Download 16. Nature Conservation - Broadwater Marine Project

16. Nature Conservation
This Chapter addresses Section 4.8 of the ToR. It describes the existing environment values
for nature conservation that may be affected by the proposal.
Environmental values of nature conservation are described for the affected area in terms of:
» integrity of ecological processes, including habitats of rare and threatened species;
»
conservation of resources;
»
biological diversity, including habitats of rare and threatened species;
»
integrity of landscapes and places including wilderness and similar natural places; and
»
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Objectives and practical measures for protecting or enhancing nature conservation values
are described and quantitative standards and indicators to achieve nature conservation
management defined.
16.1
Description of Environmental Values
16.1.1
Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
16.1.1.1 Environmentally Significant Areas
The study area does not contain any declared conservation areas, however there are four
areas of environmental significance that surround the site. These are:
»
The Spit and Federation Walk;
»
Moreton Bay Marine Park and Ramsar Wetland;
»
South Stradbroke Island; and
»
The Broadwater.
The Spit and Federation Walk
The land to the east of Seaworld Drive supports a large stand of coastal vegetation that is
continuous for the length of the Spit. Federation Walk, which forms part of the Gold Coast
City Council’
s Oceanway network (a 36 km network of pathways along beaches from the
Gold Coast Seaway to the Point Danger Lighthouse at Coolangatta), is located within this
coastal vegetation (Figure 16-1). The area is partially disturbed in places, however local
community groups undertake regular re-vegetation programs along the Spit.
Moreton Bay Marine Park and Ramsar Wetland
Moreton Bay Marine Park covers most of Moreton Bay's tidal lands and tidal waters
seawards to the limit of Queensland waters. The eastern boundary is generally 3 nm off the
east coast of Bribie, Moreton, North Stradbroke and South Stradbroke islands. Along the
mainland and around the islands, the boundary is the line of the highest astronomical tide.
The northern part of the study area (north of Wavebreak Island) is within the Moreton Bay
Marine Park (Figure 16-1).
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The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, with public input, has developed a zoning plan
over the marine park. Each zone has objectives defining activities that are allowed, those
that require permits and those that are prohibited. Designated areas have special
management requirements and are as important as the zones. The area of the Marine Park
within the north part of the study area is designated as Habitat Zone. This zone provides for
reasonable use and enjoyment while maintaining productivity of the natural communities by
excluding activities such as shipping operations and mining (EPA 2006).
Moreton Bay is an internationally recognised Ramsar wetland and is one of Australia’
s larger
Ramsar sites, covering more than 110,000 ha. The extent of the declared wetland within the
study area is shown in Figure 16-1.
In addition to the presence of a Ramsar wetland, the Moreton Bay Marine Park is known to
support migratory birds and the following important agreements for the protection of
migratory species and their habitats, including wetlands are applicable to this Project:
»
The China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA);
»
The Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA); and
»
The Bonn Convention.
Both CAMBA and JAMBA seek to protect migratory birds and their environment. The parties
to these conventions agree to preserve and enhance migratory birds and their environment.
The birds protected by these agreements are listed in the appendices of the agreements and
include 30 species that use Moreton Bay and neighbouring wetlands including the whimbrel
(Numenius phaeopus), and eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis).
The Bonn Convention applies similar provisions aimed at the conservation and management
of a broader range of migratory species, including wetland species, and their habitat. The
parties agree to pay particular attention to migratory species whose conservation status is
unfavourable or at risk of becoming endangered. The convention provides for the listing of
migratory species and includes the Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and Dugong (Dugong
dugong).
The EPBC Act is the principal national legislation relating to these agreements and
convention. Species covered by JAMBA, CAMBA or the Bonn Convention are included in
the list of migratory species protected under the EPBC Act. Any action likely to have a
significant impact on the listed species requires Commonwealth approval.
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Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
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SOUTH
SOUTH
STRADBROKE
STRADBROKE
ISLAND
ISLAND
Surf
Surf
Break
Break
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
Seaway
Seaway
WAVEBREAK
WAVEBREAK
ISLAND
ISLAND
Doug
Doug
Jennings
Jennings
Park
Park
THE
THE
SPIT
SPIT
Marine
Marine
Stadium
Stadium
Main
Main
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
%
0
250
Legend
500m
Scale 1:20,000
Source: GCCC
Projection: MGA94, Zone 56
Date Printed: 15/08/2006
File: G:\41\15762\GIS\Maps\EnvSigAreas.wor
Size: A4
Copyright: This document is and shall remain the property of
GHD Pty Ltd.The document may only be used for the purpose
for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the
terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use
of this document in any way is prohibited. 
Investigation Area
Moreton Bay Marine Park
Coastal Vegetation
Seaworld
Seaworld Drive
Drive
SOUTHPORT
SOUTHPORT
Beach
Beach
NOTIONAL SEAWAY
PROJECT
Environmental Impact Statement
Sand Flats
Figure 16-1. Environmentally
Significant Areas
South Stradbroke Island
South Stradbroke Island supports the South Stradbroke Island Conservation Park which
consists of an amalgamation of land acquired by Council and the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and ensures that over 80 % of the island is protected as a conservation
estate. The Conservation Park supports a range of regionally significant vegetation
communities largely removed from the adjoining mainland, including banksia-dominated
coastal woodland, paperbark and cabbage palm swamps and mangrove communities. The
Conservation Park provides significant habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna, many of
which are specific to lowland habitats and are now not well represented on the adjoining
mainland, in particular the endangered Swamp Orchid (Phaius australis) and the Golden
Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolour welsbyi) (GCCC 2006).
The south section of South Stradbroke Island immediately adjacent to the study area is not
protected under the South Stradbroke Conservation Park.
The Broadwater
The Broadwater is a large expanse of water located behind the Spit and South Stradbroke
Island. The Gold Coast Seaway connects The Broadwater to the open ocean. The northern
end of the Broadwater joins into Moreton Bay and forms part of the Moreton Bay Marine
Park and Ramsar Wetland. Nerang River flows into the southern end of The Broadwater. In
the vicinity of the study area there are several large intertidal sand flats and exposed sand
bars that are provided habitat for migratory and sea birds. The largest are located to the
west and south of Wavebreak Island (Figure 16-1).
16.1.1.2 Flora Values
Vegetation Communities
The study area supports four vegetation communities. These communities are illustrated in
Figure 16-3 and described below.
There are no threatened ecological communities listed under the EPBC Act 1999 within the
study area.
Foredune (Coastal She-Oak) Community
Coastal she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia) dominates the canopy typically forming an open
woodland with a grassy understorey dominated by salt tolerant grasses (including Spinifex
sericeus, Zoysia macrantha, Sporobolus virginicus, Eragrostis interrupta) (Figure 16-2
Plate 1). Other canopy and sub canopy species present include coastal wattle (Acacia
sophorae), coastal banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and/or coastal tea-tree (Leptospermum
laevigatum). On the frontal dunes, beach spinifex (Spinifex sericeus) forms a sparse
grassland. Other ground storey species present include Carpobrotus glaucescens, Ipomoea
pes-caprae, Canavalia rosea and Vigna marina. Isolated Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius)
are present on Wavebreak Island.
A number of weeds were observed within this community, especially on The Spit and in
more disturbed areas on Wavebreak Island. Dominant weed species observed include
Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata), Lantana (Lantana camara), Easter cassia (Senna
pendula) and molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora).
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This vegetation community is well established across the majority of Wavebreak Island.
On The Spit, a narrow fringing stand of this community lines the beach surrounding Marine
Stadium (Figure 16-2 Plate 2). This stand has been modified in areas, especially on the
western side of Marine Stadium, where the majority of the understorey species has been lost
due to high human usage (Figure 16-2 Plate 3) and coastal she-oak form dense stands. A
more structurally intact and species diverse patch of this community is located in the north
eastern corner of the study area. Several large individual cotton trees (Hibiscus tiliaceus)
are present on the eastern side of Marine Stadium and form characteristic features in the
landscape.
Searle and Maden (2006) state that this community is well represented on the east side of
South Stradbroke Island, occurring as a narrow band along the eastern shore.
Casuarina Swamp Forest
A small patch of this community is located in low-lying land immediately behind the trailer car
park and boat ramp on the eastern side of the Marine Stadium. Swamp she-oak (Casuarina
glauca) dominates this community with lesser occurrence of broad-leaved paperbark
(Melaleuca quinquenervia) (Figure 16-2 Plate 4). An individual Bangalow (Archontophoenix
cunninghamiana) sapling was observed in this community. Coastal wattle (Acacia sophorae)
is present on slightly higher land around the community. A number of weed species were
observed including Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata), Lantana (Lantana camara),
Easter cassia (Senna pendula) and asparagus fern (Asparagus africanus).
Intertidal Sand Flats
Intertidal sand flats are present to the west and south of Wavebreak Island. Within Marine
Stadium there are small areas of intertidal sand flats present at the northern most end of the
inlet. These areas tend to be submerged during high tide and become exposed at low tide
uncovering benthic algae and sometimes small patches of seagrass (Figure 16-2 Plate 5).
Some of the sand flats south of Wavebreak Island are building up and being colonised by
terrestrial vegetation such as coastal wattle (Acacia sophorae) and coastal she-oak
(Casuarina equisetifolia).
Parkland/Open Space
The majority of the study area on The Spit is covered by parkland and open space. Doug
Jennings Park is a large grassed area located to the north of Marine Stadium. Mown grass
and planted vegetation including coastal she-oak (Casuarina equisetifolia) are common
within these areas (Figure 16-2 Plate 6).
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Figure 16-2 Representative Images of Vegetation Communities
Plate 1 Foredune vegetation present on
eastern side of Wavebreak Island
Plate 2 Fringing foredune vegetation
dominated by coastal she-oak surrounding
the Marine Stadium.
Plate 3 Disturbed foredune vegetation on
western arm surrounding the Marine Stadium
Plate 4 Casuarina swamp forest behind
trailer car park on The Spit
Plate 5 Exposed sand flats and northern end
of Marine Stadium
Plate 6 Parkland area north of Marine
Stadium and adjacent to cruise ship terminal
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SOUTH
SOUTH
STRADBROKE
STRADBROKE
ISLAND
ISLAND
Surf
Surf
Break
Break
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
Seaway
Seaway
WAVEBREAK
WAVEBREAK
ISLAND
ISLAND
Doug
Doug
Jennings
Jennings
Park
Park
THE
THE
SPIT
SPIT
Marine
Marine
Stadium
Stadium
Main
Main
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
%
0
250
Legend
500m
Scale 1:20,000
Source: GCCC
Projection: MGA94, Zone 56
Date Printed: 15/08/2006
File: G:\41\15762\GIS\Maps\VegComm.wor
Size: A4
Copyright: This document is and shall remain the property of
GHD Pty Ltd.The document may only be used for the purpose
for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the
terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use
of this document in any way is prohibited. 
Investigation Area
Seaworld
Seaworld Drive
Drive
SOUTHPORT
SOUTHPORT
Beach
Beach
NOTIONAL SEAWAY
PROJECT
Casuarina swamp forest
Foredune (Coastal She-oak)
Environmental Impact Statement
Intertidal sand flats
Sand Flats
Figure 16-3. Vegetation Communities
Regional Ecosystems
Remnant vegetation is mapped as Regional Ecosystems (RE) and within this report the
definition of a RE follows that provided by Sattler and Williams (1999). Each RE is assigned
a status under the VMA 1999 as either ‘
Endangered’
,‘
Of Concern’or ‘
Not Of Concern’
. For
the purposes of this report, the status of RE’
s follows that of the Regional Ecosystem
Description Database (REDD, Version 5.0) published by the Queensland Herbarium, EPA
(2006).
A review of Version 5.0 of the certified RE mapping for the study area shows that there are
no REs present within the study area. Field investigations confirmed that the vegetation
present within the study area does not conform to the requirements of remnant vegetation as
defined under the VMA 199910.
Threatened Flora Species
A total of 179 flora species have previously recorded in the area or recorded from the
random meander transects. A full list of species recorded across the site is presented in
Appendix N. Results of the WildNet database represent previous records within the area;
the absence of particular species from the available data does not imply that those species
do not occur within the specified area.
No threatened species were recorded within the study area during the field surveys. Three
threatened species, swamp orchid (Phaius australis), Native Smartweed (Persicaria elatior)
and Stinking Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya foetida) have been previously been recorded within
swamp forests on South Stradbroke Island (Searle and Maden 2006). The EPBC online
database identified a further five plant species that could potentially occur on site, or suitable
habitat potentially occurs on site. A discussion on likely presence of these threatened
species is provided Table 16-1.
Table 16-1 Flora of Conservation Significance
Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
EPBC
NCA
Acacia attenuata
-
V
V
Found in heath lands. No records of this
species in the area and no suitable
present. Unlikely to be present within
study area and the project will not impact
on this species.
Bosistoa selwynii
Heart leaved
V
-
Found in lowland subtropical rainforest up
to 300 m (NPWS 2002). No records of this
species in the area and no suitable
present. Unlikely to be present within
study area and the project will not impact
on this species.
Bosistoa
10
Habitat requirements and likelihood of
occurring on site
Under the VMA 1999, remnant vegetation means the vegetation, part of which forms the predominant canopy of
the vegetation:
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•
covering more than 50% of the undisturbed predominant canopy; and
•
averaging more than 70% of the vegetation’
s undisturbed height; and
•
composed of species characteristic of the vegetation’
s undisturbed predominant canopy.”
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Scientific Name
Common Name
Status
EPBC
NCA
Habitat requirements and likelihood of
occurring on site
Bosistoa
transversa
Three leaved
Bosistoa
V
-
Found in lowland subtropical rainforest
(NPWS 2002) up to 150 m. No records of
this species in the area and no suitable
present. Unlikely to be present within
study area and the project will not impact
on this species.
