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UNIT 1 Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Activity 2-1 Observing Plant Growth (Page 55) What happened to the seeds when they were soaked in water? What did you observe inside the “split open” seed? What will happen to the seed as it continues to grow? Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. 2.1 Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs (Page 57) Cell Specialization – the process by which cells develop from similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multicellular organism • Cells specialize as a result of producing different proteins. • Different genes code for different proteins. http://genomics.energy.gov Cell Differentiation – a stage of development of a living organism during which specialized cells form. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants (Page 58) Tissue – a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function Organ – a combination of several types of tissue working together to perform a specific function Meristematic Cell – an unspecialized plant cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants (Page 58) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants (Page 58-59) Click the “Start” button to review plant tissue and cell types. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Repair , Replacement , and Growth (Page 59) “Buds” and “Type of Growth” The plant grows upward, “getting taller.” The chemical Auxin prevents lateral buds from growing by silencing gene expression The plant grows outward or “thickens.” Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Parts of a Leaf (Pages 60-62) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Transpiration (Page 61) Transpiration – the evaporation of water from the leaves through the stomata Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Chloroplasts (Page 63) Chloroplasts – the organelles within plant cells that use the Sun’s energy to chemically convert carbon into glucose (called photosynthesis) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Photosynthesis Review Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Plant Organs 1 – Leaf 2 – Stems (Page 64) A plant’s stem has two main functions: 1. physical support 2. transportation of sap Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. 3 – Roots (Page 65) A plant’s root has three main functions: 1. to anchor the plant in the ground 2. to take up water and minerals from the soil 3. to store energy and nutrient supplies for later use Types of Roots Tap Root Fibrous Root Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Stems and Roots (Pages 64-65) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. 4 – Flowers (Page 68) The main function of a plant’s flowers is reproductive. Flowers: • produce sperm and eggs for sexual reproduction • attract insects and other animals for pollination • produce seeds and sometimes fruit after pollination Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Plants Under Attack: “Diseases of Plants” Brown Rust Galls (Page 66-67) Magnified Rust Spores Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Moving Water Through the Systems (Pages 72-74) “The push from below” – Water enters the root by osmosis and moves toward the centre of the root into the xylem vessels. The pericycle prevents the water from moving backward. Root pressure builds up in the xylem and pushes water “up”. Tiny root hairs increase the surface area of the root. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Moving Water Through the Systems (Pages 72-74) “The pull from above” – While the roots push the water column from below, the leaves pull from above. Transpiration aids in this process. Unique Properties of Water: 1) Cohesion – the ability of water molecules to cling to each other 2) Adhesion – ability of water to stick to other surfaces (e.g. wall of xylem vessel) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Moving Water Through the Systems (Pages 72-74) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4pURpXkbY Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. The Movement of Maple Sap (Page 75) In the spring, sucrose from the roots flows “upward” to help produce leaf buds. In the summer and fall, the leaves produce glucose that moves “downward” to be stored in the roots. Glucose Glucose Sucrose Sucrose Starch Starch Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Transport of Sucrose (sugar) Through a Plant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b6dvKgWBVY Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.