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Crabby Grammy
Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Nouns
A noun names:
A person: hero, liar, Kajala
A place: bedroom, top, Mashoes
A thing: ah, yes, a thing
Subcategories of
Things
Living: narwhal, rose, amoeba
Nonliving: bed, iPod, boat
Ideas: liberty, capitalism
Actions: construction, terrorism
Conditions: satisfaction, illness
Qualities: kindness, intelligence
Common vs. Proper
Nouns
Common Noun: the name of a
general person, place, or thing.
man, village, car
Proper Noun: the name of a
particular person, place, or thing.
Mozart, Wanchese, Altima
Note: Capitalize proper nouns.
Concrete vs. Abstract
Nouns
 Concrete noun: the name of an object
that can be detected by any of the
five senses.
 stone, heat, melody, aroma, nutria
 Abstract noun: the name of an idea, a
quality, or a characteristic.
 attitude, loyalty, love, temperature
Collective Noun
 Collective noun: A noun that is
singular in form but names a group.
 flock, club, committee, band, herd
Note: Collective nouns take singular
verbs when every member acts
together, plural nouns when they
act separately.
Plural Nouns
 Most nouns form their plurals by
adding –s or -es:
 dog, dogs
 church, churches
 Some nouns have irregular plurals:
 alumnus, alumni
 child, children
Possessive Nouns
 Most nouns show possession by
adding ’s, even some plural nouns:
 Singular
 Plural
 the man’s junk
 the children’s books
 the cat’s head
 the oxen’s stalls
 Mr. Jones’s car  the women’s hats
Possessive Nouns
 Nouns show possession by adding an
apostrophe alone only when they:
 1) Are plural, and
 2) End in -s
 Examples:
 the narwhals’ horns
 the chefs’ knives
 the witches’ warts
Note: possessive nouns
act as adjectives in a
sentence.
Compound Nouns
 Compound nouns are made up of
more than one word. They can be
composed by using:
Note: check a
 Separate Words:
coffee table, bird dog
 Hyphenated Words:
daughter-in-law
 Combined Words:
Dreamland, porthole
dictionary to see
if the word is a
compound noun, or
just a noun with an
adjective.
Gerunds
 Sometimes, a word that looks like a
verb actually acts as a noun. These
words are called gerunds, and they
end in –ing:
Swimming is great exercise.
Ms. Ho loves knitting.
The twins’ constant fighting gets old.
Uses of Nouns
 Nouns can serve several functions:
Subject: Joe hated his car.
Direct Object: He crushed my
hopes.
Indirect Object: He gave Jill a box.
Object of a Preposition: They
trusted in her honesty.
Predicate Nominative: He is king.
Appositive: The killer, a clown, is
on the loose.
Labeling Drills—
Nouns
Label every noun in the following
sentences.
Sentence 1
N
N
A. Kajala sat on a stool in his
N
N
kitchen clipping his toenails.
N
N
B. The clippings fell into a pot on
N
N
the floor under his stool.
Sentence 2
N
N
A. Hunger took Kajala’s mind off
N
N
clipping his nails.
N
N
B. Macaroni and cheese with
N
N
pickles sounded like a winner.
Sentence 3
N
A. Humming a tune, he carried
N
N
N
the pot of nails to the sink.
N
N
B. He filled the pot with water
N
and set it on the stove until
N
boiling began.
Sentence 4
N
N
A. He dumped a box of macaroni
N
N
into the water with a splash.
N
N
B. Butter, milk, and cheese
N
N
powder were the ingredients.
Sentence 5
N
N
A. With the first bite, morsels
N
N
of toenail scraped his teeth.
N
N
B. The mass of food dropped
N
N
from his mouth to the floor.
Parts of Speech
Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns act as
subjects of verbs or predicate
nominatives.
Subject Pronouns
1st person
Sing
I
Plural
we
2nd person
you
you
3rd person
he/she/it
they
Sentence 1
Sub.
A. He is the worst pitcher.
Sub.
B. Why do they laugh at me?
Subject Pronouns
Sentence 2
Sub.
A. Bob doesn’t think that she
can.
Sub.
B. How do you make cereal?
Subject Pronouns
Sentence 3
Sub.
A. Make sure that he eats his
bluefish.
Sub.
B. She is in love with the Goat
Man.
Subject Pronouns
Sentence 4
Sub.
A. They hope to beat the blue
thing.
Sub.
B. Where did he leave his
popsicle?
Subject Pronouns
Sentence 5
Sub.
A. We can dance all through the
night.
Sub.
B. It cannot destroy the bases!
Subject Pronouns
Sentence 6
Sub.
A. The real winner is he.
Sub.
B. The killers are we.
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Object pronouns act as objects
of verbs or objects of
prepositions.
Object Pronouns
1st person
Sing
me
Plural
us
2nd person
you
you
3rd person
him/her/it
them
Sentence 1
Obj.
A. Sally gave him a jar of bees.
B. Why does the Goat Man hate
Obj.
me so?
Object Pronouns
Sentence 2
A. The platypus was sarcastic to
Obj.
her.
Obj.
B. Don’t poke it with a stick!
Object Pronouns
Sentence 3
Obj.
A. The singing cow gave us an
idea.
Obj.
B. The whole team is against you.
Object Pronouns
Sentence 4
Obj.
A. Did Tracy give me this
pancake?
Obj.
B. What is the matter with him?
Object Pronouns
Sentence 5
Obj.
A. The birds can’t tell us how to
live.
Obj.
B. The narwhal mourned her all
year long.
Object Pronouns
Sentence 6
A. Please let the skunks spray
Obj.
you with fluid.
Obj.
B. The umbrella protected them
from the gulls.
Object Pronouns
Possessive
Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show
possession.
Possessive
Pronouns
1st person
Sing
my
Plural
our
2nd person
your
your
3rd person
his/her/its
their
Remember: these forms
of possessive pronouns
act as adjectives in a
sentence.
Possessive
Pronouns
1st person
Sing
mine
Plural
ours
2nd person
yours
yours
3rd person
his/hers/its
theirs
Remember: these forms
of possessive pronouns
stand alone and do not
describe something else.
Sentence 1
Pos.
A. Never take your phone out in
class.
Pos.
B. His grill shines and sparkles in
the sunlight.
Possessive
Pronouns
Sentence 2
Pos.
A. What are you doing with my
cowbell?
Pos.
B. Dr. Ho adjusted their
restraints.
Possessive
Pronouns
Sentence 3
A. I wonder what happened to
Pos.
our pies.
Pos.
B. Your skunks are licking the
front door.
Possessive
Pronouns
Sentence 4
Pos.
A. Her mascara is running in the
rain.
Pos.
B. Do you like my orange pants?
Possessive
Pronouns
Sentence 5
Pos.
A. I can’t stand his funny smell.
Pos.
B. I drink your milkshake!
Possessive
Pronouns
Sentence 6
Pos.
A. She wears her shirt
backwards on Mondays.
Pos.
B. The dog buried its bone.
Possessive
Pronouns
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
demonstrate, or point, at
specific nouns.
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Here
Sing
this
Plural
these
There
that
those
Remember: demonstrative
pronouns can also act as
adjectives in a sentence.
Sentence 1
Dem.
A. Do you want this or the bowl
of jam and cheese?
Dem.
B. Those were the days, my
friend.
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Sentence 2
Dem.
A. I kind of resent that.
Dem.
B. These cannot be my potatoes.
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Sentence 3
Dem.
A. That is the blue thing.
Dem.
B. What is this between my
toes?
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Sentence 4
Dem.
A. I will squash those; you squash
the crickets.
B. We need clean diapers, so we
Dem.
cannot possibly accept these.
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Sentence 5
Dem.
A. Is this the end of Nite Owl?
Dem.
B. You cannot ever say that to
