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Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) – non native General: Native to Europe and western Asia. A common street tree in Toronto, now considered invasive. Rapid growth when young. Bark: Size: 20m or more T, and 20m W. Food: Flowers are good early food for pollinators. Seeds are food for squirrels. Grey/black, with shallow ridges. Pests: Twigs: Verticillium wilt, tar spot. Wikipedia Buds: Large, coloured green/purple. Form: A tall shade tree. Leaves: Large leaves with 5 distinct lobes. Colour = dark green. Milky sap visible when the leaf petiole is broken. Autumn colour = yellow. Flowers: Numerous showy clusters of yellow/green flowers in spring. Seeds: Winged seeds in pairs (larger than other maples). Page 1 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – non-native General: Very invasive. Tastes like garlic - edible. Form: A mounding plant with white flowers early in spring. It is allelopathic, and can form pure stands in the woods. Leaves: Leaves with toothed edges and a crinkly surface. Flowers: Large numbers of very small, white flowers with four petals. Size: Food: This plant is edible. USDA Plant Database Pests: Garlic taste repels insects. Page 2 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) - native General: Jim Graham A small but adaptable fern, once cut and used for holiday decorations. Form: Normal fern ‘shuttlecock’ shape. Leaves: Deep green in colour, and keep their form into the winter. Less toothed than most other ferns, and overall width is narrower. Fertile pinnae (leaflets with spores) are fatter than non-fertile pinnae. Flowers: n/a. Size: 20 to 40cm. USDA Plants Database. Food: . Pests: Page 3 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Downy Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) - native General: Sometimes difficult to identify because of hybridization. Usually in the understory or along the edges of a woodland. Bark: When young, smooth and grey with darker, twisting lines. When older, narrow, twisting grey/brown ridges. Twigs: Red/brown, slender, zig-zag, with some peeling silvery patches. Food: Berries are consumed by birds and people. The fruit of smooth serviceberry are juicier. o Fruits ripen over many weeks. Twigs, buds and foliage are browsed by many animals. Pests: Rust, mildew, leafspot and fireblight. Scale insects USDA Plants Database. (this is Amelanchier laevis). Buds: Long, sharply pointed and twisted against the stem. Form: Narrow and rounded. Leaves: Alternate and sharply toothed, with deep veins (usually eight pairs). Orange/red/purple in the Autumn. Flowers: Masses of white blossoms which only live for a few days. Seeds: Clusters of hanging dark purple fruit. Each fruit has several crunchy seeds. Size: Up to 12m Page 4 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Opuntia sp. (Eastern Prickly Pear) - native General: A low-growing, hardy cactus. Size: Usually low to the ground (up to 30cm T). Bark: N/A Food: Fruits are edible – often staying on the plant into the winter. Twigs: N/A Pests: Buds: N/A Form: A low cactus with short (sometimes longer) spines. Leaves: Green stems are flattened and elongated. Pads bear small clusters of spines. Flowers: Colour = yellow/gold, in late spring. Seeds: A small reddish fruit containing up to 30 seeds. Jim Graham Page 5 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains White Ash (Fraxinus americana) - native USDA Plants Database. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Jim Graham Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa) Page 6 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains White Ash (Fraxinus americana) - native General: Ash likes to be in the sun. It is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions and pH level. Wood is hard (used for baseball bats). Bark: Grey and smooth on younger trees. On older trees, grey and furrowed into interleaved, flat ridges. Twigs: Grey, waxy, often stout and raised at the junctions of the leafstalks (giving a knobby look to the twig). Buds: Blunt, covered with short, rusty-coloured hairs. Terminal bud almost touched by first pair of lateral buds. Form: A straight trunk with a crown of long, slim branches. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound leaves (5 to 9 leaflets). They have a white appearance beneath. Leaves appear late. Turn yellow in autumn (see note). Flowers: Not very visible; male (purple) and female (yellow/green) flowers are on separate trees. Seeds: These have keys like maple seeds. Hang in the tree for months after the leaves have dropped. Size: Can grow to 25m. May live to 200 years. Seeds develop after 20 years (good crop every 3 to 5 years). Food: Seeds are eaten by small animals and birds (cardinals, grosbeaks). Deer browse the leaves. Host plant for larvae of Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, Hickory Hairstreak, Mourning Cloak butterflies. Pests: Ash yellows, a mycoplasma which gradually weakens the tree over several years. Emerald ash borer is a new threat which may cause the ash population to crash (The City of Toronto has stopped planting ash trees). Other borers and cankers may invade after the tree is weakened by severe drought. Note: Some white ash do turn red/maroon in the autumn rather than yellow. Therefore, when buying do so in the fall. Page 7 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Holly-leaved Barberry (Mahonia aquifolium) – native to west coast General: Deer do not like this plant (they do like holly). Oregon grape – the fruit clusters look like grapes. An adaptable plant (e.g. withstands drought). Form: An upright shrub with attractive flowers. Leaves: Look like holly. Evergreen and glossy. Take on a purple/copper hue in winter. Can be dessicated by cold winds in winter. Food: Clusters of purple fruits are eaten by birds. Roots used by herbalists as an anti-inflammatory. Pests: USDA Plant Database Flowers: Large bunches of bright yellow flowers in April. Size: 2m H x 2mW. Page 8 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) - native USDA Plants Database. Page 9 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) - native General: This is the provincial tree of Ontario. Bark: Grey/green and smooth on young trees. Deeply furrowed, with broad, scaly ridges. Colour is dark brown to nearly black. Twigs: Flexible. Green when young turning to grey when older. Buds: Red/brown, pointed. Form: Pyramidal shape when young. Bottom branches fall off when mature. Leaves: Soft, pale green needles in bunches of 5. Clustered more densely towards the tips of the branches. Triangular in X-section. Stay on tree 2 to 4 years, turning yellow before they fall. Flowers: Male flowers at the bases of new shoots. Females are pink/purple, and are at the ends of the shoots. Male and female on same tree – female nearer the top. Cones: Long and slender, smooth and slightly curved. Green when young, maturing to brown – hang on tree for 2 years. Seeds are winged. Size: 60 – 70m (most are smaller now). Used as masts for Royal Navy sailing ships (used to grow to 70m tall). These trees can live 400 years (begin bearing cones at age 5 to 10 – good crops every 3 to 5 years). Food: Seeds eaten by wildlife, but crops are variable. Deer browse the foliage. Owls shelter in the branches. Pests: Introduced White Pine Blister Rust and pine shoot beetle can kill. Native white pine weevil can cause deformity. Intolerant to salt and pollution. Page 10 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Manitoba Maple (Acer negundo) – non-native General: Invasive in this area. There is a good crop of seeds every year, guaranteeing their spread. Seeds germinate in a wide variety of conditions. Wood is weak. Bark: Smooth and grey/brown on young trees, changing to darker brown with narrow ridges. Twigs: Round, olive green/chocolate brown with a bit of purple. There is a light coating of gray film which can be rubbed off. Dotted with lenticels. Buds: Opposite, coloured green or purple, and covered with grey fuzz. Form: In this area, a small, weedy tree with many trunks. Usually found on the edges of a woodland (where there is light). Leaves: Compound (3 to 7 leaflets) and opposite. Leaflets have 3 lobes. Upper side bright green, underside pale green. Musky odour when crushed. Turn yellow or green/brown in autumn. Flowers: Male and female flowers on separate trees. Male flowers are yellow/green in clusters on a slim stalk. Female flowers are pale green on slim stalks. Seeds: Clusters of winged keys (the two sides are at 45deg angle). Yellow/green at first, maturing to brown. May remain on tree through the winter. Size: 18m. Lives 50 to 70 years. Food: Birds and squirrels feed on the seeds. Pests: Leaves subject to galls and fungi. Not subject to deer browsing. Page 11 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Liriodendron tulipfera (Tulip Tree) – native (variegated cultivar) General: The largest native magnolia tree. One of the tallest trees in eastern N.A. Bark: Flowers: Huge, shaped like a tulip, and blooms in spring. 