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PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System 2 Size of Heart Average Size of Heart • 14 cm long • 9 cm wide 3 Location of Heart • posterior to sternum • medial to lungs • anterior to vertebral column • base lies beneath 2nd rib • apex at 5th intercostal space • lies upon diaphragm 4 Coverings of Heart 5 Wall of the Heart 6 Wall of the Heart 7 Heart Chambers Right Atrium • receives blood from • inferior vena cava • superior vena cava • coronary sinus Right Ventricle • receives blood from right atrium Left Atrium • receives blood from pulmonary veins Left Ventricle • receives blood from left atrium 8 Heart Valves 9 Coronal Sections of Heart 10 Heart Valves Tricuspid Valve Pulmonary and Aortic Valve 11 Skeleton of Heart • fibrous rings to which the heart valves are attached 12 Path of Blood Through the Heart 13 Path of Blood Through the Heart 14 Blood Supply to Heart 15 Blood Supply to Heart 16 Angiogram of Coronary Arteries 17 Heart Actions Atrial Systole/Ventricular Diastole Atrial Diastole/Ventricular Systole 18 Cardiac Cycle Atrial Systole/Ventricular Diastole • blood flows passively into ventricles • remaining 30% of blood pushed into ventricles • A-V valves open/semilunar valves close • ventricles relaxed • ventricular pressure increases 19 Cardiac Cycle Ventricular Systole/Atrial diastole • A-V valves close • chordae tendinae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far into atria • atria relaxed • blood flows into atria • ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves • blood flows into pulmonary trunk and aorta 20 Heart Sounds Lubb • first heart sound • occurs during ventricular systole • A-V valves closing Dupp • second heart sound • occurs during ventricular diastole • pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing Murmur – abnormal heart sound 21 Heart Sounds 22 Cardiac Muscle Fibers Cardiac muscle fibers form a functional syncytium • group of cells that function as a unit • atrial syncytium • ventricular syncytium 23 Cardiac Conduction System 24 Cardiac Conduction System 25 Muscle Fibers in Ventricular Walls 26 Electrocardiogram • recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium • used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses P wave – atrial depolarization QRS wave – ventricular depolarization T wave – ventricular repolarization 27 Electrocardiogram 28 Electrocardiogram A prolonged QRS complex may result from damage to the A-V bundle fibers 29 Cardiac Cycle 30 Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Autonomic nerve impulses alter the activities of the S-A and A-V nodes 31 Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Additional Factors that Influence HR • physical exercise • body temperature • concentration of various ions • potassium • calcium • parasympathetic impulses decrease heart action • sympathetic impulses increase heart action • cardiac center regulates autonomic impulses to the heart 32 Blood Vessels • arteries • carry blood away from ventricles of heart • arterioles • receive blood from arteries • carry blood to capillaries • capillaries • sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells • venules • receive blood from capillaries • veins • carry blood toward ventricle of heart 33 Arteries and Arterioles Artery • thick strong wall • endothelial lining • middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue • outer layer of connective tissue • carries blood under relatively high pressure Arterioles • thinner wall than artery • endothelial lining • some smooth muscle tissue • small amount of connective tissue • helps control blood flow into a capillary 34 Walls of Artery and Vein 35 Arteriole • smallest arterioles only have a few smooth muscle fibers • capillaries lack muscle fibers 36 Metarteriole connects arteriole directly to venule 37 Capillaries • smallest diameter blood vessels • extensions of inner lining of arterioles • walls are endothelium only • semipermeable • sinusoids – leaky capillaries 38 Capillary Network 39 Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow Precapillary sphincters • may close a capillary • respond to needs of the cells • low oxygen and nutrients cause sphincter to relax 40 Exchange in the Capillaries • water and other substances leave capillaries because of net outward pressure at the capillaries’ arteriolar ends • water enters capillaries’ venular ends because of a net inward pressure • substances move in and out along the length of the capillaries according to their respective concentration gradients 41 Venules and Veins Venule • thinner wall than arteriole • less smooth muscle and elastic tissue than arteriole Vein • thinner wall than artery • three layers to wall but middle layer is poorly developed • some have flaplike valves • carries blood under relatively low pressure • serves as blood reservoir 42 Venous Valves 43 Characteristics of Blood Vessels 44 Blood Volumes in Vessels 45 Arterial Blood Pressure Blood Pressure – force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels Arterial Blood Pressure • rises when ventricles contract • falls when ventricles relax • systolic pressure – maximum pressure • diastolic pressure – minimum pressure 46 Pulse • alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall that can be felt 47 Factors That Influence Arterial Blood Pressure 48 Control of Blood Pressure Controlling cardiac output and peripheral resistance regulates blood pressure 49 Control of Blood Pressure If blood pressure rises, baroreceptors initiate the cardioinhibitory reflex, which lowers the blood pressure 50 Control of Blood Pressure Dilating arterioles helps regulate blood pressure 51 Venous Blood Flow • not a direct result of heart action • dependent on • skeletal muscle contraction • breathing • venoconstriction 52 Central Venous Pressure • pressure in the right atrium • factors that influence it alter flow of blood into the right atrium • affects pressure within the peripheral veins • weakly beating heart increases central venous pressure • increase in central venous pressure causes blood to back up into peripheral vein 53 Pulmonary Circuit • consists of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart 54 Blood Flow Through Alveoli • cells of alveolar wall are tightly joined together • the high osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid draws water out of them 55 Systemic Circuit • composed of vessels that lead from the heart to all body parts (except the lungs) and back to the heart • includes the aorta and its branches • includes the system of veins that return blood to the right atrium 56 Major Vessels of Arterial System 57 Major Blood Vessels of the Heart 58 Principal Branches of the Aorta 59 Abdominal Aorta and Its Major Branches 60 Arteries to Neck, Head, and Brain 61 Cerebral Arterial Circle • Circle of Willis • formed by anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, which join the internal carotid arteries 62 Arteries to Shoulder and Upper Limb 63 Arteries to Thoracic Wall 64 Arteries to Pelvic Region 65 Arteries to the Lower Limb 66 Major Vessels of the Venous System 67 Major Veins of the Brain, Head and Neck 68 Veins from the Upper Limb and Shoulder 69 Veins That Drain the Thoracic Wall 70 Veins That Drain the Abdominal Viscera 71 Veins from the Abdominal Viscera: Hepatic Portal Vein Hepatic portal vein drains one set of capillaries and leads to another set 72 Veins of the Lower Limb and Pelvis 73 Life-Span Changes • cholesterol deposition in blood vessels • heart enlargement • death of cardiac muscle cells • increase in fibrous connective tissue of the heart • increase in adipose tissue of the heart • increase in blood pressure • decrease in resting heart rate 74 Clinical Application Arrhythmias Ventricular fibrillation • rapid, uncoordinated depolarization of ventricles Tachycardia • rapid heartbeat Atrial flutter • rapid rate of atrial depolarization 75