anybody else.
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Sentence 6
A. I like the friendly monkeys,
Dem.
because those laughed at me.
Dem.
B. When do these go in the
oven?
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Interrogative
Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
interrogate, or ask questions.
Interrogative
Pronouns
who?
whom?
whose?
which?
what?
Remember: interrogative
pronouns can also act as
adjectives in a sentence.
Sentence 1
Inter.
A. What do you mean by that
look?
Inter.
B. Who is that man with the
toilet paper?
Interrogative
Pronouns
Sentence 2
Inter.
A. Whose is that over there?
Inter.
B. Whatever could have caused
this mess?
Interrogative
Pronouns
Sentence 3
Inter.
A. To whom are you speaking?
Inter.
B. Which of the doors did the
skunk lick?
Interrogative
Pronouns
Sentence 4
Inter.
A. Who will eat the salty
popsicle?
Inter.
B. What is the reason for the
clown’s murderous ways?
Interrogative
Pronouns
Sentence 5
Inter.
A. Who must now cater to the
blue thing?
Inter.
B. Which of the shoes is large
enough for Verberinchulina?
Interrogative
Pronouns
Sentence 6
Inter.
A. To whom should we give the
dog cheese?
Inter.
B. Who can kill all the kittens?
Interrogative
Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns begin relative
clauses.
Relative Pronouns
base form
who
+ever
whoever
whom
whomever
whose
—
which
whichever
what
whatever
that
—
Remember: “that”
is demonstrative
when it points,
relative when it
introduces a
relative clause.
Sentence 1
Rel.
A. The man who hit Jim ran
away.
Rel.
B. There is the dog that growls.
Relative Pronouns
Sentence 2
Rel.
A. Was that the girl to whom you
gave your brush?
Rel.
B. Do you know whose tweezers
these are?
Relative Pronouns
Sentence 3
Rel.
A. This is the the dog that gives
the most milk.
Rel.
B. Kajala’s car, which doesn’t run,
sat in his driveway on blocks.
Relative Pronouns
Sentence 4
Rel.
A. Who is the woman whose door
was licked by skunks?
Rel.
B. Grogan is the man to whom
was given the cow hoof.
Relative Pronouns
Sentence 5
Rel.
A. Zebraman is the only one who
can save us now.
Rel.
B. Tell Deebra which possum you
love the most.
Relative Pronouns
Sentence 6
Rel.
A. Goat Man’s house, which
appears vacant, is haunted.
Rel.
B. Feng Ying, whose hands have
been severed, weeps and
moans.
Relative Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns reflect back
to the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronouns
1st person
Sing
myself
Plural
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Sentence 1
Ref.
A. The marmot bit itself
accidentally.
B. Beefma secretly adores
Ref.
herself.
Reflexive
Pronouns
Sentence 2
Ref.
A. Pete rewards himself
whenever he slobbers.
Ref.
B. We can blame ourselves for
the toxic stench.
Reflexive
Pronouns
Sentence 3
Ref.
A. You make yourself a bad dog
head.
Ref.
B. The narwhal amused itself by
spearing seals.
Reflexive
Pronouns
Sentence 4
Ref.
A. Rani tickles herself and
giggles for hours.
B. Twing the space baby
Ref.
teleported himself to earth.
Reflexive
Pronouns
Sentence 5
Ref.
A. The blue thing spun itself on
an axis of its own making.
Ref.
B. You delude yourself if you
believe you can stomp me.
Reflexive
Pronouns
Sentence 6
Ref.
A. I hurt myself on the spinning
razor toy.
Ref.
B. We congratulate ourselves on
our perspicacity.
Reflexive
Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns
Intensive pronouns intensify, or
add emphasis to, another
noun/pronoun in the sentence.
Intensive Pronouns
1st person
Sing
myself
Plural
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Sentence 1
Int.
A. You yourself must drown the
weasel.
Int.
B. We ourselves have caused this
vomiting.
Intensive
Pronouns
Sentence 2
Int.
A. It is he himself who must
wash the muffins.
B. The door was actually licked
Int.
by the skunk itself.
Intensive
Pronouns
Sentence 3
Int.
A. Verberinchulina herself baked
the file inside the cake.
B. The stench came from the
Int.
possums themselves.
Intensive
Pronouns
Sentence 4
A. The champion of the moles
Int.
was Kajala himself.
Int.
B. I myself do not understand
why the winter comes.
Intensive
Pronouns
Sentence 5
A. The true loser of Guitar Hero
Int.
is you yourself.
Int.
B. They themselves must come
to the hoedown.
Intensive
Pronouns
Sentence 6
Int.
A. Beefma herself lifted the
boulder off the dog’s leg.
Int.
B. We ourselves must conform to
the general consensus.
Intensive
Pronouns
Indefinite
Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to
persons, places, or things in a more
general way than a noun does.
Singular Indefinite
Pronouns
Singular indefinite pronouns take
singular verbs:
Everything is twisting and twirling.
Much is still unknown to Zebraman.
Each walks in the direction he prefers.
Remember: these singular indefinite
pronouns can also function as
adjectives: another, each, either,
little, much, neither, one.
Singular Indefinite
Pronouns
anybody
anyone
anything
everybody
everyone
everything
nobody
no one
nothing
somebody
someone
something
Remember: the singular indefinite pronouns
below can also function as adjectives.
either
neither
much
little
other
another
each
one
Plural Indefinite
Pronouns
Plural indefinite pronouns take
plural verbs:
Many try, but few succeed.
Several lick the door every night.
Both wear ugly shoes to church.
Plural Indefinite
Pronouns
both
few
many
others
several
Remember: the
following plural
indefinite pronouns
can also function as
adjectives: both,
few, many, and
several.
Singular or Plural
Indefinite Pronouns
A singular or plural indefinite pronoun
takes a singular verb when the object of
the preposition following it is singular and a
plural verb when the object is plural:
Most of the boys hate marmots.
Most of the world hates you.
All of the powder is on the wall.
All of the skunks are at the door.
Singular or Plural
Indefinite Pronouns
all
any
more
most
none
some
Sentence 1
Ind.
A. Either of the clowns could
have killed the grain dealer.
Ind.
B. Most of the ducks prefer
spaghetti.
Indefinite
Pronouns
Sentence 2
Ind.
A. I believe that several have
already fallen out.
Ind.
B. Can somebody please set my
leg on fire?
Indefinite
Pronouns
Sentence 3
Ind.
A. More than you think have
touched the blue thing.
Ind.
B. Both of the monkeys were
flinging poo.
Indefinite
Pronouns
Sentence 4
Ind.
A. Grogan didn’t eat any of the
dog cheese.
Ind.
B. Ms. Ho felt that much was
left unsaid at dinner.
Indefinite
Pronouns
Sentence 5
Ind.
A. After the flood, everybody
craved McNuggets.
Ind.
B. Some of the snakes hid under
the bed.
Indefinite
Pronouns
Sentence 6
Ind.
A. Smething feels velvety in
here.
Ind.
B. In this world, few actually
maintain their integrity.
Indefinite
Pronouns
Parts of Speech
Adjectives
Adjective
A word that modifies a noun
or pronoun.
Functions of Adjectives
 Adjectives answer three questions:
 Which one?
 What kind of?
 How much/many?
Functions of Adjectives
 Adjectives answer the question—Which?:
 That dog bit Kajala’s thumb.
 Which dog bit Kajala’s thumb?
 That
 These popsicles don’t grow on bushes.
 Which popsicles don’t grow on bushes?
 These
 Goat Man ate those children.
 Which children did Goat Man eat?
 those
Functions of Adjectives
 Adjectives answer the question—What kind
