & Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.:
Harwal Publishing Co., 1980.,p. 17/8]**PEER REVIEWED**
BECAUSE SODIUM BICARBONATE PRODUCES METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
WHEN USED EXCESSIVELY OR IN PT WITH IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION, IT
MUST NOT BE TAKEN FOR LONG PERIODS. ...SHOULD NOT BE USED
ROUTINELY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER...
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 894]**PEER REVIEWED**
Drugs that increase urinary pH (eg ... sodium bicarbonate) prevent the hydrolysis of
methenamine to formaldehyde. Methenamine should not be given to patients receiving
these drugs.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 1551]**PEER REVIEWED**
Excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate may cause metabolic alkalosis and
hypernatremia. Rapid alkalization may precipitate tetany in hypocalcemic patients and
cause cardiotoxicity and paralysis in hypokalemic patients. ... If administered in excess,
sodium bicarbonate increases the production of lactate, worsens cardiac output, and
decreases blood pressure in patients with lactic acidosis.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 838]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vancomycin has been reported to be incompatible in iv solution with ... sodium
bicarbonate.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 1538]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pregnancy: Problems in humans have not been documented; however, risk-benefit must
be considered, since sodium bicarbonate is absorbed systemically. Chronic use may
lead to systemic alkalosis. The sodium load that is absorbed can also cause edema and
weight gain.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2471]**PEER REVIEWED**
Except under special circumstances, /sodium bicarbonate/ would not be used when the
following medical problems exist: Alkalosis, metabolic or respiratory (may be
exacerbated); chloride loss due to vomiting or continuous gastrointestinal suction
(increased risk of severe alkalosis; or hypocalcemia (increased risk of alkalosis producing
tetany).
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Risk-benefit should be considered when the following medical problems exist: Anuria or
oliguria (increased risk of excessive sodium retention) edematous sodium-retaining
conditions such as: cirrhosis of liver, congestive heart failure, renal function impairment,
toxemia of pregnancy; or hypertension (may be exacerbated)
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
...ON RAISING PH OF GASTRIC CONTENTS TO...8 WITH SODIUM
BICARBONATE, BASIC DRUGS BECAME MORE NON-IONIZED & SHOWED
MORE RAPID ABSORPTION RATE. ACIDIC COMPD, WHICH BECAME MORE
HIGHLY IONIZED AT ALKALINE PH, SHOWED DECREASE IN ABSORPTION
RATE.
[LaDu, B.N., H.G. Mandel, and E.L. Way. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and
Disposition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971. 28]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN PATIENT POISONED WITH PHENOBARBITAL, IT HAS BEEN THE
IMPRESSION THAT IV SODIUM BICARBONATE CAUSES A PROMPT
LIGHTENING OF DEPRESSION.
[LaDu, B.N., H.G. Mandel, and E.L. Way. Fundamentals of Drug Metabolism and
Disposition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971. 56]**PEER REVIEWED**
Alkalization of the urine with acetozolamide or sodium bicarbonate may lead to toxic
serum concentrations of quinine by decreasing its urinary excretion.
[American Medical Association, Council on Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual
1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1994. 432]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate may cause increased gastrointestinal pH; concurrent administration
with sodium bicarbonate may result in a marked reduction in absorption of
ketoconazole; patient should take sodium bicarbonate at least 2 hours after
ketoconazole.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2473]**PEER REVIEWED**
Alkalinization of the urine caused by sodium bicarbonate slows excretion and prolongs
the effects of mecamylamine; concurrent use is not recommended.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2473]**PEER REVIEWED**
Alkalinization of the urine caused by sodium bicarbonate may reduce the effectiveness
of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde; concurrent use is not
recommended.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption may be decreased when oral tetracycline are used concurrently with sodium
bicarbonate because of increase in intragastric pH; patients should be advised not to take
sodium bicarbonate within 1 to 2 hours of tetracycline.