Cryptocarya
Stinking
cryptocarya
V
V
Found in swamp forests. Has been
recorded on South Stradbroke Island. No
suitable habitat present within the study
site and unlikely to be present within study
area. The project will not impact on this
species
Macadamia
V
V
Found in dry vine thickets and sub tropical
rainforest. No records of this species in the
area and no suitable present. Unlikely to
be present within study area and the
project will not impact on this species.
Persicaria elatior
Knotweed
V
V
Found in melaleuca swamp forest. Has
been recorded on South Stradbroke Island.
Limited suitable habitat present and is
unlikely to occur within study area. The
project will not impact on this species.
Phaius australis
Swamp orchid
E
E
Found in melaleuca swamp forest. Has
been recorded on South Stradbroke Island.
Limited suitable habitat present and is
unlikely to be present within study area.
The project will not impact on this species.
Syzygium
Smooth-bark
Rose apple
V
V
Found in riverine and sub tropical rainforest
(NPWS 2002). No records of this species
in the area and no suitable present.
Unlikely to be present within study area
and the project will not impact on this
species.
foetida
Macadamia
integrifolia
hodgkinsoniae
EPBC –Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; NCA –Nature Conservation Act 1992; E
– Endangered; V – Vulnerable.
Weeds
Eleven weed species listed as declared pests under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock
Route Management) Act 2002 or have been identified as significant weeds in Queensland
were observed within the study area. These species are listed in Table 16-2.
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Table 16-2 Weed Species
Species Name
Common Name
Declaration Status
Asparagus aethiopicus
asparagus fern
Class 3
Baccharis halimifolia
Groundsel Bush
Class 2
Ipomoea cairica
mile-a-minute
Environmental weed
Lantana camara var. camara
lantana
Class 3
Macroptilium atropurpureum
siratro
Environmental weed
Melinus minutifolia
molasses grass
Environmental weed
Neonotonia wightii
glycine
Environmental weed
Passiflora suberosa
corky passion vine
Environmental weed
Schinus terebinthifolius
Broad-leaf pepper tree
Class 3
Senna pendula
Easter cassia
Environmental weed
Sphagneticola trilobata
Singapore daisy
Class 3
Class 2 and Class 3 as defined under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002
In general the study area has high weed disturbance, with numerous areas infested with
Singapore daisy (Figure 16-4 Plate 1) and mile-a-minute. On Wavebreak Island, weed
disturbance tends to be restricted to areas that are subject to heavy human usage,
especially at the southern end of the east-facing beach and in the vicinity of the northern
rock wall (Figure 16-4 Plate 2).
Figure 16-4 Weed Species within the Study Area
Plate 1 Singapore daisy infestation on eastern
Plate 2 Area of disturbance on south end of
side of Marine Stadium.
Wavebreak Island.
16.1.1.3 Fauna Values
Approach to Identifying Values
In order to assess the faunal values of the site, a search of the Birds Australia, EPA’
s Wildlife
Online and the Commonwealth EPBC databases were undertaken to determine the
occurrence of threatened and migratory species in the locality. Threatened species are
those listed as endangered, vulnerable or rare under both State (Nature Conservation Act
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1992 and Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994) and Commonwealth
(Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) legislation. Migratory
species are those protected by the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and
the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA) and Bonn Convention international
agreements. The Birds Australia and Wildlife Online database searches list species
previously recorded from within the search area. The EPBC Protected Matters online
database provides details of species that are likely to occur within the search area based on
bioclimatic modelling, and as such, these species have not necessarily been observed within
the search area.
The centre of the search area was defined as latitude: 27°56’
24.53”and longitude:
153°25’
23.00”and a 5 km radius was specified.
A fauna survey was conducted by qualified ecologists, for the proposed project area over
two site visits (23 May and 2 June, 2006) during the morning and early afternoon. Weather
conditions on both days were clear, warm and sunny. The survey consisted of opportunistic
observations via meandering transects throughout the project site. Bird surveys were
conducted on an ongoing basis throughout the survey and were identified either by direct
observation or by their distinctive calls. Ground searches were undertaken in an effort to
locate reptiles, frogs and other ground dwelling vertebrates. Mammal species were identified
by direct observation, tracks or other traces (eg. scats). All other species were identified by
direct observation. All species noted during the field survey have been incorporated into the
results.
Survey Limitations
As the project is within the preliminary/concept stage, the scope of surveys was for a single
day assessment only. As such a comprehensive survey was not able to be untaken and not
all species likely to be present or utilise the study site would have been identified (see
comments below).
It should be noted that the field survey was conducted once only within a discrete time period
and therefore would not have captured the full range of migratory and seasonal species.
Desktop searches are considered to compensate for this given that the area has been
relatively well surveyed previously by other organisations such as Birds Australia.
This assessment is based on a concept layout and as such not all construction and
operational stages and approaches are known. An assessment of likely impacts is only
based on the preliminary information available on the project design and potential
construction requirements and it is possible that not all impacts have been identified should
the concept layout or construction alter significantly.
Threatened Species
A search of the Wildlife Online database revealed a total of 374 vertebrate species (34
mammals, 298 birds, 25 reptiles and 17 amphibians) that have previously been recorded
from the study site. Of these, 18 species are listed as endangered, vulnerable or rare either
under the Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994 or the EPBC Act. The threatened
species identified by the Wildlife Online database search are included in Table 16-3. The full
results of the Wildlife online database search are provided in Appendix N.
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A search of the EPBC Protected Matters online database revealed a further 16 fauna
species of conservation significance that may either potentially occur in the area or have
suitable habitat within the area searched. Table 16-3 includes the results of the EPBC
Protected Matters search and provides an explanation of the species’conservation status,
the likelihood of occurrence on site and a description of required habitat characteristics. The
full results of the EPBC Protected Matters database search are provided in Appendix N.
A field survey of the study site revealed one additional fauna species from Wavebreak
Island, not listed in the database searches, a deer, most likely the rusa deer (Cervus
timorensis) (Kirkbride 2006). Deer are not listed as rare or threatened under either the NCA
or EPBC Act. This species was identified by its scat and subsequent to the site visit articles
published in the Gold Coast Bulletin (23 June, 2006) and the Courier Mail (02 July, 2006)
confirmed that others have sighted a deer on Wavebreak Island. A list of fauna species
observed on site during the field survey is included in Appendix N.
A total of 30 species listed under state and commonwealth legislation have been previously
recorded or suitable habitat potentially occurs within the study area. Seventeen of these
have been previously recorded from the study area, whilst the remaining 13 are predicted to
occur based on bioclimatic modelling (i.e. from the EPBC search). Table 16-3 provides the
details of the species habitat, and their likelihood of occurring on the site.
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Table 16-3 Significant Fauna Previously Recorded, May Potentially Occur or have Suitable Habitat Within the Study Area
Class
Scientific name
Common
name
Status
NCA
Habitat
Potential to occur on site
This species is restricted to acidic wallum swamps,
dominated by paperbarks.
Yes, previously recorded in the
search area. There is limited
suitable habitat within the project
footprint and is unlikely to be
impacted.
EPBC
Amphibian
Crinia tinnula
wallum froglet
V
Amphibian
Litoria
olongburensis*
wallum sedge
frog
V
V
The wallum sedge frog inhabits swamps containing
emerging vegetation and in close proximity to waters
with acidic and/or tannin content. There is no suitable
habitat within the study area.
Unlikely – preferred habitat does
not occur on site.
Amphibian
Mixophyes
iterates*
giant barred
frog
E
E
This species is restricted to wet sclerophyll forest and
rainforest, usually close to permanent running water.
There is no suitable habitat for the southern barred frog
in the study area.
Unlikely – preferred habitat does
not occur on site
Bird
Accipiter
novaehollandiae
grey goshawk
R
The grey goshawk utilises mature coastal and sub
coastal woodland and open or dense forest including
rainforest, mangroves and swamp forest. There is
suitable habitat present within the study area.
Yes – previously recorded
Bird
Tadorna radjah
radjah
shelduck
R
M
The radjah shelduck most commonly inhabits brackish
mangrove flats and paperbark swamps.
Unlikely – no preferred habitat
within study area
Bird
Esacus
neglectus
beach stonecurlew
V
M
This species utilises small areas of sandy beach
including coral atolls, surf beaches and estuarine
areas. There is suitable habitat present within the
study area.
Yes – previously recorded on
South Stradbroke Island
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Class
Scientific name
Common
name
Status
NCA
Habitat
Potential to occur on site
EPBC
Bird
Calyptorhynchus
lathami
glossy blackcockatoo
V
This species feeds only on casuarina seeds and
therefore, requires habitat that contains casuarina
trees. Suitable habitat is present within the study area.
No evidence of this species was observed during the
field survey (chewed cones). (see Figure 16-5 Plate 3)
Yes – previously recorded
Bird
Ephippiorhynchus black-necked
asiaticus
stork
R
The black-necked stork inhabits tropical and
subtropical marshes and wetlands
Unlikely – no preferred habitat
within study area
Bird
Thalassarche
melanophrys
black-browed
albatross
C
This species of marine bird inhabits the airspace and
waters of the Antarctic, subantarctic and subtropics.
Known to migrate to coastal waters in winter (bays,
harbours) however flight over land areas is rare, with
the exception of breeding islands. Known to occur
near sewerage outfalls. Unlikely to be impacted by the
project.
Unlikely – no preferred habitat
within study area
Bird
Haematopus
fuliginosus
sooty
oystercatcher
R
This species inhabits marine areas within 50 m of the
coastline. The preferred habitat of sooty
oystercatchers is the rocky intertidal zone and
beaches/reefs in close proximity to mudflats. Suitable
habitat present on site.
Yes – previously recorded
Bird
Sterna albifrons
little tern
E
The little tern is commonly found in protected coastal
habitat (bays, lagoons, inlets) with nearby beaches,
spits and sandbanks. There is suitable habitat present
within the study site.
Yes – previously recorded
Bird
Melithreptus
gularis
black-chinned
honeyeater
R
This species inhabits open eucalypt woodland and
forest, dominant with ironbark and box eucalypts.
There is limited habitat within the project footprint and
is unlikely to be impacted.
Yes – previously recorded
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V
M
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Class
Scientific name
Common
name
Status
NCA
Habitat
Potential to occur on site
This species is generally found in dense understorey
vegetation, primarily in beech forests at more than
1000 m above sea level (at northern end of
distribution). There is no suitable habitat within the
study area.
Unlikely – no suitable habitat
within study area.
EPBC
Bird
Pachycephala
olivacea
olive whistler
R
Bird
Macronectes
giganteus
southern
giant-petrel
E
E, M
Breeds south of 53°S, however often migrates to
subtropics during winter. Feed by scavenging over
land and sea. Unlikely to be impacted by this project.
Likely to occur within 5 km of the
study area during winter months.
Previously recorded
Bird
Macronectes hall
northern giantpetrel
V
V, M
This species inhabits Antarctic waters, however is
known in waters of the subtropics during spring and
winter months. Known to occur near sewerage
outfalls. Unlikely to be impacted by this project.
Likely to occur within 5 km of the
study area during winter and
spring. Previously recorded.
Bird
Pterodroma
leucoptera
leucoptera
Gould's petrel
(Australian
subspecies)
C
E, M
This species occurs in the cooler regions of tropical
waters. Cabbage Tree Island in NSW is only breeding
island of Gould's petrel, however is usually found more
than 10 km from the island. Predominantly pelagic,
this species is unlikely to be impacted by this project.
Yes, previously recorded
Bird
Lathamus
discolor
swift parrot
E
E, M
The swift parrot is an irregular visitor to southeast
Queensland during the winter months and sometimes
several years can elapse between sightings. This
species feeds on flowering eucalypt species. Limited
suitable feeding resources within study area. Not
considered likely to be impacted by the project.
Yes – previously recorded
Bird
Numenius
eastern curlew
madagascariensis
R
M
This species is commonly found in protected coastal
habitat (estuaries, bay, lagoons, inlets) with nearby
mudflats, sandbanks or seagrass meadows. Suitable
habitat is present within the study area.
Yes – previously recorded
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16-15
Class
Scientific name
Common
name
Habitat
Potential to occur on site
The powerful owl occupies a range of between 400
and 1500 hectares within open eucalypt forests and
woodlands. They have a number of roost sites within
their territory, most often in dense gullies, and one or
more nest site. There is no suitable habitat within the
study area for nesting sites. The project is not
considered to impact on the ability of this species to
utilise the study area.
Yes – previously recorded
E, M
Coxen’
s fig parrot is primarily a bird of lowland
rainforests but also uses semi-deciduous vine forests
and gallery forests.
Unlikely – preferred habitat does
not exist on site
E, M
The Tristan albatross breeds on islands in subantarctic
waters and feed on crustaceans, fish and squid. There
is currently only one recorded sighting of this species
in Australian waters.
Unlikely
Status
NCA
EPBC
Bird
Ninox strenua
powerful owl
V
Bird
Cyclopsitta
diophthalma
coxeni*
Coxen’
s fig
parrot
E
Bird
Diomedea
dabbenena*
Tristan
Albatross
Bird
Erythrotriorchis
radiatus*
red goshawk
E
V
This species utilises a large home range in suitable
habitat that can consist of tall open forest, open
woodland, forested rivers and rainforest margins. This
species nests in trees greater than 20 m tall and within
1 km of a watercourse or wetland.
Unlikely –lack of suitable habitat
Bird
Poephila cinta
cinta*
black-throated
finch
(southern)
V
E
The southern subspecies occupies grassy woodlands
dominated by eucalypts, paperbarks or acacias, where
it has access to seeding grasses and water. Relatively
sedentary near watercourses and swamps with rank
grass. There is no suitable habitat present within the
study area.
Unlikely – no suitable habitat
exists on site
Bird
1
Australian
painted snipe
V
V, M
This species inhabits wetlands.
Unlikely – preferred habitat does
not exist on site
16-16
Rostratula
australis*
Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
41/15762/09/339481 R0
Class
Scientific name
Common
name
Habitat
Potential to occur on site
V, M
This species of albatross breeds exclusively on
Campbell Island (NZ). Foraging, during non-breeding
periods, occurs in temperate waters off NZ, Australia
and some islands of the Pacific. The project is not
considered to impact on the ability of this species to
utilise resources of the study site.