of?:
 Kajala bought a gangrenous monkey.
 What kind of monkey did Kajala buy?
 gangrenous
 His bloody nose caused Tor to pass out.
 What kind of nose caused Tor to pass out?
 bloody
 Goat Man gave Cronver a severe beating.
 What kind of beating did Goat Man give Cronver?
 severe
Functions of Adjectives
 Adjectives answer the question—How
much/many?:
 Ms. Ho has two daddies.
 How many daddies does Ms. Ho have?
 two
 Feng Ying wept many tears over his lost hands.
 How many tears did Feng Ying weep?
 many
 Toneeka kept seventeen nutrias as livestock.
 How many nutrias did Toneeka keep?
 seventeen
Articles are Adjectives
 The articles a, an, and the are adjectives.
 A and an are indefinite articles,
referring to any of a class of nouns:
 A trout bit me.
 The is the definite article, referring to a
specific noun:
 I slaughtered the weasels.
Proper Adjectives
 Adjectives formed from proper nouns are
proper adjectives, and are also capitalized:
 The Georgian ambassador objected.
 The Democratic candidate held a fundraiser.
Compound Adjectives
 Adjectives can be made up of more than
one word, hyphenated or combined:
 Kajala feared a long-term commitment.
 The basilisk is a cold-blooded animal.
Predicate Adjectives
 Usually, adjectives come before the noun or
pronoun that they modify. Sometimes,
though, they appear after a subject and a
linking verb, referring back to the subject:
 Cronver was extremely unattractive.
 She seemed rather nauseated.
Nouns as Adjectives
 Nouns can function as adjectives:
 Rani’s baby daddy won’t pay child support.
 “Baby” is acting as an adjective, describing “daddy.”
 It answers “What kind of daddy?”
 Speed Racer drove his race car to Paris.
 “Race” is acting as an adjective, describing “car.”
 It answers “What kind of car?”
 We killed Poleevra’s kittens yesterday.
 “Poleevra’s” is acting as an adjective, describing
“kittens.”
 It answers “What kind of kittens?”
Possessive Pronouns as Adjectives
 Possessive Pronouns can function as adjectives:
 Zebraman polished his Zebracycle.
 “his” is acting as an adjective, describing “Zebracycle.”
 It answers “What kind of Zebracycle?”
 Toneeka put bubble gum in her hair.
 “her” is acting as an adjective, describing “hair.”
 It answers “What kind of hair?”
 Beefma and Karkarala burned their chickens.
 “their” is acting as an adjective, describing “chickens.”
 It answers “What kind of chickens?”
Demonstrative Pronouns as
Adjectives
 Demonstrative Pronouns can function as
adjectives:
 You cannot eat that fish.
 “that” is acting as an adjective, describing “fish.”
 It answers “Which fish?”
 Verberinchulina smashed this cup.
 “this” is acting as an adjective, describing “cup.”
 It answers “Which cup?”
 Cronver washed those snakes.
 “those” is acting as an adjective, describing
“snakes.”
 It answers “Which snakes?”
Interrogative Pronouns as
Adjectives
 Interrogative Pronouns can function as
adjectives:
 Which eyeball will you lick?
 “which” is acting as an adjective, describing
“eyeball.”
 What answer did she give you?
 “what” is acting as an adjective, describing
“answer.”
 Whose feet smell like Fritos?
 “whose” is acting as an adjective, describing
“feet.”
Indefinite Pronouns as Adjectives
 Indefinite Pronouns can function as adjectives:
 Goat Man begged for another chance.
 “another” is acting as an adjective, describing
“chance.”
 It answers “What kind of chance?”
 Birbulas would eat neither kidney.
 “neither” is acting as an adjective, describing “kidney.”
 It answers “Which kidney?”
 Kajala found many ticks on his ankle.
 “many” is acting as an adjective, describing “ticks.”
 It answers “How many ticks?”
Verbs as Adjectives
 Verbs can function as adjectives; they are called
participles, and they end in –ing or -ed:
 Grogan dropped a rock on the swimming dog.
 “swimming” is acting as an adjective, describing “dog.”
 It answers “What kind of dog?”
 The weeping man blew a nose bubble.
 “weeping” is acting as an adjective, describing “man.”
 It answers “What kind of man?”
 Flanarco taunted the exhausted boy.
 “exhausted” is acting as an adjective, describing “boy.”
 It answers “What kind of boy?”
Phrases as Adjectives
 Prepositional phrases can function as
adjectives:
 The man with the huge tumor kissed me.
 “with the huge tumor” is a prepositional phrase.
 It answers “Which man?”
 Weenie gave Tor a penny for his thoughts.
 “for his thoughts” is a prepositional phrase.
 It answers “Which penny?”
 Grogan’s mother is a species of lemur.
 “of lemur” is a prepositional phrase.
 It answers “What kind of species?”
Clauses as Adjectives
 Relative clauses can function as adjectives:
 The skunk that licked your door stinks.
 “that licked your door” is a relative clause.
 It answers “What kind of skunk?”
 A man who has no eels is a poor man indeed.
 “who has no eels” is a relative clause.
 It answers “What kind of man?”
 The gloves which I wore were made of squirrel
fur.
 “which I wore” is a relative clause.
 It answers “What kind of gloves?”
Adjective Drills
For each of the following
sentences, identify the
adjective and the word that
the adjective is modifying.
Sentence 1
Adj
Adj
Adj
N
A. A wicked spider monkey bit
Adj
Adj
N
the donkey’s eye.
Adj
N
B. Poleevra threw the pretzel in
Adj
Adj
N
the tingle bucket.
Adjectives
Sentence 2
Adj
A. Feng Ying angrily demands a
Adj
N
cheese sandwich.
Adj
N
B. Zebraman wore his cape of
Adj
N
delightful flavors.
Adjectives
Sentence 3
Adj
Adj
N
(Adj—phrase)
A. The Great Tower of Pudding
is falling!
Adj
N
B. Why do the groundhogs eat
Adj
N
Zero bars?
Adjectives
Sentence 4
Adj
Adj
A. Never make faces at the blue
N
thing.
Adj
N
Adj
N
B. Seven skunks licked my door.
Adjectives
Sentence 5
Adj
N
A. Ms. Ho poked the pumpkin
Adj
Adj
N
with an oyster knife.
Adj
N
Adj
B. Where did my Deebra put the
Adj
N
toe scissors?
Adjectives
Sentence 6
Adj
Adj
Adj
A. Grogan, bring me a new pork
N
chop.
Adj
N
B. The frenzied birds are
Adj
N
pecking my eyes!
Adjectives
Sentence 7
Adj
Adj
Adj
A. I’m choking on the Chinese rat
N
bone.
Adj
B. Zebraman can dissolve some
Adj
N
Adj
N
lesser metals with his eyes.
Adjectives
Sentence 8
Adj
Adj
N
A. Walking by the Charm Store
N
Adj
made Peter feel nauseated.
Adj
Adj
Adj
N
B. The ten blue crabs crawled up
Adj
N
the pole.
Adjectives
Parts of Speech
Verbs
Verb
A word or group of words
that shows action, being, or
links a subject to a subject
complement.
Types of Verbs
Action Verb: shows action.
 Tom walks the dog.
Linking Verb: shows being or
links a subject with a subject
complement.
 Tom is a strong man.
Action Verbs
 Action Verbs tell what action someone or
something is performing.
 Often, this action will be obvious.
 Tor fought Trogdor.
 Other times, there is very little action in the
action verb.
 Weenie pondered the implications of his comment.
Linking Verbs
 Linking Verbs connect the subject of a
sentence with a word after the linking verb.
 The word that it connects to the subject can be
a noun (predicate nominative).
 Feng Ying is the first handless president.
 The word that it connects to the subject can
also be an adjective (predicate adjective).
 Karkarala feels rather sick.
Linking Verbs
 The most common linking verb is “to be.”
 The most common forms of “to be” are”