[USP Convention. USPDI-Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 14th ed.
Volume I. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., 1994. (Plus
Updates). 2474]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Natural Pollution Sources:
... nahcolite ... the mineral form of pure sodium bicarbonate. ...
[Chem & Eng News 71(47): 19 (11/22/93)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review
of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions
about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health
and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1,
1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all
pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.
Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date
of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential
for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater
concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Sodium bicarbonate is found on List D.
Case No: 4048; Pesticide type: Fungicide, Antimicrobial; Case Status: None of the active
ingredients in the case are being supported for reregistration by their registrants. All are
unsupported, or some are unsupported and some are cancelled. Cases described as
"unsupported" generally are being processed for cancellation.; Active ingredient (AI):
Sodium bicarbonate; AI Status: Registrants of the pesticide have not made or honored a
commitment to seek reregistration, conduct the necessary studies, or pay the requisite
fees, or they have asked EPA to cancel their product registrations. Unless some other
interested party supports them, products containing the pesticide will be cancelled.
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review
p.316 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**
Residues of sodium bicarbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when
used as a neutralizer in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or
occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to
raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
[40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
FDA Requirements:
Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe
(GRAS).
[21 CFR 184.1736 (4/1/93)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and
related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good
manufacturing or feeding practice.
[21 CFR 582.1736 (4/1/93)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers, packers, and distributors of drug and drug products for human use are
responsible for complying with the labeling, certification, and usage requirements as
prescribed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (secs 201-902, 52
Stat. 1040 et seq., as amended; 21 U.S.C. 321-392).
[21 CFR 200-299, 300-499, 820, and 860 (4/1/93)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies
currently marketed prescription drug products, incl sodium bicarbonate, approved on
the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 and 507 of the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
[DHHS/FDA; Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations 13th
edition p.3-249 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Residues of sodium bicarbonate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when
used as a neutralizer in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or
occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to
raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
[40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C-H2-O3.Na
**PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
84.01
**PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
WHITE, MONOCLINIC PRISMS
[Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 71st ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press Inc., 1990-1991.,p. 4-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER OR GRANULES
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
ODORLESS
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**
Taste:
SALINE & SLIGHTLY ALKALINE TASTE
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
-CO2 @ 270 DEG C
[Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 71st ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press Inc., 1990-1991.,p. 4-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
2.159
[Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 71st ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press Inc., 1990-1991.,p. 4-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
pH:
FRESHLY PREPARED 0.1 MOLAR SOLUTION @ 25 DEG C: 8.3
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALCOHOL
[Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 71st ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press Inc., 1990-1991.,p. 4-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility in water = 6.4, 7.6, 8.7, 10.0, 11.3, 12.7, 14.2, 16.5, and 19.1 g/100g solution at