Possible –may use waters within
5 km of the study site as foraging
ground
Status
NCA
EPBC
Bird
Thalassarche
impavida*
Campbell
albatross
Bird
Turnix
melanogaster*
black-breasted
button-quail
V
V
In Queensland the black-breasted button-quail is most
often found in vine thicket rainforest with a closed
canopy and deep litter layer. They have also been
recorded from Hoop Pine plantation, vine scrub
regrowth and dry sclerophyll adjacent to rainforest.
Unlikely – preferred habitat does
not exist on site
Bird
Xanthomyza
phrygia*
regent
honeyeater
E
E, M
Regent honeyeaters are most often recorded in box
ironbark eucalypt associations, and within these, prefer
the wettest, most fertile sites, usually along
watercourses (Garnett and Crowley, 2000).
Unlikely – preferred habitat does
not exist on site
Mammal
Pteropus
poliocephalus
grey-headed
flying-fox
C
V
The grey headed flying fox is found in a variety of
habitats, can fly up to 50 km from their roost camp and
feed on the fruit or blossoms of more than 80 species
of plants (Churchill, 1998). The site supports feeding
resources for this species.
Yes – previously recorded
Mammal
Phascolarctos
cinereus
(southeast
Queensland
bioregion)
koala
(southeast
Queensland
bioregion)
V
Eucalypt forests that contain a variety of preferred
feeding trees. No suitable habitat exists within the
study site.
Unlikely – no suitable habitat
present on site
Mammal
Chalinolobus
dwyeri*
large-eared
pied bat
R
Large-eared pied bats are insectivorous and roost in
caves and disused mines (Churchill, 1998). Utilises a
variety of drier eucalypt forest habitats for feeding.
Unlikely – lack of roosting sites
available near the study site
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V
16-17
Class
Scientific name
Common
name
Status
NCA
EPBC
Habitat
Potential to occur on site
Mammal
Dasyurus
maculatus
maculates (SE
mainland
population *
spotted-tail
quoll
V
E
Inhabits a wide range of habitats including rainforests
and eucalypt forests.
Unlikely – suitable habitat does not
exist on site
Mammal
Petrogale
penicillata*
brush-tailed
rock wallaby
V
V
Inhabits range of areas including open woodland,
rainforest gullies, rocky projections and sclerophyll
forest (wet and dry).
Unlikely – suitable habitat does not
exist on site
Mammal
Potorous
tridactylus
tridactylus*
long-nosed
potoroo (SE
mainland)
V
V
This species inhabits coastal heath and dry and wet
sclerophyll forests. Thick groundcover is a major
habitat requirement and it displays a preference for
areas were soil is light and sandy (Johnstone, 1995).
Unlikely but possible – potential
habitat within study area. Not
previously recorded from the study
area.
Mammal
Xeromys
myoides*
false water rat
V
V
The false water rat is nocturnal and inhabits mangrove
areas, swamps, sedge land and lagoon areas.
Unlikely – no potential habitat
within study area
Reptile
Coeranoscincus
reticulates*
three-toed
snake-tooth
skink
R
V
This species inhabits rainforest and wet eucalypt
forests.
Unlikely – no suitable habitat
within study site.
NCA Status – Indicates the conservation status of each taxon under the Nature Conservation Act 1992.
C = Common; V = R = Rare; V = Vulnerable; E = Endangered; M = Migratory
EPBC Status – Indicates the conservation status of each taxon under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
R = Rare; V = Vulnerable, E = Endangered; M = Migratory
1
*
Also known as Rostratula benghalensis australis and Rostratula benghalensis s. lat.
Species listed on EPBC Protected Matters search and so have not necessarily been observed on site
16-18
Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
41/15762/09/339481 R0
Figure 16-5 Observed Fauna and Habitat
Plate 1 Crested Tern (Sterna bergii) observed on The
Plate 2 Water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) tracks
Spit (23 May 2006)
observed on Wavebreak Island (2nd June, 2006)
Plate 3 Glossy black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus
Plate 4 Flock of little black cormorants
lathami) habitat on site
(Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) currently utilising
rd
intertidal sand flats within Marine Stadium
Migratory and Marine Species
The desktop and field studies identified 99 migratory and or marine overfly bird species
(hereafter collectively referred to as ‘
migratory’
) that may occur within the study area or have
suitable habitat within the study site. These species are protected by the Commonwealth
Government as terrestrial migratory species, marine species or under international
conventions (JAMBA, CAMBA and the Bonn Convention) and as such, fall under the
auspices of the EPBC Act.
Of the 99 migratory species, 86 have actually been recorded within 5 km of the study site,
whilst the remaining 13 are predicted to occur based on bioclimatic modelling. Table 16-4
presents the 13 migratory species that are also considered to be rare, vulnerable or
endangered under State or Commonwealth legislation (see also Table 16-3). The full list of
migratory species is presented in Appendix N.
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16-19
Table 16-4 Migratory Species that are also Listed Under State or Commonwealth
Legislation
Scientific
name
Common
name
Status
Habitat
Potential to
occur on site
NCA
EPBC
Sterna
albifrons
little tern
E
M
The little tern is commonly found in
protected coastal habitat (bays,
lagoons, inlets) with nearby
beaches, spits and sandbanks.
There is suitable habitat present
within the study site.
Yes – previously
recorded within
a 5 km radius of
the study area
Esacus
neglectus
beach
stonecurlew
V
M
This species utilises small areas of
sandy beach including coral atolls,
surf beaches and estuarine areas.
There is suitable habitat present
within the study area.
Yes – previously
recorded on
South
Stradbroke
Island
Lathamus
discolor
swift parrot
E
E, M
The swift parrot is an irregular
visitor to southeast Queensland
during the winter months and
sometimes several years can
elapse between sightings. This
species feeds on flowering
eucalypt species. Limited suitable
feeding resources within study
area. Not considered likely to be
impacted by the project.
Yes – previously
recorded
Numenius
madagasca
riensis
eastern
curlew
R
M
This species is commonly found in
protected coastal habitat
(estuaries, bay, lagoons, inlets)
with nearby mudflats, sandbanks
or seagrass meadows. Suitable
habitat is present within the study
area.
Yes, previously
recorded
Pterodroma
leucoptera
leucoptera
Gould's
petrel
(Australian
subsp.)
C
E, M
This species occurs in the cooler
regions of tropical waters.
Cabbage Tree Island in NSW is
only breeding island of Gould's
petrel, however is usually found
more than 10 km from the island.
Predominantly pelagic, this
species is unlikely to be impacted
by this project.
Yes, previously
recorded
Macronectes southern
giganteus
giant-petrel
E
E, M
Breeds south of 53°S, however
often migrates to subtropics during
winter. Feed by scavenging over
land and sea. Unlikely to be
impacted by this project.
Likely to occur
within 5 km of
the study area
during winter
months.
Previously
recorded
Macronectes northern
hall
giant-petrel
V
V, M
This species inhabits Antarctic
waters, however is known in
waters of the subtropics during
spring and winter months. Known
to occur near sewerage outfalls.
Unlikely to be impacted by this
project.
Likely to occur
within 5 km of
the study area
during winter
and spring.
Previously
recorded.
16-20
Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
41/15762/09/339481 R0
Scientific
name
Common
name
Habitat
Potential to
occur on site
V, M
This species of albatross breeds
exclusively on Campbell Island
(NZ). Foraging, during nonbreeding periods, occurs in
temperate waters off NZ, Australia
and some islands of the Pacific.
The project is not considered to
impact on the ability of this species
to utilise resources of the study
site.
Possible –may
use waters
within 5 km of
the study site as
foraging ground
Status
NCA
Thalassarche Campbell
impavida*
albatross
EPBC
Tadorna
radjah
radjah
shelduck
R
M
The radjah shelduck most
commonly inhabits brackish
mangrove flats and paperbark
swamps.
Unlikely – no
preferred habitat
within study
area
1
Rostratula
australis*
Australian
painted
snipe
V
V, M
This species inhabits wetlands.
Unlikely –
preferred habitat
does not exist
on site
Xanthomyz
a phrygia*
regent
honeyeater
E
E, M
Regent honeyeaters are most
often recorded in box ironbark
eucalypt associations, and within
these, prefer the wettest, most
fertile sites, usually along
watercourses (Garnett and
Crowley, 2000).
Unlikely –
preferred habitat
does not exist
on site
Cyclopsitta
diophthalma
coxeni*
Coxen’
s fig
parrot
E
E, M
Coxen’
s fig parrot is primarily a
bird of lowland rainforests but also
uses semi-deciduous vine forests
and gallery forests.
Unlikely –
preferred habitat
does not exist
on site
Diomedea
dabbenena*
Tristan
Albatross
E, M
The Tristan albatross breeds on
islands in subantarctic waters and
feed on crustaceans, fish and
squid. There is currently only one
recorded sighting of this species in
Australian waters.
Unlikely
Notes:
* denotes species that have been predicted to occur on the site based on bioclimatic modelling
1
Also known as Rostratula benghalensis australis and Rostratula benghalensis s. lat.
Feral and Exotic Species
Two feral/exotic fauna species were identified during the field survey, and feral pigeon
(Columbia livea) and the deer, most likely the rusa deer (Cervis timorensis) (Gold Coast
Bulletin, 23 June 2006). Although not sighted at the time of the survey, it is likely that feral
cats (Felis catus) and cane toads (Bufo marinus) would also be present on the site, as
indicated by the Wildlife online search.
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16-21
16.1.1.4 Habitat and Corridor Value
The study site comprises of three distinct habitat types - terrestrial, estuarine and marine.
Terrestrial habitat consists primarily of casuarina forest with a grassy understorey, potentially
providing habitat for birds, reptiles and small ground dwelling mammal species. Estuarine
habitat, located in the western portion of the site, consists of intertidal sandbanks and
provides foraging grounds for waders and other migratory birds and possibly the water rat.
The marine habitat provides feeding grounds for coastal birds and nomadic marine birds, as
well as marine species (not addressed in this section). The study site is considered to have
low corridor value due to the fragmentation of the area as a result of previous developments.
16.1.2
Aquatic Biology
16.1.2.1 Approach to Identification of Values
Benthic Survey
The benthic survey of the Gold Coast Broadwater, Seaway and Marine Stadium areas was
undertaken between 27 March and 8 April 2006.
Two separate methodologies were adopted in undertaking the survey:
3. Mapping of seagrass habitats using aerial photography and ground truthing methods;
and,
4. Quantitative line transect methodology to assess diversity and abundance of benthic
habitats (soft and hard substrates) and fish communities.
The mapping exercise was used to represent the spatial extent of seagrass in the area, while
quantitative assessments assisted in quantifying benthic abundances and species
composition at sites within and directly adjacent to the proposed development footprint.
Seagrass Mapping
Mapping of the seagrass beds located within the Broadwater, Seaway and Marine Stadium
areas were produced using high definition aerial photography (2005) supplied by Gold Coast
City Council.
Areas identified to contain seagrass communities by remote sensing were ground truthed
either by towing a diver behind a boat in transects or spot-checking single locations with a
boat and scientist on snorkel. In the diver tow method, the diver recorded the presence or
absence of seagrass every 10 m. When seagrass was present, species and approximate
abundance was recorded. A GPS point was recorded at each data point to clarify the extent
of each seagrass bed. In the spot-check method, the scientist estimated relative species
composition at discrete locations within seagrass beds. Composition was estimated by
examining an approximate 50 m2 area of seagrass, with location recorded by GPS.
Quantitative Line Transect
A total of 17 sites were surveyed using line intercept video transect methodology. Sites were
chosen according to their locality with respect to the development footprint and the type of
habitat present. Sites chosen to assess seagrass communities included vegetated sites
within the development footprint area and sites within several kilometres of the development
16-22
Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
41/15762/09/339481 R0
footprint that had relatively extensive and dense communities. Sites that were chosen to
assess rock revetment communities were located on the southern rock wall of the Gold
Coast seaway within or adjacent to the proposed Cruise Ship Terminal, on the northern rock
wall of the Gold Coast Seaway and on the northern rock wall of Wavebreak Island. Fish
communities were also assessed at these sites. Figure 16-6 represents the locations of all
line transect sites. Sites 1, 6, 8 and 10 were assessed for seagrass, while sites 7, 11, 14,16
and 17 were assessed for hard substrate communities. For the purpose of reporting, hard
substrate sites were given descriptive names (refer to Table 16-5). In addition to these sites,
a 600 m transect (DD start to DD end) was traversed to census fish abundance and
diversity along the southern Seaway rock wall.
Table 16-5 Descriptive Names for Hard Substrate Benthic Survey Locations
Site Number
Descriptive Names
7 and 11 combined
Terminal West (on the site of the proposed terminal)
12
Terminal East (on the site of the proposed terminal)
13
Seaway – Southeast (located adjacent to sand diversion pipe)
14
Wavebreak Island – North Wall
16
Seaway - Northeast Wall
17
Seaway – Northwest Wall
All sites were surveyed on SCUBA using line intercept transect methods. These methods are
favoured by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to determine change in the longterm condition of marine environments (Kaly et al., 1993; Mapstone et al., 1989).
At each site, four 25 m, randomly positioned line intercept transects were run within a narrow
depth stratum to measure cover of benthic flora and fauna. For seagrass locations, two sets
of 2X 25 m transects were run in parallel across the bed. At the sites located on the rock
walls two 25 m transects were traversed at a depth of approximately 2 m while the remaining
two were traversed at a depth between 4-5 m at the base of the rock wall.
Seagrass
Survey tapes were laid on the substratum and the length of intercept with the tape of all
benthic biota directly beneath it measured. Intercept lengths for all colonies of a species or
benthic group were totalled, and converted to a percentage cover measurement. In addition,
a digital video record was collected of the substratum along the measuring tape at a width of
approximately 50 cm using a vertically held digital video camera (Sony TRV-900 digital video
camera with Amphibico underwater housing) to provide a permanent record of habitat
condition for archive.