am
are
is
was
were
Linking Verbs
 The sense verbs are also linking verbs, but
they all have action verb forms as well.
 To look
 Linking: You look very nice today.
 Action: Beefma looks angrily at Verberinchulina.
 To sound
 Linking: The kittens sound mournful as they die.
 Action: Cronver sounds the gong for breakfast.
 To feel
 Linking: Ms. Ho. feels terrible about the accident.
 Action: Su-Lin feels the silky fur of the nutria.
Linking Verbs
 The sense verbs can also be linking verbs:





To smell
To taste
To feel
To look
To sound
Linking Verbs
 The sense verbs can be linking verbs, but
they all have action verb forms as well.
 To smell
 Linking: Ms. Ho smells really funky.
 Action: Kajala smells the dumpster juice.
 To taste
 Linking: This ice cream tastes salty.
 Action: Feng Ying tastes the octopus taco.
Linking Verbs
 Other common linking verbs include:
 become
 remain
 seem
 These linking verbs also have action forms:




appear
grow
stay
turn
Linking Verbs
 These linking verbs have action verb forms
as well.
 To appear
 Linking: Rani appears upset about the clown killing.
 Action: Connie appears on Gossip Girls.
 To grow
 Linking: I grow weary of your whining.
 Action: Karkarala grows okra in his bedroom.
 To turn
 Linking: Beefma turned red after the insult.
 Action: Turn the car before we drive into the
swamp.
Predicate Nominatives
 When a linking verb is followed by a noun
that refers back to the subject, that noun
is called a predicate nominative.
 Kajala is a good neighbor.
 Verberinchulina was the leader of our militia.
 Who will be the next president?
Predicate Adjectives
 When a linking verb is followed by an
adjective that refers back to the subject,
that adjective is called a predicate
adjective.
 The skunk seems upset about the door.
 Does Goat Man become insane in the night?
 Grogan should have been satisfied with the dog
cheese.
Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
 Transitive: an action verb that acts on a
direct object. Answers What? or Whom?
 Tom walked the dog. (walked what? The dog.)
 Intransitive: an action verb that does not
act on a direct object.
 Tom walked yesterday. (there is no answer to
What? or Whom?)
 When? Where? How? do not count.
Voice: Active vs. Passive Verbs
 Active Voice: an action verb that shows the
subject acting.
 Johnson discussed the problem.
 Passive Voice: an action verb that shows the
subject being acted upon.
 The problem was discussed by Johnson.
 Generally, using active voice makes your
writing stronger.
Four Principal Parts of the Verb
 Infinitive: to do, to go, to think, to dream
 Present Participle: doing, going, thinking,
dreaming
 Past: did, went, thought, dreamed
 Past Participle: done, gone, thought,
dreamed
Regular and Irregular Verbs
 Regular Verbs: begin with the infinitive,
add –ing to make the present participle,
and add –d or –ed to make the past and
past participle.
infinitive
present
participle
past
past
participle
to work
working
worked
worked
to spill
spilling
spilled
spilled
Regular and Irregular Verbs
 Irregular Verbs: do not follow the regular
pattern. They have parts that are unique.
infinitive
present
participle
past
past
participle
to shrink
shrinking
shrank
shrunk
to ring
ringing
rang
rung
to break
breaking
broke
broken
to write
writing
wrote
written
to be
being
was
been
Six Principal Tenses of Verbs






Present: I walk.
Past: I walked.
Future: I will walk.
Present Perfect: I have walked.
Past Perfect: I had walked.
Future Perfect: I will have walked.
Progressive Forms of Verbs
Present Progressive: I am walking.
Past Progressive: I was walking.
Future Progressive : I will be walking.
Present Perfect Progressive : I have been
walking.
 Past Perfect Progressive : I had been
walking.
 Future Perfect Progressive : I will have
been walking.