0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 deg C, respectively; Solubility in water = 6.9, 8.2,
9.6, 11.1, 12.7, 14.5, 16.5, 19.7, and 23.6 g/100g H2O at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and
100 deg C, respectively; Solubility is lower in the presence of sodium carbonate
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA24 315]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.500
[Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 71st ed. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press Inc., 1990-1991.,p. 4-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
POWDER OR GRANULES LOSE CARBON DIOXIDE @ 50 DEG C & @ 100 DEG C
IT IS CONVERTED TO SODIUM CARBONATE
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
SOLN OF 1.3% IS APPROX ISOTONIC WITH BODY FLUIDS
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th
ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 769]**PEER REVIEWED**
READILY DECOMP BY WEAK ACIDS; IN AQ SOLN IT BEGINS TO BREAK UP
INTO CARBON DIOXIDE & SODIUM CARBONATE @ ABOUT 20 DEG C &
COMPLETELY ON BOILING
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
ALKALINITY INCR AS SOLN STAND, ARE AGITATED, OR HEATED; IN LIQ
MIXTURES CONTAINING BISMUTH SUBNITRATE, SODIUM BICARBONATE
REACTS WITH ACID FORMED BY HYDROLYSIS OF BISMUTH SALT
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**
1 G NEUTRALIZES APPROX 120 ML OF 0.1 N HYDROCHLORIC ACID
[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American
Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984.,p. 40:08]**PEER REVIEWED**
Specific heat capacity = 87.7 kJ/mol-K at 25 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA24 315]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Enthalpy of solution = -18 kJ/mol
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA24 315]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Dielectric constant = 4.39 debyes at 25 deg C
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA24 315]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
A mixture /of sodium hydrogen carbonate, carbon and water/ was being stirred and steam
heated when power failure interrupted stirring, and heating was turned off for a hour
before power was restored. When stirring was restarted, the hot contents of the pan
erupted immediately. Carbon dioxide is evolved from warm aqueous solutions of the
base, and absence of stirring and presence of the carbon adsorbent would lead to nonequilibrium retention of the gas, which would be released instantaneously on stirring.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA:
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 139]**PEER REVIEWED**
SELF-PROPAGATING REACTION CAN OCCUR WHEN...SODIUM
BICARBONATE-...BASED DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT IS
MIXED WITH MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE DRY CHEMICAL
EXTINGUISHING AGENT. MOISTURE WILL ACCELERATE REACTION.
PRODUCTS ARE WATER, AMMONIA, CARBON DIOXIDE... IN FIRE
EXTINGUISHER PRESSURE...WILL BLOW OUT VALVE.
[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 1997. ,p. 491-177]**QC REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke, fumes, and carbon dioxide.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 2413]**PEER REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
STABLE IN DRY AIR, BUT SLOWLY DECOMPOSES IN MOIST AIR
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
Sodium bicarbonate tablets and effervescent tablets should be stored in tightly closed
containers at a temperature less than 40 deg C, preferably between 15-30 deg C. Sodium
bicarbonate injection should be stored at a temperature less than 40 deg C, preferably
between 15-30 deg C; freezing should be avoided.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service--Drug Information 94.
Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc. 1994 (Plus Supplements).
1639]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill)
disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal
of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory
agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
IN MFR OF MANY SODIUM SALTS, SOURCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE; IN
EFFERVESCENT SALTS, BEVERAGES, CLEANING CMPD
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**QC REVIEWED**
IN HAIR WAVING PREPARATIONS
[Arena, J.M. Poisoning: Toxicology-Symptoms Treatments. Third Edition. Springfield,
Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974. 487]**PEER REVIEWED**
LEAVENING AGENT IN BAKING POWDER & FOOD INGREDIENTS;
COMPONENT OF SOAPS, DETERGENTS & PHARMACEUTICALS; AGENT IN
LEATHER TANNING, TEXTILE MFR, PAPER MFR, FIRE EXTINGUISHERS &
MFR OF INDUST & HOUSEHOLD CHEMS
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET)
**QC REVIEWED**
MEDICATION
**QC REVIEWED**
Is used to produce ammonium bicarbonate, benzene derivatives, carbonates of various
alkalis and alkaline earths, nickle carbonate and thorium salts.