7 pale/lime green petals with a band of orange near the base, framing a prominent circle of stamens and central stigmas. Flowers usually high up in the canopy of the tree (hard to see). Grey and fissured (often into a V-shape) on a mature tree. Seeds: Twigs: Buds: Young leaves emerge from a small protective ‘jacket’. Form: Shiny chestnut brown. A tall, straight tree with a high, pyramidal canopy. Lower branches may grow up, then out and droop downward again. Very fast-growing. New leaves continue to emerge until frost. A large pointed green ‘cone’ develops into a collection of winged seeds. Food: Pests: Aphids and scale (and sooty mold). Leaves: Bright green – this specimen is variegated. Leaves on a large tree can be very large (5 to 7 inches in diameter typical). Unique shape, like a tulip in profile. May be yellow or golden colour in the autumn. Size: Up to 40m T and 10 to 20m W. Page 12 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Dog-Strangling Vine (Cynanchum rossicum) – non-native General: A member of the milkweed family. Originally from southern Russia. Very invasive - forms dense stands which out-compete other (native) plants. Difficult to kill, as the roots form dense mats. Food: Monarch Butterfly lays its eggs on milkweeds. However, this plant cannot be eaten by the caterpillars, which starve to death. Pests: None Form: Herbaceous perennial that grows by twining around other plants. City of Toronto Website Leaves: Dark green and opposite on the stem. Smooth edges and prominent veins are visible. Leaf stalks hug the stems in a U-shape. Flowers: Pale purple flowers in June. Seeds: Long/narrow and pointed seedpods turn brown, and then split open to release hundreds of small brown seeds on parachutes. Plenty of examples to look at. Size: Up to 2m. Page 13 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) - native General: Long taproot provides a good anchor. Thick bark protects the tree from fire. An application is being made to have a large example in the valley named a heritage tree (due to its age and size). Bark: Grey/brown, deeply furrowed, slightly scaly on the ridges. Twigs: Stout, coloured grey or brown, sometimes corky ridges on young trees. Buds: Bluntly conical, reddish brown, covered with pale hairs, and with several lateral buds nearby. Form: Broad and rounded. Likes well-drained soils. Older trees can be bent and gnarled - looks like a ‘haunted’ tree. Leaves: Alternate, with rounded edges (contrast with Red Oak). Dark glossy green on top, gray/green and downy below. Dull yellow or brown in autumn. Flowers: Male are yellow/green catkins. Female flowers are red, hairy, small, and mostly single Acorn: Has a large, overlapping cup with bristles (hence the name). Cap and acorn often fall together. Size: Grows to 30m tall. Lives for 200 to 300 years Bears acorns after 30 to 40, with a good crop every 2 or 3 years. Food: Acorns important to deer, raccoons, rodents, shrews, songbirds etc. Also used by early native people (bark chewed or boiled for diarrhea). Host plant for larvae of Edwards’ Hairstreak. Pests: Not seriously affected by pests/diseases. USDA Plant Database Page 14 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) – native General: Biennial. Forms a basal rosette in the first year, and flowers in the second year. Spreads quite rapidly. Other uses: Tea was made from its roots for colds. The plant was also used to cure snake bites. Form: Upright, bushy. Size: 1-3’ Leaves: Hairy, lance-shaped or oval shaped. 2-7” long. Slightly toothed. Flowers: June to October, daisy-like flowers - yellow rays with brown centres. Habitat: Meadows, prairies and open woods Drought tolerant. Full sun to light shade. USDA Plant Database Pests: Too much moisture can lead to fungal problems. Wildlife benefits: Birds, bees and butterflies are all attracted. Larvae from Bordered Patch and Gorgone Checkerspot butterflies feed on R. hirta. Page 15 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains False Solomon’s Seal (Maianthemum stellatum) – native General: Pests: Woodland herbaceous perennial plant The larval stage of Solomon’s Seal Sawfly can completely defoliate Polygonatum species and Suitable for cultivation in moist, humus-rich soil, in dappled shade hybrids by early summer. Form/Size: Most adult sawflies feed largely on the grains of pollen and on algae and therefore do not damage the Growing to 50–90 cm tall, Solomon Seal directly The individual stems in a clump grow between 1 and 2 feet long, are dark The eggs hatch and it is the greyish white caterpillargreen and glossy and slightly zigzagged in shape like larvae with black heads that does the damage. Leaves: Alternate, oblong-lanceolate leaves 7–15 cm long and 3–6 cm broad Dark green and are prominently etched with numerous, parallel veins Flowers: Each stem flowers in mid-spring forming terminal clusters of small, white, star-shaped flowers. These flowers give the plant a plume-like appearance. Food: The plants produce green fruits that are round and turn red in late summer The fruit of the false Solomon’s seal are consumed by a wide variety of birds (including ruffed grouse) and a small number of rodents (including white-footed mice) The passage of the seeds through the intestinal tracts of these species stimulates germination, and the deposition of these seeds