Mood of Verbs
 Indicative: statements or questions
 Tom walked to the store.
 Imperative: commands or requests
 Take out the trash.
 Subjunctive: situations contrary to fact
 I wish I were a millionaire.
 If I were only younger, I could run faster.
Verb Phrases
 The verb in a sentence may consist of more
than one word.
 Hani will have been walking three hours by then.
 The verb that shows the actual action is the
main verb.
 Hani will have been walking three hours by then.
 The words that accompany the main verb are
called helping verbs or auxiliary verbs.
 Hani will have been walking three hours by then.
Verb Drills 1
For each of the following
sentences, underline the
complete verb and identify it as
an action verb or a linking verb.
Sentence 1
AV
A. Poleevra can wait for her
bologna milk shake.
LV
B. Flanarco will be a friend to all
the cows.
Action/Linking Verbs
Sentence 2
LV
A. Feng Ying has seemed
depressed about his hands.
AV
B. Two skunks just licked my
front door.
Action/Linking Verbs
Sentence 3
AV
AV
A. Is Grogan picking his nose in
the car?
AV
AV
B. Ms. Ho can never wash my
nutria.
Action/Linking Verbs
Sentence 4
AV
A. Karsten could have won the
Asparagus Cup.
B. Every day Verberinchulina
LV
grows more angry.
Action/Linking Verbs
Sentence 5
LV
A. Tor feels sick, like he might
throw up in his mouth.
AV
B. Weenie feels the silky fur of
the giant nutria.
Action/Linking Verbs
Sentence 6
A. On Tuesday, the blue thing
LV
will become invincible.
LV
B. The skunks should remain at
the front door.
Action/Linking Verbs
Verb Drills 2
For each of the following
sentences, underline the action
verb and identify it as a
transitive verb or an
intransitive verb.
Sentence 1
Trans
A. Cronver can walk the dog
later.
Intrans
B. Ms. Ho will walk after work.
Transitive/Intransitive
Verbs
Sentence 2
Intrans
Intrans
A. Did Karsten fail completely?
Trans
Trans
B. Will Karkarala fail the
struggling students?
Transitive/Intransitive
Verbs
Sentence 3
Intrans
A. Kajala sits on a pork chop.
Intrans
B. Twing sits before he is forced
to do so.
Transitive/Intransitive
Verbs
Sentence 4
Trans
A. Feng Ying lost his hands in a
factory accident.
Intrans
B. The Mashoes Marmots lost in
the final seconds of the game.
Transitive/Intransitive
Verbs
Sentence 5
Trans
Trans
A. Zebraman can’t fly his
Zebrajet anymore.
Intrans
Intrans
B. Goat Man could never fly in
the first place.
Transitive/Intransitive
Verbs
Sentence 6
Trans
A. Deebra fights the idea that
she must eat dirt.
Trans
B. Poleevra fights her cat for
total dominance.
Transitive/Intransitive
Verbs
Verb Drills 3
For each of the following
sentences, underline the linking
verb and identify the predicate
nominatives and predicate
adjectives.
Sentence 1
PN
A. Flanarco is the enemy of
party clowns everywhere.
PN
B. Kimane is president of the
Gargler’s Club International.
Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s
Sentence 2
A. Verberinchulina will smell
PA
funny after work.
PA
B. Beefma has smelled beefy in
the past.
Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s
Sentence 3
A. The blue thing will be our
PN
leader in future years.
B. The nutria could have been
PA
wise without trying.
Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s
Sentence 4
A. Without rain, our turnips
PA
could be bitter.
B. Before the storm, your car
PA
was beautiful.
Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s
Sentence 5
PA
A. Feng Ying remains depressed
about his hands.
PA
B. The possums became humans
in the machine.
Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s
Sentence 6
PA
A. You seem disgusting to me.
B. Beefma grows increasingly
PA
irritated at the clowns.
Linking Verbs & PN/PA’s
Parts of Speech
Adverbs
Adverb
A word that modifies a
verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
Functions of Adverbs
 Adverbs answer four questions:




When?
Where?
How?
To what extent?
Functions of Adverbs
 When adverbs modify verbs, they may
answer any of the four questions:




When?
Where?
How?
To what extent?
Functions of Adverbs
 When adverbs modify adjectives or other
adverbs, they act as intensifiers.
 They increase or decrease the intensity of
the adjective or adverb.
 In this case, they answer only one question:
 To what extent?
Functions of Adverbs
 Adverbs answer the question—When?:
 John ran in the marathon yesterday.
 When did John run?
 Yesterday
 Grogan likes to get up early.
 When does Grogan get up?
 Early
 Kajala will soon be decapitated.
 When will Kajala be decapitated?
 Soon
Functions of Adverbs
 Adverbs answer the question—Where?:
 Cronver sent the message here.
 Where did Cronver send the message?
 Here
 The blue thing sent me away.
 Where did the blue thing send me?
 Away
 Ms. Ho holds her secrets close.
 Where does Ms. Ho hold her secrets?
 Close
Functions of Adverbs
 Adverbs answer the question—How?:
 The skunks viciously licked my door.
 How did the skunks lick my door?
 Viciously
 The weasels cautiously sniffed the popsicle.
 How did the weasels sniff the popsicle?
 Cautiously
 Grogan gently bit her thumb.
 How did Grogan bite her thumb?
 Gently
Functions of Adverbs
 Adverbs answer the question—To what
extent?:
 Kajala very quickly denied his involvement.
 To what extent did Kajala quickly deny?
 Very
 Your perfume is rather stinky.
 To what extent is your perfume stinky?
 Rather
 Poleevra spoke incredibly slowly.
 To what extent did Poleevra speak slowly?
 Incredibly
Words Modified by Adverbs
 Adverbs can modify verbs:
Adv
V
 Birbulas skillfully assembled the model balloon.
Adv
V
 Zebraman heroically saved the possum.
V
Adv
 Give me those grapes now!
Words Modified by Adverbs
 Adverbs can modify adjectives:
Adv
Adj
 The very salty popsicle melted in the driveway.
Adv
Adj
 Kajala called the rather timid Zebraman.
Adv
Adj
 Goat Man is highly suspicious.
Words Modified by Adverbs
 Adverbs can modify other adverbs:
Adv
Adv
 Kajala quite gladly knelt to the blue thing.
Adv
Adv
 Mikey rather easily pinned his opponent.
Adv
Adv
 Poleevra walked suspiciously slowly.
Negatives as Adverbs
 Negatives, including the contraction
“n’t” are adverbs.