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Bicarbonate, 1983]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In paint strippers used on aluminum
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V16 765]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
White River Nahcolite Minerals Limited Liability Company, 3200 Country Road 31, PO
Drawer 72, Rifle, CO 81650 (303) 625-1544
[SRI. 1994 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1994.. 898]**PEER REVIEWED**
Rhone-Poulenc Inc, Hq, CN 5266, Princeton, NJ 08543-5266 (908) 297-0100, Basic
Chemicals Division, 1 Corporate Drive, PO Box 881, Shelton, CT 06484 (203) 925-3300;
Production site: Chicago Heights, IL 60411
[SRI. 1994 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1994.. 898]**PEER REVIEWED**
Natrium Products, 58 Pendleton Street, PO Box 5465, Cortland, NY 13045 (607) 7539829
[SRI. 1994 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1994.. 898]**PEER REVIEWED**
FMC Corporation, Hq, 200 East Randolph Drive, Chicago, IL 60601 (312) 861-6000,
Chemical Products Group, 1735 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (215) 299-6000,
Alkali Chemical Division; Production site: Green River, WY
[SRI. 1994 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1994.. 898]**PEER REVIEWED**
Buena Vista Products, Inc, 8110 Pivot Street, Downey, CA 90241 (310) 923-0117
[SRI. 1994 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1994.. 898]**PEER REVIEWED**
Church & Dwight Co, Inc, Hq, 469 North Harrison St, CN5297, Princeton, NJ 08540,
(609) 683-5900; Chemicals Division; Production sites: Green River, WY 82935; Old
Fort, OH 44861
[SRI. 1994 Directory of Chemical Producers -United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:
SRI International, 1994.. 898]**PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
CARBONATION OF SATURATED SOLUTION OF REFINED SODA ASH
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
PREPARED FROM SODIUM CARBONATE, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
/IT IS/...PRODUCED BY AMMONIA-SODA PROCESS...CARBON DIOXIDE IS
PASSED INTO SOLN OF COMMON SALT IN AMMONIA WATER, SODIUM
BICARBONATE IS PRECIPITATED, &...AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLN IS
HEATED WITH LIME WHEREBY AMMONIA IS REGENERATED & RETURNED
TO THE PROCESS.
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975. 736]**PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
SOLN PREPD WITH SODIUM EDETATE & HYDROCHLORIC ACID WERE
CLEAR FOR 5 MO.
[BIERNACKI A ET AL; FARM POL 31 (5): 385 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ADDED TO MOUTHWASHES AND DENTIFRICES TO PREVENT DENTAL
CARIES.
[JPN KOKAI TOKKYO KOHO PATENT NUMBER 81 59703 05/23/81 (SANKIN
INDUSTRY CO, LTD)]**PEER REVIEWED**
MEAT INSPECTION DIVISION OF USDA LIMITATIONS INCLUDE: 1) TO
SEPARATE FATTY ACIDS & GLYCEROL IN RENDERED FATS (MUST BE
ELIMINATED DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESS); 2) TO NEUTRALIZE
EXCESS ACIDITY & CLEAN VEGETABLES IN RENDERED FATS, SOUPS, &
CURING PICKLE.
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical
Rubber Co., 1972. 939]**PEER REVIEWED**
SUGGESTED USE OF NAHCO3 AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR (NH4)2SO4 IN
REMOVING CR FROM LEATHER INDUSTRY EFFLUENT.
[DE SIMONE G ET AL; CUOIO, PELLI, MATER CONCIANTI 56 (3): 395
(1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
North American Chemical and its partner, Natec Resources, have upgraded their existing
mining and manufacturing facility in Rifle, Colorado to produce food and pharmaceutical
grade sodium bicarbonate. The facility will also continue to provide industrial and
agricultural grade product as well. Total annual capacity ... is 100,000 tons. ...
[Chem & Eng News 71 (47): 19 (11/22/93)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
BAKING POWDERS IN COMMERCIAL USE NORMALLY CONTAIN SUFFICIENT
SODA & THE /LEAVENING/ ACID TO NEUTRALIZE IT IN ORDER TO YIELD
NOT LESS THAN 12% OF THEIR WEIGHT AS CARBON DIOXIDE WHEN USED.
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical
Rubber Co., 1972. 653]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE BICARBONATE OF COMMERCE IS ABOUT 99.8% PURE.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
HIGH PURITY COMMERCIAL GRADES /FOR VETERINARY USE/ CONTAIN
ABOUT 27.3% SODIUM.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 532]**PEER REVIEWED**
Commercial grades include U.S.P. and food grade; animal feed and industrial grade
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Bicarbonate, 1985]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate /present in/: Arm & Hammer Carpet Deodorizer and Arm &
Hammer Cat Litter Deodorizer.