Rocky Benthos
Video footage was also used to enumerate epibenthic species and abundances at hard
substrate sites, by periodically pausing the video and enumerating benthic cover under six
points within the field of view. By pausing the tape at least 50 times during the viewing of
each transect, a minimum of 300 samples of benthos cover was collected from each
transect. Counts were converted to values of percentage cover.
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Draft Environmental Impact Statement
16-23
Fish
Fish surveys were completed at each hard substrate location by taking a panoramic video
while swimming the length of each transect. This provided a total survey length for fish of
100 m. All fish images captured during the panoramic survey were enumerated and
identified to family or species level. For the drift dive survey of the outer southern seawall of
the Seaway, 100 m transects were estimated by an experienced operator.
16-24
Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
41/15762/09/339481 R0
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 22
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 1A
1A
Broadwater 10
Broadwater
10
SOUTH
SOUTH
STRADBROKE
STRADBROKE
ISLAND
ISLAND
Broadwater 99
Broadwater
Broadwater 88
Broadwater
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 1C
1C
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 1D
1D
WAVEBREAK
WAVEBREAK
ISLAND
ISLAND
Seaway
Seaway
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
THE
THE
SPIT
SPIT
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 33
Broadwater
Broadwater 55
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
Broadwater 66
Broadwater
SOUTHPORT
SOUTHPORT
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 1B
1B
Pacific Ocean
Pacific
Ocean 44
Broadwater 77
Broadwater
%
0
0.5
1km
Scale 1:35,000
Source: GCCC
Projection: MGA94, Zone 56
Date Printed: 15/08/2006
File: G:\41\15762\GIS\Maps\WQSurveySites.wor
Size: A4
Copyright: This document is and shall remain the property of
GHD Pty Ltd.The document may only be used for the purpose
for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the
terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use
of this document in any way is prohibited. 
Legend
NOTIONAL SEAWAY
PROJECT
Water Quality Survey Site
Environmental Impact Statement
Figure 16-6. Survey Site Locations
16.1.2.2 Seagrasses
About Seagrasses
Seagrasses are angiosperms (flowering plants) which are related to the terrestrial flowering
plants. Of approximately 58 known species of seagrass in the world, 30 occur in Australian
waters, including at least 14 in Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef Region.
All seagrasses have horizontal underground stems called rhizomes, and it is through growth
and branching of these that seagrasses vegetatively propagate. Seagrasses, which spend
most, if not all, of their time submerged have developed methods of underwater pollination.
Along the rhizome at intervals are erect shoots which bear the leaves and leaf sheaths. The
leaves may vary in length from a few millimetres to over half a metre.
Branching from the rhizomes are roots, which help to anchor the plants in the substrate and
absorb nutrients. Living in an aquatic environment, the leaves can also absorb nutrients
directly from the water column. Seagrasses have developed air channels to overcome the
problem of acquiring oxygen while submerged, and the aquatic medium has eliminated the
need for a fibrous support system as found in terrestrial plants.
Seagrass ecosystems vary from a few plants or clumps of a single species to extensive
single or multi-species meadows covering large areas of the bottom. Seagrasses are primary
producers, which use energy from the sun to drive photosynthetic processes in the leaves.
They also help to stabilise fine sediments with their leaf and root systems and maintain water
quality.
Seagrass Distribution
The distribution of seagrass within the Gold Coast Broadwater and seaway areas were
generally located on western facing shorelines of sand banks and on the eastern foreshores
of Southport and Labrador (refer to Figure 16-7). The total area of seagrass identified within
the Broadwater was approximately 96 ha.
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41/15762/09/339481 R0
S8
S8
S8
S8
S8
S8
S9
S9
S9
S9
S9
SOUTH
SOUTH
SOUTH
SOUTH
SOUTH
STRADBROKE
STRADBROKE
STRADBROKE
STRADBROKE
ISLAND
ISLAND
ISLAND
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S10
S10
S10
S10
S10
S10
Surf
Surf
Break
Break
S14
S14
S14
S14
S14
S14
WAVEBREAK
WAVEBREAK
WAVEBREAK
ISLAND
ISLAND
ISLAND
ISLAND
ISLAND
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
LABRADOR
S17
S17
S17
S17
S17
S17
S16
S16
S16
S16
S16
S16
DD
DD
DD start
start
start
start
DD
DD
DD
start
DD
DD
DD end
end
end
end
DD
DD
DD
end
S13
S13
S13
S13
S13
S13
S12
S12
S12
S12
S12
S11
S11
S11
S11
S7
S7
S7
S7
S7
S7
THE
THE
THE
THE
THE
SPIT
SPIT
SPIT
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S4
S4
S4
S4
S4
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S6
S6
S6
S6
S6
S6
Main
Main
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
BROADWATER
Seaworld
Seaworld
Seaworld
Drive
Drive
Seaworld
Seaworld
Seaworld Drive
Drive
Drive
SOUTHPORT
SOUTHPORT
SOUTHPORT
Beach
Beach
Seagrass Communities
Zostera capricorni + Halophila ovalis
Cymodocea serrulata + Halophila ovalis
Halophila spinulosa + Halophila ovalis
Zostera capricorni, Halophila minor,
Halophila ovalis + Halodule uninervis
Undesignated seagrass/macroalgae
0
400
Legend
800m
Scale 1:30,000
Source: GCCC
Projection: MGA94, Zone 56
Date Printed: 15/08/2006
File: G:\41\15762\GIS\Maps\Seagrass_Locations_060713.wor
Size: A4
Copyright: This document is and shall remain the property of
GHD Pty Ltd.The document may only be used for the purpose
for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the
terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use
of this document in any way is prohibited.
Spot Dives
Transect Survey
Seagrass
Seagrass Survey
Sand
Seaway rock wall survey
Coffee Rock Reef
Drift Dive
NOTIONAL SEAWAY
PROJECT
Environmental Impact Statement
Figure 16-7. Aquatic Habitat
The most northerly located seagrass bed within the study area was on the western shoreline
of South Stradbroke Island and covered an area of approximately 8.5 ha. The dominant
seagrass species of this bed was Halophila ovalis and Zostera capricorni, while Halodule
uninervis, and Halophila spinulosa were also present.
Two seagrass beds were located to the north and south west of Caters Bank, a sand bank
situated immediately north of Wavebreak Island. Dominant seagrass species included H.
ovalis and Z. capricorni on the northern shoreline and Cymodecea serrulata and H.ovalis on
the southwestern shoreline. The sum area of the 2 seagrass beds was approximately 16.8
ha
Seagrass beds located adjacent to Wavebreak Island covered an area of 12.6 ha. These
beds were dominated by C. serrulata on the western shoreline and H. ovalis and H.
spinulosa on the eastern shoreline.
Seagrass beds located on Labrador foreshore between Loders Creek and Biggera Creek
were dominated by Z. capricorni intermixed with H. ovalis, H. uninervis and H. minor
covering an area of approximately 9.4 ha. Zostera capricorni and H.ovalis dominated the
seagrass beds located on the Southport foreshore south of Loders Creek covering an area
of 21.7 ha, with low composition of Halodule uninervis and negligible presence of H.minor.
Seagrass communities located on the sand bank situated south of Wavebreak Island were
found to be restricted to mainly the western and northern shoreline. Northwestern shoreline
seagrass communities were dominated by Z. capricorni and H. minor, while southwestern
shoreline communities were dominated by Z. capricorni and H. ovalis. Halodule uninervis
was also present throughout this area. This seagrass bed was identified as the largest
totalling an area of approximately 27 ha.
Very small individual patches of seagrass were identified in the Marine Stadium area and in
the eastern channel between the western arm of the Marine stadium and the sand bank
immediately south of Wavebreak Island. This area of seagrass totalled less than 0.1 ha.
Diversity, Distribution and Abundance
Six species of seagrass were identified during the survey: Zostera capricorni, Cymodocea
serrulata, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor and Halophila spinulosa.
Morphological variations were recorded for Z. capricorni at separate site locations.
Of these, H. minor can be considered rare given that it has not been previously recorded in
the region. While Syringodium isoetifolium has been identified in the Moreton Bay region, it
was not identified in the present survey. The most common species identified were Z.
capricorni and H. ovalis.
Zostera capricorni
This species is distinguished by having a rounded leaf tip, five major longitudinal veins in
each leaf, and many obvious cross veins (Figure 16-8). Zostera capricorni remained
morphologically similar at sites 1-6, but at sites 8 and 9 displayed distinct differences in leaf
length and width. As shown in Figure 16-8 Zostera capricorni sampled at site 8, located
adjacent to the western shoreline of South Stradbroke Island, displayed a much shorter and
thinner leaf than at sites 1-6. At site 9 the leaf length and width were less than at site 8.
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Figure 16-8 Morphological Variation in Zostera capricorni
Cymodecea serrulata
Cymodecea serrulata species had the longest and widest leaf compared to all other species
identified during the survey. The leaf contains between 13-17 longitudinal veins, the leaf tip
is rounded and distinctly serrated (see Figure 16-9). No morphological changes were
observed between or within sites.
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Figure 16-9 Cymodecea serrulata
Halodule uninervis
Halodule uninervis is identified by a single longitudinal vein that runs through the centre of
the leaf, it is also distinguished by three points or horns located on the leaf tip (see
Figure 16-10). No morphological variations were identified during this survey.
Figure 16-10
Halodule uninervis
Halophila ovalis
Halophila ovalis is one of the most easily identified species with its leaf blades oval to
elliptical in shape. Two distinct morphological variations were observed in the survey area.
Halophila ovalis at most sites displayed a relatively large oval leaf blade ranging between 23 cm in length and approximately 1 cm wide (see Figure 16-11).
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Halophila spinulosa
Halophila spinulosa is identified by the 10 –20 pairs of leaflets that are found opposite each
other along one compound leaf stem (see Figure 16-11). No morphological differences were
recorded.
Figure 16-11
Halophila ovalis (left) and H. spinulosa (right)
Halophila minor
The present study provides the first documented evidence of Halophila minor (Zoll.) den
Hartog (Hydrocharitaceae) within the Moreton Bay region (review Young and Kirkman 1975,
Hyland et al. 1989, Dennison and Abal 1999) (see Figure 16-12). As such, it can be
considered a rare seagrass species, both within the study area and within the Moreton Bay
region generally. While found in the waters of both Queensland and New South Wales, H.
minor is regarded as relatively rare within its areas of distribution (ie., Lanyon 1986).
Halophila minor is recorded from north Queensland as Halophila ovata Gaud., now a
synonym of H. minor.
Halophila minor is structurally very similar to H. ovalis. This is particularly true for the small
morph of the latter species. Despite this, the two species can be distinguished. Specifically
H. minor displays a very small oval leaf blade of 5 - 15 mm in length and less than 5 mm in
width. Dissecting microscope reveals less than 10 pairs of lateral veins in H. minor
compared with 10-25 pairs of lateral veins in H. ovalis. Distinguishing features of the two
species are provided in Table 16-6.
Table 16-6 Physical Characteristics used to Distinguish Halophila minor and H. ovalis
Halophila minor
Halophila ovalis
Width of the leaf blade
< 5 mm
> 5 mm
Number of lateral veins
< 10 pairs ( usually 3-8)
10 -25 pairs (usually 12-25
pairs)
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Figure 16-12
Halophila minor (left, top and bottom) with H. ovalis from the Study
Area
Summary of Diversity and Abundance
Previous surveys conducted in the study area have not encountered the present species
diversity. Hyland et al. (1989) mapped the seagrasses in the Broadwater and found four
species of seagrass, these being Z. capricorni, H. ovalis, H. spinulosa, and C. serrulata.
Subsequent survey by McLennan and Sumpton (1997) identified only three species: Z.
capricorni, H. ovalis and H. spinulosa; although these proved to be more widely distributed
across the Broadwater than previously recorded. Seagrass surveys have also been
undertaken within the study area during 2003 and 2004 (WBM 2004). In each instance only
the three species Z. capricorni, H. ovalis and H. spinulosa were reported.
According to the present survey, seagrass communities within the study area varied between
dense beds that covered areas more than 1000 m2 to small patchy areas of seagrass that
2
covered <1 m . Seagrass populations identified within the Marine Stadium area and banks
of the southern channel tended to be patchy and restricted to areas of <5 m 2. These
patches of seagrass tended to be dominated by Zostera and were located in intertidal or very
shallow subtidal areas. Dense extensive seagrass beds were located in areas north of
Wavebreak Island at sites 1, 2, 8 and 9 although a dense bed of H.ovalis and H.spinulosa
was identified adjacent to the east shoreline of Wavebreak Island.
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Of the seagrass sites that were quantitatively surveyed, all sites except Site 4 contained
more than one species, and at sites 1,2 and 10 three species were identified. Zostera
capriconi was generally found in intertidal or shallow subtidal areas often at the top of sand
banks either side of channel areas. Halophila ovalis and H.spinulosa were often located in
deeper areas that tended to be typical of the depth range of these species. This is a similar
finding to previous surveys (Hyland et al. 1989; McLennan and Sumpton 1997, WBM 2004).
Of specific interest is the occurrence of the rare seagrass species H. minor within the study
area, this being located exclusively on the northern and western edges of the sand bank
situated immediately south of Wavebreak Island and on the mainland foreshore parallel to
that sand bank at Labrador.
Comparison of the present survey with that of WBM (2004) indicates that seagrass beds
located within the Marine Stadium and composed of Z. capricorni and H.ovalis appear to
have dramatically reduced in their distribution and abundance since 2004. There is some
anecdotal evidence that a limited dredging program has been conducted within the Marine
Stadium. This may be a reason for the decline in seagrass distribution and abundance at
this location.
Spatial and Temporal Variation
Physicochemical Conditions
Seagrass communities vary in their distribution and abundance according to spatial regimes
of physicochemical condition. It is generally accepted that the principal determining factors
include light availability, nutrient regimes, radiation intensity, temperature, salinity,
desiccation and hydrodynamic effects (Abal and Dennison, 1996).