You cannot eat leeches.
Dejuana never loses at marbles.
Tor won’t give me the butter.
Weenie is nowhere to be seen.
Nouns as Adverbs
A few words that are usually nouns can
function as adverbs that answer the questions
Where? or When?:






home
yesterday
today
tomorrow
mornings
afternoons





evenings
nights
week
month
year
Nouns as Adverbs
 A few words that are usually nouns can
function as adverbs that answer the
questions Where? or When?:
 Verberinchulina crawled home.
 “home” is a noun acting as an adverb.
 It answers “Where?” Verberinchulina crawled.
 Feng Ying defeated the clown yesterday.
 “yesterday” is a noun acting as an adverb.
 It answers “When?” Feng Ying defeated the clown.
 Akira hunts marmots most evenings.
 “evenings” is a noun acting as an adverb.
 It answered “When?” Akira hunts marmots.
Infinitive as Adverbs
 Infinitives look like verbs, but they
function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
 They have the form “to + verb”
 Infinitive phrases can function as adverbs:
 Mashoes is a sight that is beautiful to see.
 “to see” is an infinitive.
 It modifies the predicate adjective “beautiful.”
Phrases as Adverbs
 Prepositional phrases can function as
adverbs:
 The skunk crept to the door.
 “to the door” is a prepositional phrase.
 It answers “Where?” the skunk crept.
 Grogan barfed before the test.
 “before the test” is a prepositional phrase.
 It answers “When?” Grogan barfed.
 Kitty buzzed like a bee.
 “like a bee” is a prepositional phrase.
 It answered “How?” Kitty buzzed.
Subordinate Clauses as Adverbs
 Subordinate clauses can function as
adverbs:
 Beefma left before the pig fight began.
 “before the pig fight began” is a subordinate clause.
 It answers “When?” Beefma left.
 The blue thing buzzed until we screamed.
 “until we screamed” is a subordinate clause.
 It answers “When?” the blue thing buzzed.
 Flanarco spreads joy wherever he goes.
 “wherever he goes” is a subordinate clause.
 It answered “Where?” Flanarco spreads joy.
Adverb Drills
For each of the following
sentences, identify the adverb
and the part of speech of the
word that the adverb is
modifying.
Sentence 1
V
Adv
A. The truck sank slowly into the
Mashoes swamp.
Adv
V
B. Kajala never eats bologna and
jam.
Adverbs
Sentence 2
Adv
Adj
A. The horrendously ugly woman
belched.
V
Adv
B. Why is Grogan softly
V
humming?
Adverbs
Sentence 3
Adv
V
A. Poleevra savagely bit the head
Adv
off the shrimp.
Adv
V
B. Deebra abruptly stuck a
Adv
pebble in her nose.
Adverbs
Sentence 4
V
Adv
A. Cronver is secretly in love
Adv
with Ms. Ho.
V
Adv
V
B. The snake will soon slither
Adv
into your sock.
Adverbs
Sentence 5
Adv
V
A. Ms. Ho feels flushed when she
Adv
is near Zebraman.
V
B. The skunk licked the door
Adv
where the paint was thickest.
Adverbs
Sentence 6
V
Adv
V
A. Flanarco will never cut the
Adv
eyes off the crabs.
V
Adv
V
B. Kajala didn’t throw the rock
Adv
at Grogan’s head.
Adverbs
Sentence 7
Adv
V
Adj
A. Karsten looked slightly bored
Adv
during the speech.
Adv
V
B. The monks always polished
Adv
the blue thing on Saturdays.
Adverbs
Sentence 8
Adv
V
A. The squirrels joyfully danced
the Marshmallow Dance.
Adv
Adv
B. The pretty girl rather rudely
V
burped.
Adverbs
Sentence 9
Adv
V
A. Kajala hotly blushed after
Adv
picking his nose. Adv
Adv
V
B. Kimane carefully put the
sauerkraut into the clown’s
scary red mouth.
Adverbs
Parts of Speech
Prepositions
Preposition
A word that shows the
relationship between a noun or
pronoun (its object) and
another word in the sentence.
Preposition
(alternate definition)
Any where or when a
squirrel can go (or a mouse,
depending on whom your
fifth grade teacher was).
Prepositional Phrases:
 Prepositions are always part of a group of
words called a prepositional phrase.
 A prepositional phrase begins with a
preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.
 The noun or pronoun is the object of the
preposition, and will always be object case.
 A prepositional phrase may have more than
one object.
Prepositional Phrases:
 Examples:
 Poleevra walked through the store.
 Grogan told the secret to her.
 The skunk touched its tongue to your beautiful
new front door.
 Beefma went out with Ms. Ho and him.
Some Common Prepositions
about
behind
from
outside
up
above
below
in
over
upon
across
beneath
inside
past
with
after
beside
into
since
within
against
between
like
through
without
along
by
near
to
among
down
of
toward
around
during
off
under
at
except
on
underneath
before
for
onto
until
Compound Prepositions:
 A compound preposition is a preposition that is
made up of more than one word.
according to
because of
instead of
ahead of
by means of
next to
along with
except for
on account of
apart from
in addition to
on top of
aside from
in front of
out of
as to
in spite of
owing to
Prepositions show relationship:
 All three of these sentences show the
relationship between ran and the yard:
 The dog ran across the yard.
 The dog ran inside the yard.
 The dog ran around the yard.
 In each case, the relationship of the word
“yard” to the word “ran” is different.
 The preposition used in each case
determines that relationship.
Types of Relationships:
 Prepositions show four types of
relationships:




Temporal: before, during, after
Spatial: in, on, beside, around
Directional: to, from, toward
Oddballs: of, for, like, as
Temporal Prepositions:
 A temporal preposition shows how its
object is related to another word in the
sentence in time:
 The party is after the prom.
 The preposition “after” shows how the party and
prom are related to each other in time.
Spatial Prepositions:
 A spatial preposition shows how its object
is related to another word in the sentence
in space:
 Deebra is inside the possum cave.
 The preposition “inside” shows how Deebra and the
cave are related to each other in space.
Directional Prepositions:
 A directional preposition shows how its
object is related to another word in the
sentence in direction:
 Grogan walks toward the blue thing.
 The preposition “toward” shows where Grogan
walks—towards the blue thing. This shows a
directional relationship.
Oddball Prepositions:
 A few prepositions don’t fit into the above
categories, but they do show how their
objects are related to another word in the
sentence:
 Ms. Ho is Queen of Wanchese.
 The preposition “of” shows a possessive relationship
between the words “Queen” and “Wanchese.”
Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives:
 Prepositional phrases can function as
adjectives, answering the questions Which?,
What kind of?, or How much/many?:
 Kajala is the man of the hour.
 The prepositional phrase “of the hour” answers the
question “Which man?” and functions therefore as
an adjective.
Prepositional Phrases as Adverbs:
 Prepositional phrases can function as
adverbs, answering the questions When?,
Where?, How?, or To what extent?:
 Ms. Ho poked Kajala in the eye before the game.
 The prepositional phrase “before the game” answers
the question “When did she poke?” and functions
therefore as an adverb.
Prepositional Placement
 Because a preposition always needs an
object, don’t end a sentence with a
preposition.
 Not: Who are you going with?
 Instead: With whom are you going?
Prepositional vs. Adverb
 Sometimes the same word can function as
both a preposition and an adverb.
 Examples would be: around, down, in, off,
on, out, over, and up.
 If the word is followed by a noun or
pronoun that acts as its object, it is a
preposition.
 If it is not followed by a noun or pronoun
that acts as its object, it is an adverb.
Prepositional vs. Adverb
 Examples:
 Grogan’s car rolled down the hill.
 There is an object, so “down” is a preposition.
 Beefma pushed me down.
 There is no object, so “down” is an adverb.
 Feng Ying wept over his hands.
 There is an object, so “over” is a preposition.
 The clown came over to kill me.
 There is no object, so “over” is an adverb.
Preposition Drills
For each of the following
sentences, identify the
preposition, its object, and
whether it is used as an
adjective, and adverb, or
neither.
Sentence 1
A. Rani took her fish to the
desert to freak them out.
Adverb
B. Zebraman took the mask from
his face, revealing a huge
white zit.
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 2
A. My cat Huckleberry is choking on
the congealed salad.
Adverb
B. Karsten sprinkled his yellow
toenail clippings onto the hot
fudge sundae.
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 3
A. Dr. Ho removed the eye from the
dog and bit the round orb.
Adverb
B. The skunk is walking toward the
door slowly and suspiciously.
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 4
A. Zebraman felt very cool as he
wrote “MHB” on the notebook.
Adverb
B. Tor aimed the speargun at the
evil clown and laughed.
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 5
A. Goat Man sat angrily in the public
bathroom without toilet paper.
Adverb
Adverb
B. Weenie merrily ran over the
squirrel with her Hummer.
Adverb
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 6
A. Feng Ying bought three cans of
Spaghetti-O’s for the chipmunks.
Adjective
Adverb
B. Grogan and Ms. Ho coaxed the
cats with weeping eyes into the
Adjective
cement mixer.
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 7
A. Poleevra stuck a vienna sausage
up her nose.
Adverb
B. Kajala gallantly helped Ms. Ho
aboard the Nutria Tooth, an
Adverb
orange sailboat.
Prepositions
Sentence 8
A. Zebraman stood between the
villains and the blue thing.
Adverb
B. Command the man with the
moustache and the cane to kick
the marmot.
Adjective
Prepositions
Sentence 9
A. Toneeka ran frantically down the
hill, chased by water moccasins.
Adverb
Adverb
B. Kajala’s back is covered with
thick hair, combed into a swirl.
Adverb
Adverb
Prepositions
Sentence 10
A. The clown in the death box
frightens me.
Adjective
B. Taggart carefully and joyfully
trimmed his nose hair over the
kitchen sink.
Adverb
Prepositions
Parts of Speech
Conjunctions
Conjunction
A word that joins words or
groups of words.
Types of Conjunctions:
 There are three types of Conjunctions:
 Coordinating Conjunctions
 Correlative Conjunctions
 Subordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions:
 Coordinating conjunctions join equals; they
coordinate two words or groups of words of similar
grammatical importance. They should be
memorized:







and
but
or
nor
for
so
yet
Coordinating Conjunctions:
 Coordinating conjunctions can join different
parts of speech:
 Nouns/Pronouns:
 Birbulas and he touched the blue thing.
 Verbs:
 Beefma roared and snorted around the room.
 Adjectives:
 The skunk’s tongue is pink, shiny, and wet.
 Adverbs:
 We killed the kittens quickly but humanely.
Coordinating Conjunctions:
 Coordinating conjunctions can join different
parts of sentences:
 Prepositional Phrases:
 Karkarala gave MRSA to his friends and to his
enemies.
 Dependent Clauses:
 Ms. Ho felt that she was beautiful but that she
smelled funny.
 Independent Clauses:
 Poleevra was afraid of the clowns, for they loved to
kill randomly.
Correlative Conjunctions:
 Correlative conjunctions join words or
groups of words of equal grammatical
weight. They are multiple-word
conjunctions, with other words coming
between them:






either . . . or
neither . . . nor
both . . . and
just as . . . so
not only . . . but (also)
whether . . . or
Correlative Conjunctions:
 Correlative conjunctions can join different
parts of speech:
 Nouns/Pronouns:
 Neither Verberinchulina nor she will be allowed to
eat the whole turkey.
 Adjectives:
 Goat Man is not only vicious but also malicious.
Correlative Conjunctions :
 Correlative conjunctions can join different
parts of sentences:
 Prepositional Phrases:
 Zebraman was graceful both in the air and in the
water.
 Independent Clauses:
 Either Karsten will drown the kittens or Ms. Ho will
be forced to put them in the cement mixer.
Subordinating Conjunctions:
 Subordinating conjunctions join unequals; they join
something of lesser importance to something of greater
importance:
after
because
lest
till
although
before
now that
unless
as
considering
provided
until
as far as
even if
since
when
as if
even though
so long as
whenever
as long as
how
so (that)
where
as much as
if
than
whereas
as soon as
inasmuch as
that
wherever
as though
in order that
though
while
Subordinating Conjunctions :
 Subordinating conjunctions always begin
subordinate clauses:
 Narwhals will rule the earth now that they have machine
guns.
 They do not always come between the clauses they
are connecting, however:
 Unless you get your toes out of my face, I will vomit.
 When the subordinate clause comes first, it is
usually followed by a comma.
 When the subordinate clause comes last, it is
usually NOT preceded by a comma.
Conjunctive Adverbs :
 A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that acts
like a conjunction.
 It is used to connect independent clauses
and to show relationships between them.
 They are usually better at showing these
relationships than are coordinating
conjunctions.
 Because it is an adverb, it still answers the
questions: When? Where? How? To What
Extent?
Conjunctive Adverbs :
 Some common Conjunctive Adverbs:
accordingly
for example
nevertheless
again
furthermore
on the other hand
also
however
otherwise
besides
in addition
then
consequently
indeed
therefore
finally
moreover
thus
Conjunctive Adverbs :
 When a conjunctive adverb is used between
two independent clauses, it is preceded by a
semicolon and followed by a comma:
 This fish is smelly; furthermore, it tastes like
mold.
 If it is not placed between independent
clauses, it is still set off by punctuation,
usually a comma before and after:
 The clown is menacing you; you should,
therefore, take defensive action.
Conjunctions, Prepositions, Adverbs
 Don’t confuse subordinating conjunctions,
prepositions, and adverbs:
 I have not felt good since my hair caught fire.
(subordinating conjunction)
 My hair has been burning since Tuesday.
(preposition)
 Before Tor met Weenie, he was alone.
(subordinating conjunction)
 Goat Man ate a kitten before the movie.
(preposition)
 You never belched at the table before. (adverb)
Joining Sentences
 Remember, when joining two independent
clauses, you must use both a comma and a
coordinating conjunction. If either are
missing the sentence becomes a run-on
sentence:
 Kajala is nice and Grogan is mean. WRONG
 Kajala is nice, Grogan is mean. WRONG
 Kajala is nice, and Grogan is mean. RIGHT
Conjunction Drills
For each of the following
sentences, identify the
conjunction, then identify
which of the three types it is.
Sentence 1
A. The clown sharpened his razor
Conj
and chuckled deep in his throat.
Conj
Conj
Coordinating
B. Neither Zebraman nor Aquaman
could control the giant mauve
squid.
Correlative
Conjunctions
Sentence 2
Conj
A. Toneeka wondered whether she
Conj
should feed the snake or squash it.
Correlative
Conj
B. Because Taggart loved Ms. Ho, he
could not destroy her oboe.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
Sentence 3
Conj
A. The skunks licked the front door, but
the possums sang outside the window.
Coordinating
Conj
B. Kajala hates to pass gas while he is
eating dinner.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
Sentence 4
Conj
A. Since Goat Man cannot find children to eat, he
relies on small rodents to satisfy his hunger.
Subordinating
Conj
Conj
B. Tor will either ask Deebra or Poleevra to the
Lunch Meat Ball.
Correlative
Conjunctions
Sentence 5
Conj
A. As Karkarala shaved his back,
outside the snow began to fall.
Subordinating
Conj
B. Kajala may not own a cat, for he
always feeds them firecrackers.
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Sentence 6
Conj
A. Feng Yeng lost his hands, so he
has to drink through a straw.
Coordinating
Conj
B. Just as the blue thing demands
Conj
respect, so does Goat Man
demand flesh.
Correlative
Conjunctions
Sentence 7
Conj
A. Although Tor won the vienna sausage eating
contest, Weenie would not go out with him.
Subordinating
Conj
B. The popsicle tasted salty, yet
Verberinchulina ate it anyway.
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Sentence 8
Conj
A. The tingle bucket was full, but Grogan
continued to throw pretzels into it.
Coordinating
Conj
B. Either Kajala will put the kittens in the
Conj
cement mixer, or he will be put in himself.
Correlative
Conjunctions
Sentence 9
Conj
A. Rani, Tani, and Connie went to the
drag races.
Coordinating
Conj
B. Whenever Grogan lit Ms. Ho’s
hair on fire, she screamed.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
Sentence 10
Conj
A. After the prom, the kids went
home and went to bed early.
Subordinating
Conj
B. My finger smells funny, but I
can’t figure out why.
Coordinating
Conjunctions
Parts of Speech
Interjections
Interjection
A word that shows emotion but
has no grammatical function.
Function of Interjections:
 Interjections have only one function:
 To show emotion
 Interjections do not:






Name (like nouns)
Show Action (like verbs)
Replace (like pronouns)
Modify (like adjectives and adverbs)
Show Relationships (like prepositions)
Join (like conjunctions)
Examples of Interjections:
 ow, oh, ugh, oof, yes, no, oops





Yes, I will eat the cat hair.
Wow, your cooking is bad!
Oops, you wet the bed.
Oof, I fell onto a pit full of snakes.
Dang, why do I have to die?
Interjection Drills
For each of the following
sentences, identify the
interjection.
Sentence 1
Int
A. Yow, my finger is fizzing and
smoking.
Int.
B. Yarrrr, batten the hatches, me
matey.
Interjections
Sentence 2
Int
A. Egads, my monacle popped out
when I heard the news!
Int.
B. Yo, Deebra is now in the house.
Interjections
Sentence 3
A. Grogan bit Poleevra’s thumb,
Int
right?
Int.
B. Hey, Verberinchulina ate my
popsicle.
Interjections
Sentence 4
Int
A. Man, Toneeka’s socks smell like
Fritos.
B. These squirrel brains are good,
Int.
word.
Interjections
Sentence 5
Int
A. Wow, Beefma ate a whole TL
Burger!
Int.
B. No, you may not eat that seagull
egg.
Interjections
Sentence 6
A. Ms. Ho is fond of pickled eggs,
Int
no?
Int.
B. Fooey, my lamb died a bloody
death.
Interjections
Sentence 7
Int
A. Eek, the clowns have gotten into
the house!
Int.
B. Whoopee, Karkarala won the
Tingle Prize.
Interjections
Sentence 8
Int
A. Ouch, Kajala dropped an anchor
on Grogan’s toe.
Int.
B. Awww, Feng Ying is clapping with
no hands.
Interjections
Sentence 9
Int
A. Pshaw, Zebraman could never
date Ms. Ho.
Int.
B. My goodness, the skunks are at
the door!
Interjections
Sentence 10
Int
A. Oh, Speed Racer just released
the robot dove.
Int.
B. Shazam, Karsten and Poleevra
had a fight!
Interjections
Crabby Grammy
Phrases
Interjection
A word that shows emotion but
has no grammatical function.