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Bicarbonate, 1985]**PEER
REVIEWED**
ACS reagent, hemodialysis food grades 1, 2, 4, 3, 3DF, S, and, ITFF; USP and FCC
grades
[Kuney, J.H., J.M. Mullican (eds.). Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American
Chemical Society, 1994. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
Impurities:
Free-flowing food grade contains 0.6% tricalcium phosphate.
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Bicarbonate, 1985]**PEER
REVIEWED**
For the food grade: Na2CO3, 0.2%; NaCl, 0.004%; H2O, 0.05%; insolubles, 0.003%
[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p. VA24 316]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
35% FOR FOODS, MOSTLY IN BAKING POWDER, BUT ALSO IN READY &
PREMIXES, FLOUR & CANDY; 30% IN INDUST & HOUSEHOLD CHEMS
MANUFACTURE; 13% IN PHARMACEUTICALS; 12% IN FIRE EXTINGUISHERS;
5% IN SOAPS & DETERGENTS; 4% FOR LEATHER TANNING, TEXTILE &
PAPER PRODN; 12% FOR MISC APPLICATIONS (1973)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Food preparation, 30 %; Animal feed 20%; Rubber and industrial chemicals, 15 %;
Pharmaceuticals, 11%; Fire extinguishers, 9 %; Soap and detergents, 5%; Other,
including textiles, paper, and leather, 10%.
[Chemical Marketing Reporter, Chemical Profile. August 19, 1985]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Bicarbonate. Food preparation, 34%; animal feed,
24%; industrial chemicals, 13%; soap and detergents, 10%; exports, 6%;
pharmaceuticals, 4%; fire extinguishers, 3%; other, including textiles, paper and leather,
6%.
[Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 234 (7): 50 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium bicarbonate. Demand: 1987: 325,000 tons; 1988:
330,000 tons; 1992 /projected/: 360,000 tons (Does not include imports, which totaled
12,800 tons last year.)
[Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 234 (7): 50 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Household products, 26%; animal feed, 21%; food, baking & beverage, 16%; plastics &
chemicals, 14%; exports, 9%; pharmaceuticals & personal care products, 6%; fire
extinguishers, 2%; soaps & detergents, 2%; air pollution control, 2%; miscellaneous, 2%
[Chemical Marketing Reporter, Chemical Profile, July 8, 1991]**PEER REVIEWED**
Demand: 1990: 400,000 tons; 1991: 409,000 tons; 1995: 448,000 tons (Includes exports
of about 38,000 tons in 1990
[Chemical Marketing Reporter, Chemical Profile, July 8, 1991]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1972) 1.65X10+11 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1975) 1.3X10+11 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 3.20x10+11 g (finished)
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. CURRENT INDUSTRIAL REPORTS: INORGANIC
CHEMICALS 1984 p.2]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1972) 2.18X10+9 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1975) 5.4X10+8 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 1.58X10+10 g
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND
GENERAL IMPORTS 1984 p.1-350]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Exports:
(1972) 1.63X10+9 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1975) 3.0X10+9 G
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 1.94X10+10 g
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. EXPORTS, SCHEDULE E, 1984 p.2-92]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Exports of about 38,000 tons in 1990
[Chemical Marketing Reporter, Chemical Profile, July 8, 1991]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
SODIUM BICARBONATE STANDARD SOLN... /IS DETERMINED BY THE
MANOMETRIC METHOD/.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and
supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New
editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.p. 13/190 11.058]**PEER
REVIEWED**
AOAC Method No. 973.54 Sodium in Water. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
(FLAA) Detection Limit = Range, 1.0 mg/L /Sodium/
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and
Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. V1
328]**PEER REVIEWED**
ASTM Method No. D4185 Standard Practice for Measurement of Metals in Workplace
Atmosphere by Atomic Absorption. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAA)
Detection Limit = 0.0002 ug/mL; See also ASTM Method Numbers D3561, D4191,
D5086 /Sodium/
[ASTM; 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Sec. 11, Water and Environmental
Technology, Vol. 11.03 Atmospheric Analysis; Occupational Health and Safety. ASTM,
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA]**PEER REVIEWED**
OSW Method No. 6010A Inductively Coupled-Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission
Spectroscopy. ICP Detection Limit = EIDL, 29 ug/L /Sodium/
[USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
OSW Method No. 7770 Sodium (Atomic Absorption, Direct Aspiration). Flame atomic
absorption spectrometry (FLAA) Detection Limit = 0.0020 mg/L /Sodium/
[USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods SW846 Methods (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
USGS Method No. I1735-S, -W Sodium, Atmoic Absorption Spectrometric, Direct.