Light availability within the survey area is primarily driven by catchment runoff derived from
the Nerang River, Lodgers Creek, Biggera Creek and Coomera River, combined with the
compensatory effect of tidal exchange with oceanic waters via the Seaway entrance. Light
availability on the seabed is affected by the amount of turbidity in the water column from
suspended solids and phytoplankton. The higher the turbidity the less light there is available
for photosynthesis. From the present survey it was observed that the principal seagrass
beds of the study area received excellent tidal flushing with oceanic seawater. Conversely,
seagrasses of the Marine Stadium, which appear to have experienced rapid decline in their
distribution and abundance, exist in a relatively turbid and less well flushed environment.
Physicochemical condition of the Marine Stadium may be a significant factor in the decline
and poor recovery of seagrass at this location.
Ecological Factors
The relative tolerance of certain seagrass species to particular physicochemical conditions
determines their spatial distribution and abundance, including their depth range. An example
of this was the presence of Z. capricorni occupying a higher depth range compared with
H.ovalis and H. spinulosa. Zostera tends to be found in these areas due to its ability to
tolerate higher levels of exposure compared with other species and so therefore has a
competitive advantage over other species to colonise these areas (Lee Long et al. 1993).
Halophila ovalis and H. spinulosa are less tolerant of exposure and are therefore found in
deeper areas.
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Another reason for different species distributions is the recruitment strategy and growth rates
of certain species. Species such as Halophila are referred to as pioneer species as they
have the ability to recolonise quickly after disturbance events due to their asexual and sexual
reproduction strategy and high growth rates (Waycott et al. 2005, Inglis, 2000). Halophila is
also relatively tolerant to light deprivation or sedimentation events (Vermaat et al. 1997).
The presence of H. minor within the shallow intertidal and subtidal zone of Site 4 suggests
that the tolerance of this species to light deprivation may be limited.
Response to Stress
Plant communities respond to changes in physicochemical conditions by alteration to
morphology, biomass and community composition. Figure 16-13 shows a conceptual model
of survival adaptations of seagrass. In this example, seagrass responds to reduced light
availability through morphological and population change (Waycott et al. 2005, Shepherd et
al. 1989, Dennison et al. 1993, Short et al. 1996). Leaves and shoots become smaller and
population abundances decrease, thus causing biomass to decrease. This response is well
documented within Moreton Bay (Dennison and Abal, 1999). The identification of
morphological variation within seagrass species located at different sites within the study
area indicates that physicochemical conditions are presently sufficiently variable to elicit
stress responses. This may indicate the relative sensitivity of seagrass beds to water quality
alteration associated with the proposed dredging activity.
Figure 16-13
Conceptual Model of Tropical Seagrass Response to Increasing
Stress as Detailed by Seagrass Population Responses to Decreased Light
(Source: Waycott et al 2005)
Ecological Value of Seagrass Habitats
Seagrass communities rank alongside mangrove and coral communities as some of the
most productive marine habitats. They form an important component of coastal ecosystems
and perform important functions such as nutrient trapping and recycling, contaminant
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filtering, providing food and shelter for a diverse range of marine organisms, while assisting
sediment stabilisation (Roelofs et al. 2003).
Seagrass communities provide an important food source for nearly 100 fish species,
waterfowl and endangered species such as the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and dugong
(Dugong dugon). They also provide important recruitment grounds for breeding and juvenile
development in commercially significant crustacean, finfish and shellfish species (Short et al.
2001).
Connolly et al. (2005) assessed the importance of organic matter produced in seagrass
meadows (seagrass and epiphytic algae) to the nutrition of a valuable fisheries species
(yellow-fin whiting Sillago schomburgkii) occurring over un-vegetated mudflats. Modelling of
feasible source mixtures showed that seagrass and epiphytes was the most important
contributors to the nutrition of the fish, but their relative importance varied between seasons.
Additional research in this area suggests that fish communities living in bare substrate
environments are supported by food webs relying predominately on carbon derived from
adjacent seagrass meadows, mangroves and macroalgae and not in situ microphytobenthos
(Melville and Connolly 2005). It is evident that seagrass meadows of the Southport
Broadwater play an important role in the maintenance of fish communities.
Commercially important penaeid prawn stocks are heavily dependent on seagrass beds as
nursery grounds. Intertidal and shallow-subtidal seagrass beds in Moreton Bay have been
found to be the most important settlement areas for post-larval tiger prawns Penaues
esculentus (Loneragan et al. 1994).
Saintilin (2004) demonstrated that seagrass and intertidal habitats produce a statistically
different yield of commercial landings of fish and crustaceans. It can be expected that
degradation or reduction in seagrass meadows and shallow sand flat areas will cause a
significant decline in fish stocks such as Girella tricuspidata, Hyporhamphus sp, Portunus
pelagicus, Monacanthidae, Sillago sp, and Rhabdosargus sarba, all of which are consistently
associated with the extent of seagrass (Saintilin 2004).
It is evident from sightings of green turtles by the study team, identification of dugong feeding
trails at Site 8 (South Stradbroke Island, refer to Figure 16-14), and observation of pipefish
(i.e. harlequin ghost pipefish Solenostomus paradoxus), that seagrass beds of the study
area provide a valuable resource for endangered marine species. Observation of the strong
association between finfish and the seagrass beds and shallow intertidal sand flats of the
study area underscore the importance of these habitats to the maintenance of recreational
fin fishing within the Broadwater.
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Figure 16-14
Dugong Feeding Trail (Site 8); Yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus
australis Feeding Through Seagrass Bed (Site 3)
16.1.2.3 Rock Wall Benthos
Rock Wall Survey
Line intercept transect survey was undertaken on man-made rock substrate
revetment/training walls located within the study area. Specifically, surveys were completed
on the site of the proposed cruise ship terminal (Terminal West and Terminal East), on the
southern rock wall immediately seaward of the proposed cruise ship terminal and adjacent to
the sand diversion pipe (Seaway – Southeast Wall), on the northern rock wall (Seaway –
Northwest Wall; Seaway Northeast Wall) and on the northern rock revetment wall of
Wavebreak Island (Wavebreak – North Wall).
General Description
The benthic community of the rocky substrate sites can be regarded as typical of subtropical/temperate rocky reefs. Principal benthic categories for the study area are included in
Table 16-7. The majority of benthic cover consists of bare rock and sand, and algal turf. As
might be expected, various species of red and brown macroalgae are the common
macroflora. The principal encrusting fauna of this habitat are ascidians, made up of the
cunjevoi Pyura stolonifera as well as a less common Pyura spp.. Sponges, hydroids,
anemones (Actiniaria), sea pens (Virgularia spp.), feather stars (Comasteridae), encrusting
serpulid worms (Serpulidae), bivalves and holothurians (Holothuriidae) were far less
common but present, generally making up a combined total cover of less than 1%.
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Table 16-7 Mean Percentage Cover (± Standard Deviation) of Principal Benthic
Categories on Rocky Substrate
Benthic Category
Mean Percent Cover (%) ± std. dev.
Bare rock and sand
27.9 ± 17.8
Algal turf
57.5 ± 17.4
All Pheophyta (brown algae)
4.8 ± 5.8
All Rhodophyta (red algae)
1.8 ± 3.5
Sponges
0.03 ± 0.14
Hydroids
0.11 ± 0.27
Ascidians (sea squirts)
7.6 ± 12.9
Serpulid worms
0.15 ± 0.5
A species list for benthic fauna and flora identified during the survey is presented in
Table 16-8. This table provides an abundance estimate for each taxa (dominant, common
and rare).
Table 16-8 Species List of Benthic Flora And Fauna Identified During Line Intercept
Surveys of Rock Substrate Habitats
Phylum
Class/Family
Species
Abundance
Caulerpaceae
Caulerpa taxifolia
R
Udoteaceae
Halimeda spp.
R
Brown macro
R
Hydroclathurus spp.
C
Lobophora spp.
C
Padina spp.
C
Zonaria spp.
R
Dictyota spp.
C
Dilophus spp.
C
Scytosiphonaceae
Colpomenia spp.
R
Sargassaceae
Sargassum spp.
C
Corallinaceae
Amphiroa spp.
C
Haliptylon spp.
C
Other coralline algae
C
Bonnemaisoniaceae
Asparagopsis spp.
C
Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria spp.
C
Phacelocarpaceae
Hypnea spp.
C
Ceramiaceae
Euptilota articulate
R
Marine Flora
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Pheophyta (brown algae)
Dictyotaceae
Rhodophyta (red algae)
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Phylum
Class/Family
Species
Abundance
Magnoliophyta (seagrass)
Hydrocharitaceae
Halophila ovalis
R
Various encrusting sponges
C
Hydrozoa / Hydroida
Various hydroids
R
Anthozoa/ Actiniaria
Anemones
R
Anthozoa /
Pennatulacea
Sea Pen Virgularia spp.
R
Ascidians
Pyura stolonifera
D
Pyura spp.
C
Bivalvia / Pinnidae
Pinna bicolor
R
Cephalopoda /
Octopodidae
Octopus spp.
R
Annelida
Serpulidae
Filograna spp.
R
Echinodermata
Comasteridae
Comatula purpurea
R
Holothuroidea
Holothuria spp.
R
Marine Benthic Fauna
Porifera
Cnidaria
Chordata
Mollusca
Notes:
Table includes abundance rating:
D=dominant (seen frequently on most transects),
C=common (seen occasionally on most transects),
R=rare (Infrequently sighted on few transects, seen once during diving).
Spatial Distribution
Statistical assessment of spatial distribution has been undertaken using the principal benthic
categories: sand/rock, turf, all Phaeophyta, all Rhodophyta, sponges, hydroids, ascidians
and serpulid worms. The percentage covers of these benthic categories for the six specified
locations are presented in Figure 16-15and Figure 16-16. According to one-way multivariate
analysis of variance (MANOVA), percentage cover of benthic categories did not significantly
differ between sites (Lambda, 0.0377; df1, 40; p=0.118), but did significantly vary according
to depth (Lambda, 0.32; df1, 7; p=0.004). Post hoc comparison determined that deeper
survey locations displayed significantly increased abundance of bare rock/sand (F=24.47,
p<0.0001) and a weak significant decrease in the abundance of ascidians (F=4.73, p<0.05).
Post hoc comparison of Pheophyta only indicated that there was a significant increase in the
percentage cover of brown macroalgaes at the northwest seaway location (F=8.86,
p<0.001).
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Figure 16-15
Mean Percentage Cover of Major Benthic Groups at Southern Rock
Wall Locations
Notes:
Benthic categories include: Sand/Rock, Turf (algal turf), All Pheo (brown macroalgae), All Rhod (red macroalgae),
Sponges, Hydroids, Ascidians (squirts), Serp (serpulid worms).
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Figure 16-16
Mean Percentage Cover of Major Benthic Groups at Northern Rock
Wall Locations
Notes:
Benthic categories include: Sand/Rock, Turf (algal turf), All Pheo (brown macroalgae), All Rhod (red macroalgae),
Sponges, Hydroids, Ascidians (squirts), Serp (serpulid worms).
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Diversity, Distribution and Abundance
The Gold Coast Seaway and Broadwater system contains rock-lined training and revetment
walls. These walls, located on the northern and southern seaway entrance and on the
northern and southern side of Wavebreak Island are built structures designed to mitigate the
impact of erosion in high-velocity current environments. Natural processes of biological
colonisation have occurred since construction of these rock walls. Principally, these rock
walls now support a limited subtropical/temperate ‘
rocky reef’assemblage of benthic and
epibenthic fauna and flora. It is noted that recreational diving is now an important
component of the study area, specifically around the southern training wall of the Seaway
entrance and the northern rock wall of Wavebreak Island. The present survey was
undertaken in order to describe the benthic communities associated with this substrate type.
The benthic community of the Rock Wall substrate consists primarily of turfing algae and red
and brown macroalgae (40-80% cover) interspersed amongst bare sand and rock. These
various algae include both subtropical and temperate species, but can be considered
common within rocky habitats of the Moreton Bay Marine Park given that most species were
present in the quick reference guide “Moreton Bay Macroalgae”(Centre for Marine Studies,
University of Queensland, 2003). Sea squirts (Ascidians of the genera Pyura) were the most
common encrusting fauna of the rock walls (0.5-23% cover), these being made up
predominantly of the cunjevoi Pyura stolonifera. Somewhat surprisingly, the substrate was
relatively denuded of other taxa, with sponges, soft corals, hydroids, featherstars and
Serpulid worms being the most common encrusting organisms, though they generally made
up a combined total of less than 1% cover. The reason for this is unclear, although longer
recruitment durations combined with disturbance from recreational fishing may be key
factors in this observation. A drift dive on the outer rock training wall of the southern Seaway
was accompanied by anecdotal evidence of increased abundance of encrusting sponges
(although this probably still equated to less than 1% cover).
Statistical analysis did not did not indicate substantial or significant fluctuation in benthic
diversity or abundance among sites, with the exception of Phaeophyta (brown macroalgae),
which appeared to be more abundant in the vicinity of the treated effluent discharge pipes
located on the western half of the northern rock training wall of the Seaway. This is probably
related to increased available nutrients within the immediate mixing zone of the discharge
area. This result not withstanding, it can be concluded that benthic communities located in
the footprint of the cruise ship terminal do not appreciably differ from those found on rock
training walls of the eastern and northern seaway and northern Wavebreak Island.
Ecological Contribution
The benthic habitat of the rock walls provides significant opportunity for fish assemblages to
graze and shelter. In conjunction with the sub-surface sand diversion pipe, the rock
revetment structure has promoted a significant aggregation of pelagic and rocky reef fishes
including tropical, subtropical and temperate species . This fish aggregation affords specific
enhanced recreational diving and fishing opportunities for the local community.