in the feces greatly facilitates the dispersal of the plant. The leaves of false Solomon’s seal are edible but relatively unpalatable. White-tail deer occasionally will browse false Solomon’s seal, but few other herbivores are known to consume it. Page 16 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria ) – native , invasive General: Food: Perennial, reproducing by seed and by widely spreading, much-branched, It is used as a food plant by the larvae of some whitish underground stems (rhizomes) producing dense patches species of Lepidoptera, including dot moth, grey dagger and grey pug . commonly called ground elder, herb gerard, bishop's weed, goutweed, Pests: and snow-in-the-mountain No significant diseases or pests Goutweed was widely cultivated as a vigorous perennial ground cover because of its strong spreading rhizome system, but the same No biological control is available characteristics enable it to escape from cultivation and invade lawns, hedges, gardens, roadsides and waste places Form: Flowering stems erect, 40-90cm (16-36in.) high, branched in the upper part but seldom seen when the weed infests lawns or gardens. The upper leaves are ternate, broad and toothed. Leaves: Some cultivated forms have variegated leaves, the leaflets being green near the centre but whitish around their margins. These are usually less aggressive than forms with entirely green leaves. Flowers: Flowers individually very small, white, in compound umbels without any bracts immediately below the umbel. Flowers from June to August Size: growing to a height of 100 cms with rhizomes The stems are erect, hollow and grooved Page 17 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Spotted Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium maculatum) –native General: Tall perennial which emerges late in the spring, but then grows rapidly. The common name commemorates a native American who used the plant for medicinal purposes. A valuable wetland plant and helps stabilize stream banks. Other uses: It is said that this plant was used to cure fevers by First Nations and early settlers. USDA Plant Database Form: Tall and bushy, forms large clumps Size: Up to 6’ Leaves: 3-8” long. Dark to light green whorled leaves. Lance-shaped and coarsely toothed. Flowers: July – September. Very showy pink or purple flat topped clusters. Fragrant. Habitat: Damp meadows and near water. Moist rich soil, although tolerates clay and sand. Full sun to partial shade. Wildlife benefits: Provides nectar for bees and butterflies. Varieties attracted include giant swallowtail, orange sulphur, variegated fritillary, painted lady and red admiral. "Spotted Joe-pye Weed" by D. Gordon E. Robertson - Own work. Licensed under CC BYSA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Page 18 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Prairie Smoke (Geum triflorum) – native ***NANCY General: Form: Leaves: Flowers: Size: Food: . Pests: Page 19 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) – native ***NANCY*** General: Form: Leaves: Flowers: Size: Food: . Pests: Page 20 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Wild Bergamot/ Bee Balm (Monarda fistulosa) –native General: Other uses: Natural range is from Quebec and New England west and south. Other species of Monarda, such as M. didyma Leaves were once used for tea, and oil from the leaves was (Oswego Tea) have spread north from New York and used for respiratory illnesses. have been naturalized A member of the mint family, and leaves and flowers have a mint-like fragrance. Form: Upright multi-branched perennial, with square stems common to members of the mint family. Stems are hairy. Size: 2-3’ high Leaves: Grey-green, 2-3” long, lance-shaped with rough serrated edges. USDA Plant Database Flowers: June-September Packed cluster of fragrant, pink, tube-like flowers at the top of the stem. Habitat: Dry fields, and on the edge of woods. Can thrive in cultivation in a wide variety of soils. Full sun to part shade. Pests: Can be susceptible to powdery mildew and rust. Good air circulation and drainage will help to prevent. Wildlife benefits: Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies Page 21 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Canadian Anemone (Anemone canadensis) – native ***NANCY*** General: Form: Leaves: Flowers: Size: Food: . Pests: Page 22 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Poison Ivy (Taxicodendron rydbergii) – native General: Food: The urushiol compound in poison ivy is not meant as a defensive White and hard berries in spring measure; rather, it helps the plant to retain water Birds such as flickers, chickadees, and warblers can eat the berries without impact Poisonous to touch – causes a rash to many Most potent in May when fresh Poison Ivy leaves