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAA) Detection Limit = 10 mg/kg in soil, 0.010
mg/L in water; See also Method Numbers I3736, I5473, and I5474 /Sodium/
[USGS; Methods for the Determination of Organic Substances in Water and Fluvial
Sediments, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey,
Book 5, Chapter A3, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO
80225]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method 7300, Elements (ICP), issued 2-15-84 Inductively Coupled Argon
Plasma, Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, detection limit = 2.5 to 1,000 ug per sample
/Sodium/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Manual
of Analytical Methods. 4th ed. Methods A-Z & Supplements. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Kano Y et al. Iyakuhin Kenkyu 19: 839-46 (1988)] Studies on the assay ofcarbonate or
bicarbonate in pharmaceutical preparations by ion chromatography /bicarbonate/
**PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
BAKING SODA
**PEER REVIEWED**
BICARBONATE OF SODA
**PEER REVIEWED**
CARBONIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT
**PEER REVIEWED**
COL-EVAC
**PEER REVIEWED**
JUSONIN
**PEER REVIEWED**
MEYLON
**PEER REVIEWED**
MONOSODIUM CARBONATE
**PEER REVIEWED**
MONOSODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
**PEER REVIEWED**
NEUT
**PEER REVIEWED**
SEL DE VICHY
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODA (VAN)
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODA MINT
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM ACID CARBONATE
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM CARBONATE (NA(HCO3))
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
**PEER REVIEWED**
SOLUDAL
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
BAKING POWDERS IN COMMERCIAL USE NORMALLY CONTAIN SUFFICIENT
SODA & THE /LEAVENING/ ACID TO NEUTRALIZE IT IN ORDER TO YIELD
NOT LESS THAN 12% OF THEIR WEIGHT AS CARBON DIOXIDE WHEN USED.
[Furia, T.E. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Food Additives. 2nd ed. Cleveland: The Chemical
Rubber Co., 1972. 653]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE BICARBONATE OF COMMERCE IS ABOUT 99.8% PURE.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and
Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1357]**PEER REVIEWED**
HIGH PURITY COMMERCIAL GRADES /FOR VETERINARY USE/ CONTAIN
ABOUT 27.3% SODIUM.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974. 532]**PEER REVIEWED**
Commercial grades include U.S.P. and food grade; animal feed and industrial grade
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Bicarbonate, 1985]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Sodium bicarbonate /present in/: Arm & Hammer Carpet Deodorizer and Arm &
Hammer Cat Litter Deodorizer.
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: Sodium Bicarbonate, 1985]**PEER
REVIEWED**
ACS reagent, hemodialysis food grades 1, 2, 4, 3, 3DF, S, and, ITFF; USP and FCC
grades
[Kuney, J.H., J.M. Mullican (eds.). Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American
Chemical Society, 1994. 193]**PEER REVIEWED**
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 697
Last Revision Date: 20030305
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 9/29/1994
Update History:
Complete Update on 03/05/2003, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/09/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/11/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/11/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/12/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/06/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/12/1995, 9 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 12/22/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/19/1994, 37 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/31/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/01/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/14/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/04/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/14/1986