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16.1.2.4 Fishes
Fish Survey
Fish surveys were conducted on man-made rock substrate revetment/training walls located
within the study area. Specifically, surveys were completed on the site of the proposed
cruise ship terminal (Terminal West and Terminal East), in the vicinity of the sand diversion
pipe (Pipe), on the southern rock wall immediately east of the pipe (East Pipe), as four 100
m drift surveys starting from the outer tip of the Seaways southern training and terminating in
the vicinity of the Seaway Air Sea Rescue tower (Outer 1 – 4 respectively), on the western
and eastern halves of the Seaways northern training wall (North West and North East
respectively) and on the northern rock training wall of Wavebreak Island (Wavebreak).
General Description
The fishes of the rocky substrate sites located within and adjacent to the Gold Coast Seaway
are a highly diverse community of tropical, subtropical and temperature reef, soft sediment
and pelagic species. A total of at least 85 species of fishes was recorded during this limited
survey, not including gobies or blennies, which while present are highly cryptic, difficult to
discriminate and hence not actively recorded. A species list of fishes recorded during this
survey is provided in Table 16-9, with the total counts of the most common groups provided
in Figure 16-17.
Many tropical and subtropical reef fishes inhabit the rocky substrate sites, the most common
of which are the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), damsels including anemonefish and
chromis (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae) and surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae). Temperate
species are also common to the study area including morwongs (Cheilodactylus), pelagic
fishes such as southern dart (Carangidae), mulloway (Sciaenidae) and tarwhine (Sparidae).
The carangids, including bigeye trevally, brassy trevally and various species of dart were
abundant, as were diamondfish, luderick, damselfishes, wrasses and surgeonfishes. The
bathymetry of the Seaway, being a deepwater access channel to the open ocean,
advantages pelagic fishes (principally trevally). Mackerel, kingfish, rays and sharks are also
common to the area, although less susceptible to census under current methodologies. One
whaler shark was sighted at the outer end of the southern training wall during the present
survey. Cod and perch are also common to the area, being sighted on all dives, as were the
common recreationally fished species such as yellowfin bream and sand whiting. Accurate
survey of fishes was not possible within seagrass beds due to the relatively poor visibility at
the time most surveys were conducted. Commonly sighted species included yellowfin bream,
sand whiting and porcupinefish (toadfish).
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Table 16-9 Species List of Fishes Identified During Line Intercept Surveys of Rock
Substrate Habitats
Family
Species
Common Name
Abundance
Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus spp.
Unidentified Whaler
R
Orectolobidae
Orectolobus spp.
Unidentified wobbegong
R
Myliobatidae
Myliobatis australis
Eagle ray
C
Muraenidae
Gymnothorax favagineus
tassellated moray
R
Gymnothorax cribroris
sieve-patterned moray
R
Belonidae
Strongylura leiura
slender longtom
R
Monocentridae
Cleidopus gloriamaris
knightfish
R
Fistulariidae
Fistularia commersonii
smooth flutemouth
R
Syngnathidae
Hippocampus procerus
highcrown seahorse
R
Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus
stick pipefish
R
Solenostomidae
Solonostomus paradoxus
harlequin ghost pipefish
R
Scorpaenidae
Pterois volitans
red firefish
R
Dendrochirus zebra
zebra lionfish
R
Synanceja horrida
estuarine stonefish
R
Scorpaenopsis venosa
raddy scorpionfish
R
Platycephalidae
Platycephalus fuscus
dusky flathead
C
Serranidae
Epinephelus daemelii
black rockcod
R
Epinephelus cyanopodus
purple rockcod
R
Epinephelus coioides
estuary cod
R
Epinephelus lanceolatus
Queensland groper
R
Plectropomus spp.
trout
R
Diploprion bifasciatum
yellow emperor
R
Pseudochromidae
Labracinus lineatus
lined dottyback
C
Priacanthidae
Priacanthus
bigeye
R
Apogonidae
Apogon spp.
cardinalfish
C
Apogon taeniophorus
reef-flat cardinalfish
C
Sillaginidae
Sillago ciliata
sand whiting
C
Carangidae
Caranx sexfasciatus
bigeye trevally
D
Caranx papuensis
brassy trevally
C
Trachinotus coppingeri
southern dart
R
Trachinotus blochii
snub-nosed dart
D
Acanthopagrus australis
yellowfin bream
D
Rhabdosargus sarba
tarwhine
C
Argyrosomus japonicus
mulloway
R
Sparidae
Sciaenidae
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Family
Species
Common Name
Abundance
Caesionidae
Pterocaesio spp.
fusilier
C
Caesio teres
Yellow and blueback fusilier
R
Lutjanus fulviflammn
black-spot seaperch
C
Lutjanus russelli
moses perch
R
Lutjanus rivulatus
maori seaperch
C
Lutjanus carponotatus
stripey seaperch
R
Lutjanus spp.
Large perch
C
Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus
gold-spotted sweetlips
C
Diagramma labiosum/pictum*
painted sweetlips
C
Parupeneus spilurus
blackspot goatfish
C
Parupeneus barberinoides
swarthy-headed goatfish
R
Nemipteridae
Scolopsis trilineatus
three-lined monocle bream
C
Monodactylidae
Monodactylus argenteus
diamondfish
D
Girellidae
Girella tricuspidata
luderick
D
Scorpididae
Atypichthys strigatus
mado
R
Microcanthus strigatus
Stripey
D
Ephippidae
Platax teira
teira batfish
R
Chaetodontidae
Chaetodon vagabundus
vagabond butterflyfish
C
Chaetodon trifascialis
chevroned butterflyfish
C
Heniochus acuminatus
longfin bannerfish
C
Chaetodon citrinellus
speckled butterflyfish
C
Chaetodon flavirostris
dusky butterflyfish
C
Chaetodon auriga
threadfin butterflyfish
C
Chelmon rostratus
beaked coralfish
C
Pomacanthus semicirculatus
blue angelfish
C
Centropyge tibicen
keyhole angelfish
C
Enoplosidae
Enoplosus armatus
old wife
R
Pomacentridae
Neoglyphidodon melas
black damsel
D
Pristotis obtusirostris
gulf damsel
R
Pomacentrus coelestis
neon damsel
C
Abudefduf bengalensis
bengal sergeant major
R
Abudefduf vaigiensis
sergeant major
D
Chromis caudalis
dusky chromis
C
Parma microlepis
white-ear scalyfin
R
Parma polylepis
banded parma
Lutjanidae
Haemulidae
Mullidae
Pomacanthidae
Cirrhitidae
16-44
Amphiprion akindynos
Barrier reef anemonefish
Cirrhitichthys aprinus
blotched hawkfish
Notional Seaway Project
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
R
a
R
C
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Family
Species
Common Name
Abundance
Cheilodactylidae
Cheilodactylus fuscus
red morwong
C
Cheilodactylus vestitus
magpie morwong
C
Thalassoma septemfasciatum
seven-banded wrasse
R
Thalassoma lunare
moon wrasse
C
Labroides dimidiatus
cleanerfish
C
Pseudolabrus guntheri
Gunther's wrasse
C
Hologymnosus longipes
jewelled wrasse
R
Halichoreres margaritaceus
saddled rainbowfish
R
Blenniidae
all blennies
C
Gobiidae
all gobys
C
Acanthurus grammoptilus
ring-tailed surgeonfish
D
Prionurus microlepidotus
sawtail surgeonfish
C
Acanthurus lineatus
blue line surgeon
C
Siganidae
Siganus fuscescens
black spinefoot
R
Monacanthidae
Monacanthus chinensis
fan-bellied leatherjacket
R
Ostraciidae
Ostracion cubicus
yellow boxfish
R
Labridae
Acanthuridae
Notes:
Table includes abundance rating:
D=dominant (seen frequently on most transects),
C=common (seen occasionally on most transects),
R=rare (Infrequently sighted on few transects).
*The painted sweetlips Diagramma labiosum commonly also referred to as D. pictum although latter range limited to
Indo-Malay Archipeligo and West Pacific (Allen, 2004).
a
Barrier reef anemonefish Amphiprion akindynos identified via photgraph supplied by Ian Banks
(www.divingthegoldcoast.com.au)
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Figure 16-17
Total Fish Counts
400
Total fish counts
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
re
eb
av
W
th
Ea
es
W
or
N
th
ak
st
t
t
es
W
or
N
in
rm
Te
Te
rm
in
al
al
Ea
st
Pi
pe
Pi
st
ut
er
Ea
O
pe
4
3
er
ut
O
er
ut
O
O
ut
er
2
1
0
Notes:
Fish counts recorded for transects located on the outer southern Seaway wall (Outer 1 - 4 and East Pipe), around
the sand diversion pipe (Pipe), in the vicinity of the proposed cruise ship terminal (Terminal East and Terminal
West), on the northern rock wall of the Seaway entrance (North West and North East) and on the northern rock
wall of Wavebreak Island (Wavebreak).
Summary of Diversity and Abundance
The Gold Coast Seaway and Broadwater system contains rock-lined training and revetment
walls. These walls, located on the northern and southern seaway entrance and on the
northern and southern side of Wavebreak Island are man-made structures designed to
mitigate the impact of erosion in high-velocity current environments. Natural processes of
biological colonisation have occurred since construction of these rock walls. Principally,
these rock walls now support a limited subtropical/temperate ‘
rocky reef’assemblage of
benthic and epibenthic fauna and flora. It is noted that recreational diving is now an
important component of the study area, specifically around the southern training wall of the
Seaway entrance and the northern rock wall of Wavebreak Island. The present survey was
undertaken in order to describe the benthic communities associated with this substrate type.
The benthic community of the Rock Wall substrate consists primarily of turfing algae and red
and brown macroalgae (40-80% cover) interspersed amongst bare sand and rock. These
various algae include both sub-tropical and temperate species, but can be considered
common within rocky habitats of the Moreton Bay Marine Park given that most species were
present in the quick reference guide “Moreton Bay Macroalgae”(Centre for Marine Studies,
University of Queensland, 2003). Sea squirts (ascidians of the genus Pyura) were the most
common encrusting fauna of the rock walls (0.5-23% cover), these being made up
predominantly of the cunjevoi Pyura stolonifera. Somewhat surprisingly, the substrate was
relatively denuded of other taxa, with sponges, soft corals, hydroids, featherstars and
serpulid worms being the most common encrusting organisms, though they generally made
up a combined total of less than 1% cover. The reason for this is unclear, although longer
recruitment durations combined with disturbance from recreational fishing may be key
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factors in this observation. A drift dive on the outer rock training wall of the southern Seaway
was accompanied by anecdotal evidence of increased abundance of encrusting sponges
(although this probably still equated to less than 1% cover).
Statistical analysis did not did not indicate substantial or significant fluctuation in benthic
diversity or abundance among sites, with the exception of Phaeophyta (brown macroalgae),
which appeared to be more abundant in the vicinity of the treated effluent discharge pipes
located on the western half of the northern rock training wall of the Seaway. This is probably
related to increased available nutrients within the immediate mixing zone of the discharge
area. This result not withstanding, it can be concluded that benthic communities located in
the footprint of the cruise ship terminal do not appreciably differ from those found on rock
training walls of the eastern and northern seaway and northern Wavebreak Island.
Seahorses and Pipefishes
Seahorses and pipefishes are rare but occasionally seen by divers within the study area.
Being cryptic in nature they are somewhat difficult to identify during normal survey practice.
Four specimens were recorded during the present survey, these being the harlequin ghost
pipefish (S. paradoxus), stick pipefish (T. bicoarctatus) and highcrown seahorse (H.
procerus), all observed outside transect areas on the southern rock wall of the Seaway, and
one unidentified pipefish observed outside the transect area on the Carter’
s bank seagrass
bed (Site 1 and 2). Seahorses and pipefishes live in the seagrass beds of the Broadwater,
being previously observed by the author during surveys conducted during 1996-97 (R.
Koskela, personal observation). The algae-encrusted, fishing line covered rocky substrate of
the rock revetment training walls now provides an ideal artificial environment for these fishes
to hold fast in the higher current environment and feed on passing plankton. This area also
provides a unique opportunity for the recreational dive community to observe these EPBClisted species within a relatively safe and easily accessible diving environment.
16.1.2.5 Marine Turtles, Mammals and Cetaceans
It is evident that the green turtle, dugong, bottlenose dolphin and humpback whale frequent
the study area either seasonally or continuously throughout the year. Reduction in seagrass
meadows is likely to directly impact on the foraging capacity of turtle and dugong, and
indirectly impact the ability of the area to sustain dolphin populations, due to reduced
abundance of commercial fish species expected after this time. Turtle, dugong and
humpback whales also represent a strike hazard for which future construction schedules and
methods will have to mitigate.
16.2
Potential Impacts
16.2.1
Potential Impacts on Flora Values
The project will result in the minor loss of already degraded native vegetation around Marine
Stadium and Doug Jennings Park to accommodate the proposed marina berths and cruise
ship terminal. Minor vegetation may also need to be removed on Wavebreak Island for the
potential construction of community infrastructure, such as toilet and shelter facilities. The
potential impacts of the project on flora and vegetation values are listed below.
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The project does not require the clearing of regional ecosystems or habitat that potentially
supports threatened flora or listed ecologically communities.
16.2.1.1 Permanent Loss of Coastal Vegetation
The project will result in the permanent loss of approximately 2.94 ha of foredune (coastal
she-oak) vegetation on the eastern side of Marine Stadium to accommodate necessary
infrastructure, such as additional parking areas for the proposed marina. The vegetation in
this area is very narrow in sections (< 10 m in width) and weed infested. The project avoids
areas that are providing some habitat values for local wildlife, including the patch of
vegetation at the northeastern end of Marine Stadium and small areas of Casuarina swamp
forest behind the trailer car park.
Given the above, the loss of this vegetation is not considered to detrimentally affect the
overall ecological values of the study area, especially as large stands of similar and higher
quality vegetation is present to the east of the study area and on Wavebreak and South
Stradbroke Islands. In addition, the vegetation on the western side of Marine Stadium will be
retained and opportunities exist as part of this project to enhance the vegetation on the
western side of Marine Stadium through supplementary planting and re-vegetation of
degraded areas in this location with endemic species (see Figure 16-18).
16.2.1.2 Loss of Intertidal sand flats and beach frontage
Dredging of the Marine Stadium will result in the loss of intertidal sand flats at the northern
end of the inlet. In addition, the construction of a rock wall around the majority of the inlet
will result the loss of beach habitat in this area. This community provides feeding resources
for migratory and estuarine species; the impact on these species is discussed in
Section 16.2.2.
16.2.1.3 Loss of parkland trees
To accommodate additional road network and parking space for the cruise ship terminal, the
project will result in the loss of a small number of planted parkland trees (mainly coastal sheoak) within Doug Jennings Park. The loss of these trees is considered minor and will be off
set by additional planting of native trees within the park area.
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South Stradbroke
South
Stradbroke
Island
Island
Wavebreak
Wavebreak
Island
Island
The Spit
The
Spit
%
0
150
Legend
300m
Scale 1:10,000
Source: GCCC
Projection: MGA94, Zone 56
Date Printed: 15/08/2006
File: G:\41\15762\GIS\Maps\VegComm.wor
Size: A4
Copyright: This document is and shall remain the property of
GHD Pty Ltd.The document may only be used for the purpose
for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the
terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use
of this document in any way is prohibited. 
Investigation Area
Vegetation to be cleared
NOTIONAL SEAWAY
PROJECT
Intertidal sand flats to be lost
Proposed re-vegetation area
Weed control and re-vegetation
Vegetation to be enhanced through
supplementary planting
Environmental Impact Statement
Figure 16-18.
Vegetation to be removed
and proposed re-vegetation areas
16.2.1.4 Weed Spread
The project area supports a number of declared and environmentally significant weeds and
there is a potentially for these weeds to spread into surrounding areas or new weeds to be
introduced on site. Should the project proceed, a Weed Management Plan should be
developed and implemented to ensure that no weeds are introduced on site or spread to
surrounding area during clearing and construction phases.
16.2.1.5 Infrastructure on Wavebreak Island
The potential construction of toilet and other recreation facilities on Wavebreak Island will
require the clearing of some vegetation. There are a number of areas on the Island that are
currently partially cleared and disturbed that would be preferred locations for these facilities.
These locations are highlighted in Figure 16-18.
The loss of vegetation on Wavebreak Island is not considered significant given the presence
of substantial stands of similar vegetation in surrounding areas. In addition, it is considered
possible that the presence of a common community facility may limit the size of degraded
areas on the Island by encouraging people congregated within this area that can be readily
managed.
16.2.1.6 Impacts to Sensitive Areas
During construction, the project may result in minor indirect and short term impacts to
sensitive areas (such as Moreton Bay Marine Park or Ramsar Wetland) due to dredging.
Impacts associated with dredging are discussed in more detail in Section 16.2.3.
The increased boat activity likely as a result of operation of the project is not considered to
detrimentally impact on any sensitive terrestrial areas or habitats that surround the study
area. These areas are currently subject to high traffic volumes and the project will not cause
a substantial increase in boating volumes. The project does avoid impacting on large
intertidal sands flats within The Broadwater that are providing feeding and roosting resources
for migratory and sea birds.
16.2.2
Potential Impacts on Fauna Values
Potential impacts for the proposed development on the fauna values of the study site
include:
»
Habitat loss;
»
Habitat degradation resulting from increased noise and vibration; and
»
Fauna death and disturbance from increased terrestrial and marine traffic.
These potential impacts are discussed further below.
16.2.2.1 Habitat loss
The loss of habitat due to land clearing is the most obvious negative impact that will result
from the construction of the proposed project.
Specific issues relating to habitat loss as a result of the proposed project include:
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»
Loss of sandy beaches and hence of intertidal feeding resources, mainly for marine
associated birds, including migratory species. The loss of this habitat is not considered
likely to constitute a significant impact to these species given that:
1. The area to be impacted is relatively small and large areas of analogous habitat type
are present adjacent to the study site; and
2. The study area is currently subjected to a number of anthropogenic disturbances
from boating and land-based activities. As such, the study area is considered
unlikely to provide core habitat for any of the threatened migratory species (listed in
Section 16.1.1.3) or any other migratory species (see Appendix N).
»
Removal of mature stands of trees and therefore loss of perching, foraging and nesting
resources. Removal of mature vegetation in general reduces feeding and nesting
resources for terrestrial native species. The loss of this vegetation is not considered
significant as the loss equates to approximately 3.6 % of this type of vegetation in the
local vicinity (i.e. located on the eastern side of The Spit). In addition, vegetation to be
lost will be compensated by the proposed re-vegetation of the western side of Marine
Stadium.
»
Minimal loss of casuarinas trees, the preferred food tree of the glossy black cockatoo.
Given the small amount of trees to be removed, the project is not considered likely to
significantly impact this species.
»
Temporary displacement of terrestrial fauna species to adjacent vegetated areas,
subsequently placing pressure on species already inhabiting the area. This is not
considered likely to have a significant impact on terrestrial species.
Given the reasonably low habitat value of the site for terrestrial mammal species, the low
abundance of mammal species sighted, availability of adjacent vegetation and sandy beach
habitat areas, limited amount of vegetation and sandy beach to be cleared and provision of
compensatory habitat, it is unlikely that the project will impact significantly on terrestrial
mammal species. Large expanses of relatively undisturbed habitat on South Stradbroke
Island (in close proximity to the proposed site) are available and provide alternate habitat for
terrestrial, marine, wetland and migratory bird species currently utilising the site.
16.2.2.2 Increased traffic movement
There will be potential for increased potential of vehicle strike to terrestrial fauna species with
increased traffic movements around and to/from the proposed site, in association with the
construction and operation of the project. There is also the potential risk of death, injury or
stress to fauna species during land clearing activities, through vehicle movements and tree
felling.
The current traffic volume along Seaworld Drive is relatively high with 19 209 two way
Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT). The traffic assessment for the project shows that
there will be an approximant 11% increase in daily traffic numbers along Seaworld Drive.
Given the likely low abundance of terrestrial species in the study area, relatively high current
traffic numbers, it is unlikely that an increase in traffic movement will significantly impact
terrestrial species.
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16.2.2.3 Noise and Vibration
Operational noise and vibrations from the construction activities is likely to have a
detrimental effect on local fauna. This could include additional stress, causing animals to
leave their home ranges, disruption to breeding cycles and restricts or changes in foraging
behaviour. This impact will be of short duration. It is possible that affected fauna will
temporarily move into nearby habitat if it is suitable and available.
16.2.2.4 Migratory Bird Species
According to the EPBC Act Policy Statement 1.1 Significant Impact Guidelines for Matters of
National Environmental Significance (DEH, 2006) an area of ‘
important habitat’for a
migratory species is:
»
a) habitat utilised by a migratory species occasionally or periodically within a region that
supports an ecologically significant proportion of the population of the species; and/or
»
b) habitat that is of critical importance to the species at particular life-cycle stages; and/or
»
c) habitat utilised by a migratory species which is at the limit of the species range; and/or
»
d) habitat within an area where the species is declining.
The majority of species either previously sighted or potentially occurring on the proposed site
are marine associated bird species listed as migratory under the EPBC Act 1999 (99 species
previously recorded or predicted to occur). In general, these species are relatively common
and widespread in the study region either seasonally or throughout the year, and their
motility is such that they are able to relocate relatively easily and utilise the large extents of
suitable nearby habitat, such as Wavebreak Island, South Stradbroke Island and the
intertidal sand flats within the Gold Coast Broadwater.
Due to the relatively small size of the area to be impacted and the disturbed nature of the
habitat (i.e. the Marine Stadium is a dog off-leash beach that is frequently utilised by
residents of the Gold Coast, this area is also subjected to impacts arising from a reasonable
amount of car and boat traffic) it is considered unlikely that:
»
the habitat is utilised either occasionally or periodically by an ecologically significant
proportion of any population of the species in the region; and
»
the habitat that is of critical importance to the species at particular life-cycle stages.
Similarly:
»
the habitat is not known to be utilised by a migratory species which is at the limit of the
species range; and
»
although it is likely that some species are declining within their larger ranges, it is
considered unlikely that any would be declining within the study site as a discrete area of
habitat.
Only one species protected by the EPBC Act as both a threatened species and a migratory
species is likely to utilise the area to be impacted, the swift parrot (see Table 16-4). This
species is an irregular visitor to Queensland and limited feeding resources are available for it
– it is not considered likely that the proposed works would significantly impact upon any
individual of this species, or the viability of this species as a whole.
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The little tern, beach stone curlew and eastern curlew are protected as threatened species
under the Queensland NCA, and as migratory species under the EPBC Act and are also
likely to utilise the are to be affected (see Table 16-4). However, all records of beach stone
curlews from within 5 km of the study site are from South Stradbroke Island (Birds Australia
Search, 2006), so it is likely that this species would not utilise the area to be affected. Both
the little tern and eastern curlew have been recorded from the study site, but have more
often been recorded from other areas within 5 km of the study site, especially Wavebreak
Island, but also from South Stradbroke Island, the spit and other areas of the Broadwater
that will not be affected (such as around Seaworld). As for the more common migratory bird
species it is not considered likely that the proposed works would significantly impact upon
any individual of these species, or the viability of these species as a whole.
Therefore, the project is considered unlikely that the study site represents important habitat
for any migratory species, hence the proposal is considered unlikely to have a significant
impact on any individual migratory bird species, or the viability of any migratory bird species
as a whole.
16.2.3
Aquatic Biology
16.2.3.1 General Impacts Associated with Dredging
The process of dredging releases previously stable sediments to the surrounding water
column, resulting in a combination of water column and benthic impacts. The consequence
of these processes on the marine environment is well understood (USACE 2005, MEMG
2003). The extent and nature of these impacts varies according to dredging methodologies,
size of the dredge campaign, materials to be dredged, prevailing environmental conditions
and location of sensitive receptors.
Capital dredging alters the seabed and removes benthic biota. The process of deepening
channels and altering bathymetry has the potential to result in changed hydrodynamic
regimes, alter the natural mobilisation of fine sediments and / or affect large-scale coastal
processes. The following conceptual diagram describes the typical impacts of dredging
(Figure 16-19) for this Project.
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Figure 16-19
Conceptual Diagram Illustrating the Potential Impacts of Dredging
Source: after Elliot and Hemingway (2002)
16.2.3.2 Key Potential Impacts of Dredging
The following are considered key potential impacts of dredging:
»
Dredging of the sediments removes benthic habitats and the associated species;
»
Alterations to the bathymetry affect re-establishment and suitability for biota changing
likely future community structure;
»
Sediment composition is changed. In the case of capital dredging, depth to
unconsolidated materials is reduced. Consolidated material may now be exposed and be
of reduced value as infauna and epibenthic fauna habitat. Natural processes of siltation
will occur over time, introducing finer material to the dredged areas and facilitating
recolonisation;
»
Sediment mobilisation increases turbidity and displays potential ecological impacts;
»
If contaminated, dredging and disposal of sediment has the capacity to release toxicants
into the water column and increase overall bioavailability;
»
Fine fractions of sediment can be available for migration over significant distances. In the
appropriate conditions and over extended dredging periods, the impact of these fine
particulates can be a significant ecological risk;
»
Where sediments contain elevated nutrient concentrations, nutrient availability may
increase during dredging and may cause some level of short-term eutrophication;
»
Within heavily utilised port facilities, risks of the dredging and distribution of invasive or
exotic pest species should be considered;
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»
Impacts on water quality can include oxygen depletion. In tidally affected waters with
significant currents and flushing capacity, this risk is considerably reduced;
»
Both pelagic and benthic organisms can be impacted from increased suspended solids
and subsequent deposition. Impacts may be more significant at the disposal ground
(covering with sediment) rather than the dredging location; and
»
Dredging, mixing and deposition of sediments has the capacity to change chemical
relationships, influence the availability of toxicants and change resulting benthic
community structure.
16.2.3.3 Impacts of Dredging on Seagrass Habitat
Dredging causes the direct removal of benthic habitats located within the dredging footprint.
Communities located outside the development footprint may also be affected due to the
mobilisation of fine sediment plumes derived from dredging processes. The action of tides
and currents usually cause these plumes to migrate away from the original point of
mobilisation. Sediment plumes increase turbidity within the water column, thus causing light
attenuation (reduced light penetration). Marine plants that rely on photosynthetic processes
may be sensitive to the migration of sediment plumes, especially in deeper water where
plant individuals may already be near their limit of tolerance to low light conditions. As
sediment plumes migrate, particles fall out of suspension. This causes a depositional
footprint that may extend past the boundary of the dredge area. There is also evidence that
seagrass beds are susceptible to variation in hydrodynamic processes of sediment
movement, erosion and accretion. Such hydrodynamic changes are possible at a fine scale
within the proposed dredging project.
Benthic plants such as seagrasses tolerate moderate rates of sediment deposition as a
normal phenomenon in shallow coastal waters. However, increased rates of catchment
runoff and associated light attenuation have been identified as causing additional
anthropogenic stress to seagrass communities within the Moreton Bay region (Dennison and
Abal 1999). The present study has identified six seagrass species within the study area.
Certain species, such as Z. capricorni, presently display a substantial range in morphological
variation indicative of stress response at a fine spatial scale. Other seagrasses, such as
those located within the Marine Stadium, have experienced substantially reduced abundance
and distribution, possibly related to increased turbidity. It is apparent that the seagrass beds
of the study area may be sensitive to changes in ambient water quality and are thus
susceptible to the deleterious impacts of dredging.
Dredging of the swing basin and departure channel areas is likely to have a greater impact
on seagrass communities in the area. This will include the direct removal of a dense bed of
H. spinulosa and H. ovalis located immediately east of Wavebreak Island (Site 15). This
seagrass bed lies within the footprint of the current dredging project. There are no available
direct measures able to compensate for this impact. Seagrass beds located north of
Wavebreak Island could also be impacted indirectly via the dredge plume produced from the
swing basin and departure channel areas on a flooding tide. The potential for such impact is
presently being examined via the hydrodynamic modelling component of the project.
A specific implication of the sensitivity of seagrass to changed physicochemical conditions is
the potential impact of dredging activities on the regionally rare H. minor identified at Site 4.
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This species, apparently restricted to a shallow intertidal and subtidal area immediately south
of Wavebreak Island, presently receives direct exchange of clean oceanic water via the
Seaway entrance. Given its small depth range and the potential for inordinate and sustained
elevations in turbidity associated with dredging, this community would appear to be at a very
high risk of impact. It is suggested that methods for stopping the migration of the dredge
plume across this location should be developed and implemented as an integral component
of any future dredging project.
It is understood that the proposed project will cause an elevation in current velocities by
1.3 %. The implication of this change on the processes of erosion and accretion on sand
banks as a result of changes in bed shear stresses is described in Section 12.2.3. Based on
the changes identified, it is anticipated that some changes in the location of seagrass beds
may occurs due to erosion of areas and sedimentation within other areas. However the
significance of these changes in the context of the Broadwater is considered to be relatively
minor.
16.2.3.4 Operational Impacts on Seagrass Habitat
The principal risk to seagrass communities from normal operation of the proposed Cruise
Ship Terminal or Yacht Marina are the mobilisation of sediment plumes via propeller wash,
or the accidental release of contaminants. Given that various commercial port operations
occur within the vicinity of self-sustaining seagrass communities (i.e., Port of Weipa, Port of
Brisbane, Port of Gladstone) it is likely that appropriate management strategies can be
developed to mitigate such impacts prior to their occurrence.
16.2.3.5 Impacts from Dredging and Port Operations on Rock Wall Benthos
According to the project description, construction of the Cruise Ship Terminal will consist of a
pile-driven wharf and dredge channel. It is unlikely that significant ecological disturbance will
occur as a result of pile driving activities, given the small footprint of this activity.
Dredging is expected to produce a substantial mobilised sediment plume for the duration of
the dredging project. Substantial investigations with respect to the mobilisation of dredge
plumes and their impact on benthos is presently being conducted with respect to Capital
Dredging at Port of Hay Point (GHD 2006). It is specifically noted that 10 weeks of
continuous dredging, combined with elevated turbidity and deposition, have not produced
significant deleterious impacts on macrophytes or most encrusting organisms. Given the
substantial prevailing currents within the Seaway and the capacity for some level of respite
to be afforded to water quality through the exchange of clean oceanic seawater, it is
suggested that impacts of dredging on rock substrate benthic communities are likely to be
limited. Turbidity associated with this dredging activity is likely to disrupt both diving and
snorkelling activities due to poor visibility.
Wharf piles and deep water access channels are generally accompanied by specific
increases in benthic diversity and fisheries activity due to the increase in complex substrate
available for colonisation and greater access by pelagic fishes. Wharf pile colonisation is
relatively rapid in tropical environments (i.e., Marine Pest Survey, Christmas Island
Additional Port Facility, GHD 2004), with significant aggregations of pelagic and reef fishes
occurring in wharf areas that are not subject to intensive fishing practice. Colonisation by
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encrusting fauna may be partially impeded by the leaching of TBT from the hulls of docked
vessels.
16.2.3.6 Impacts from Dredging and Construction on Fishes
The present project proposes to dredge approximately 1.4 million m 3 of sediment from the
Broadwater, Seaway and outer approaches in order to deepen the access channel to the
Seaway and provide a deepwater swing basin. This program will include:
»
Removal of a substantial high density seagrass meadow,
»
Removal of shallow intertidal and subtidal sand flats,
»
Removal of the present sand diversion pipe and replacement with a new pipeline lowered
to -12m LAT (possibly partly or wholly buried),
»
Mobilisation of sediments within the water column during the dredging period, and
»
Construction of a pile-driven wharf area for cruise ship terminal within the Seaway and
yacht harbour within the Marine Stadium.
Possible implications of this proposed program on fish communities include:
»
Disruption / removal of spawning habitat,
»
Disruption to fish migrations,
»
Disruption of fish behaviour,
»
Disruption of fish spawning areas (i.e. yellowfin bream)
»
Removal of foraging and shelter habitats,
»
Reduction in seagrass productivity and carbon source to the food web of fishes,
»
Habitat degradation due to increased current and turbidity,
»
Disruption / removal of benthic infaunal communities which are an important food source
for many fishes,
»
Removal of a significant point of fish aggregation (present sand diversion pipe), and
»
Installation of a significant potential fish aggregation structure (wharf piles).
It is well recognised that seagrass beds provide a critical habitat and food source for
commercially and recreationally important fishes and crustaceans (Connolly et al. 2005,
Melville and Connolly 2005). It is also recognised that reduction in seagrass and intertidal
sand flat cover can cause a marked reduction in catch rates of these species (Saintilin
2004), thus impacting the resource in a sustained and ongoing manner. Such reductions in
the fisheries are mediated through the critical link seagrasses play in the food web of fishes,
as well as the reliance of fishes and other biota on seagrass for shelter and as a source of
prey. Mortality in benthic infauna as a result of dredging is also expected to affect the
foraging success of many species. Dredging and the removal of seagrass and sand flat
habitats are expected to exert a detrimental and sustained impact on affected species
including yellowfin bream, tarwhine, sand whiting, flathead, luderick, perches, sweetlips,
penaeid prawns and portunid crabs.
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Sand bars at the entrances to Moreton Bay, including that of the Southport Broadwater, are
important spawning habitats for a variety of fishes including yellowfin bream, sand whiting,
diver whiting and various flathead (Pollock 1984, 1985; Moreton 1985; Quinn 1993).
Seagrasses also provide the preferred nursery habitat for various commercially caught
prawns including king prawns, tiger prawns and greasy prawns (Young 1978; Loneragan et
al. 1994). Removal of the shallow sandbars and seagrass adjacent to the Gold Coast
Seaway can be expected to have a detrimental and sustained impact on the spawning and
survivorship of these species within the study area.
Impacts to the fishes of the rocky substrate habitat are far less well defined. While it is
recognized that removal of the present submerged sand diversion pipe will have an
immediate impact on the aggregation of fishes that used to associate with this structure, no
evidence exists to suggest their mortality. Moreover the subsequent replacement of a sand
diversion pipe at a greater depth, combined with the installation of wharf piles associated
with the proposed cruise ship terminal are likely to fully compensate this loss.
There is no strong evidence to indicate that mobilised dredge plumes cause an acute impact
on fishes. Where fish surveys have been undertaken during the course of dredging (GHD
2003; GHD 2006) reduction in populations of reef fish were not evident. This is not to say
that allied activities such as spear fishing, diving and snorkeling will not be affected, given
that visibility is likely to be extremely poor during the dredging campaign. Disruption and
mortality in seahorses and pipefish associated with the dredging and construction of a cruise
ship terminal are expected to be localized and relatively short-term, given the likely
recruitment of specimens from adjacent seagrass beds.
While not strictly ecological in nature, it is noted that reduced access of the Seaway as a
dive location is expected to substantially impact on the recreational diving opportunities of
the region. This is specifically so with respect to the opportunity for divers to view a highly
diverse and abundant tropical, subtropical and temperate community of reef-dwelling and
pelagic fishes that are easily accessible and include a variety of seahorse and pipefish
species.
16.3
Recommended Management and Mitigation Measures
16.3.1
Measures Relevant to Terrestrial Flora Values
The following mitigation measures are proposed to alleviate potential impacts on the flora
values of the area:
»
Preparation and implementation of a Vegetation Management Plan which includes the
following:
– Weed Management Program to ensure new weeds are not introduced on site and
existing weeds do not spread to other areas.
– Rehabilitation Strategy detailing areas recommended for re-vegetation or
supplementary plantings within the study area. The vegetation on the western side of
Marine Stadium is proposed to be retained and opportunities exist as part of this
project to enhance the vegetation on the western side of Marine Stadium through
compensatory planting of degraded and cleared areas (Figure 16-18). Only local
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endemic species should be used for re-vegetation, suitable species are provided in
Appendix N.
No unnecessary clearing of vegetation outside of development footprint.
Legislative Requirements for Flora Impacts
Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
No threatened flora species or threatened ecological communities listed under the EPBC Act
1999 were recorded from field investigations and there is no suitable habitat for threatened
flora within the study area.
The southern boundary of the Moreton Bay Ramsar wetland is located along seaward edge
of South Stradbroke Island. The project will not directly impact on the wetland, however
there may be indirect impacts due to dredging activities associated with the construction of
the cruise ship terminal.
Vegetation Management Act
No regional ecosystems are present within the study area. The vegetation present does not
meet the definition for remnant under the Act and accordingly no clearing permits under the
VMA 1999 are required for the project.
Nature Conservation Act 1992
No flora species listed as threatened under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992
were recorded from field investigations and there is no suitable habitat for threatened flora
within the study area.
Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002
One Class 2 weed and four Class 3 weeds are present on site. Under the Land Protection
(Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002, landowners must take reasonable steps to
keep land free of Class 2 pests , whereas landholders are only required to control Class 3
plants when there land is adjacent to an environmentally significant area11.
16.3.2
Measures Relevant to Terrestrial Fauna Values
Re-vegetation
To minimise the impacts of vegetation clearing and habitat loss at the project site, a
revegetation program will be implemented. The revegetation program will involve planting
locally endemic species in the western portion of the site. This measure will compensate for
the loss of vegetation in the eastern and northern portions of the site and enhance the
biodiversity values of the western portion.
11
Environmentally significant area means any of the following: (a) a protected area; (b) land dedicated as a
reserve for environmental purposes under the Land Act, section 31; (c) a world heritage area listed under the
World Heritage Convention; (d) an area supporting a critically endangered or endangered ecological community in
the list established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth), section
181; (e) a declared Ramsar wetland under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
(Cwlth); (f) an area of high nature conservation value under the Vegetation Management Act 1999; (g) an area,
other than State-controlled land, identified in a local government’
s pest management plan as an area that has
special environmental significance for native wildlife.
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Fauna Spotter
To minimise impact on terrestrial fauna during clearing activities, it is recommended that
prior to and during clearing, a qualified fauna spotter inspect vegetation to determine the
presence of fauna. Fauna species present during clearing should be translocated to suitable
nearby habitat. No animals should be translocated long distances as recent research has
shown that the survival rate in these instances is extremely low.
Timing of construction works
To minimise impacts on migratory and sea birds, it is recommended that any works to the
sandy beach habitat and intertidal flats should be undertaken outside of peak migratory bird
residence times (for example, during the field surveys a very low density of marine
associated birds were observed in May and June 2006) to minimize disturbance to these
species.
Legislative Requirements for Fauna Impacts
Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Ninety-nine migratory EPBC listed species have been recorded within 5 km of the study
area. As mentioned above, is considered unlikely that the study site represents important
habitat for any migratory species, hence the proposal is considered unlikely to have a
significant impact on any individual migratory bird species, or the viability of any migratory
bird species as a whole.
The swift parrot and the grey-headed flying fox are listed as endangered and vulnerable
respectively under the EPBC Act. Habitat used by the swift parrot is likely to be impacted by
the proposed works, however, swift parrots are irregular visitors to this part of Queensland.
The small size of the habitat to be impacted and the nature of its use by swift parrot make it
extremely unlikely that this proposal will significantly impact upon this species. They greyheaded flying-fox has also been recorded from the study site and is suitable habitat will be
affected by the proposed works, however, again, due to the small size of the habitat to be
affected it is extremely unlikely that this proposal will significantly impact upon this species.
Several other species listed as protected under the EPBC (outlined in Table 16-3 have been
recorded within 5 km of the study site or are predicted to occur on site based on bioclimatic
modelling). These species are considered likely to use nearby habitat (e.g. petrels, albatross
– see Table 16-3 for details) but extremely unlikely to be impacted due to the nature of their
life cycle (i.e. rarely, if ever, utilise the habitat associated with the proposed project). Other
species are considered extremely unlikely to be present within the study area due to lack of
suitable habitat (e.g. Coxen’
s fig parrot, false water rat, long-nosed potoroo, spotted-tail quoll
– see Table 16-3 for details). As such, it is considered unlikely that the proposed works will
have a significant impact on any individual threatened species listed under the EPBC Act, or
the viability of any these species as a whole.
Nature Conservation Act 1992
Nine species protected as threatened species under the NCA are considered likely to utilise
the study site, namely: grey goshawk, glossy black-cockatoo, sooty oystercatcher, little tern,
black-chinned honeyeater, swift parrot, eastern curlew. None of these species are
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considered likely to be significantly impacted by the proposed works due to the degraded
nature of the habitat to be impacted, the degree of anthropogenic disturbance exerted on this
area, the small size of the habitat to be impacted and the availability of large tracs of similar,
undisturbed habitat.
Several other species listed as protected under the NCA (outlined in Table 16-3 have been
recorded within 5 km of the study site or are predicted to occur on site based on bioclimatic
modelling). These species are considered likely to use nearby habitat (e.g. petrels – see
Table 16-3 for details) but extremely unlikely to be impacted due to the nature of their life
cycle (i.e. rarely, if ever, utilise the habitat associated with the proposed project). Other
species are considered extremely unlikely to be present within the study area due to lack of
suitable habitat (e.g. giant barred frog, Coxen’
s fig parrot, false water rat, long-nosed
potoroo, spotted-tail quoll – see Table 16-3 for details). As such, it is considered unlikely
that the proposed works will have a significant impact on any individual threatened species
listed under the NCA, or the viability of any these species as a whole.
16.3.3
Measures Relevant to Aquatic Biology
The following management and mitigation measures are recommended to be implemented
to minimise the potential impacts associated with aquatic biology:
»
It is suggested that methods, such as the use of silt curtains, be adopted to protect the
area of H. minor located south of Wavebreak Island. Measures should be aimed at
stopping the migration of the dredge plume across this location and implemented as an
integral component of any future dredging project.
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