Bees make honey from the nectar Plants remain poisonous even in winter, however the amount of oils is Mule, deers, bears, horses, and cattle graze reduced during winter But don’t try eating them! Habitat: Forests, Fields and Open Areas; Forests, open areas, rocky areas. Pests: Form: It grows up from suckers it sends out, so it often carpets a small area. A low shrub, a climbing vine, or a larger shrub Leaves: Leaf color ranges from light green (usually the younger leaves) to dark green (mature leaves), turning bright red in fall; though other sources say leaves are reddish when expanding, turn green through maturity, then back to red, orange, or yellow in the fall. The leaflets of mature leaves are somewhat shiny. The leaflets are 3– 12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long, rarely up to 30 cm (12 in). Each leaflet has a few or no teeth along its edge, and the leaf surface is smooth. Leaflet clusters are alternate on the vine, and the plant has no thorns. Compound leaf with 3 leaflets Flowers: Flowers: Spring; Green/Brown; 5 parts (petals) Size: Up to 2 m (1-6 ft) Page 23 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa virginica) General: Daniel Schwen, on the Wikipedia webpage for Xylocopa virginica. Good. A large bee often mistaken for a bumblebee. The female makes her brood cells out of chewed-up wood. Form: Similar in size to a bumblebee, but with a shiny black butt. Males do not sting. Males have a patch of yellow on the face (females have black heads). Size: Larva = Adult = 2.5cm. Feeds On: Pollen of open-faced flowers. They also rob pollen by chewing a hole in the side of the flower (thereby not pollinating the flower). Control Options: n/a. Leave a block of wood for the bee to nest in (so it leaves furniture etc alone). Comments: Females make 1cm circular holes in wooden structures. The final nest is T-shaped. Several females may nest close together. Page 24 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Non-Native General: Very bad. Will cause 99% ash mortality in the next few years. David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Form: Larva = a small white grub that burrows into the tree. o Overwinter as mature larvae. Adult = A small shiny metallic green insect. Active May to July. Size: Larva = 2.5cm. Adult = 8.5 to 14mm long. David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org Feeds On: Larvae eat the vascular cambium under the bark and kill the tree. Host plants = all species of ash. Control Options: o Inject e.g. neem at base of tree (not curative!). Humber will be treating their trees. Comments: Look for D-shaped exit holes. Affected Ash trees have already been cut down in the arboretum. Already present in Ottawa and Montreal Page 25 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) General: Good. The Monarchs in Toronto are the fourth generation of the summer, which will migrate all the way back to Mexico for the winter. Peter Wirtz, Bugwood.org Form: Caterpillar = Large, with striking yellow, black and white bands. Adult = Orange with black veining. Size: Caterpillar = 50mm. Adult = 100mm wingspan. Jennifer E. Dacey, University of Rhode Island, Bugwood.org Feeds On: Larvae eat all types of milkweed. Adults feed on nectar of milkweed, asters, clover, cosmos, zinnia, daisy. Control Options: n/a. Plant milkweeds. Do not use chemical insecticides. Comments: Female Monarchs are confused by Dog-Strangling Vine, which they lay their eggs on. However, the newly hatched larvae will starve on DSV. Page 26 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Aphid (Aphis spp) General: Bad Many different kinds. Jim Baker, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org Form: Larvae and adults are pear-shaped. Females give birth to live young (fantastic birth rate). Size: Larva = 1.5+mm long. Adult = up to 9mm long. Feeds On: Each type feeds on a specific type of plant. They suck sap from plants, causing distortion and flower/bud drop. Many types secrete honeydew, which encourages sooty mold. This is Aphis pomi (Apple Aphid) Control Options: Spray with a hose or soapy water. Dormant oil to kill eggs. Comments: Page 27 of 28 Humber Arboretum and Etobicoke Master Gardeners Garden Heroes & Villains Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Non-Native General: Good. Introduced for honey production. Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Form: Larva = A white grub. Adult = the poster bee. Size: Larva = Adult = to 19mm long. Feeds On: Workers feed on nectar from a wide variety of flowers. Often seen with balls of pollen on their back pair of legs. Control Options: n/a. Plant a variety of flowers to encourage visitors. Do not use pesticides. Attract bumblebees as replacements. Comments: Highly social insects. Suffering greatly from colony collapse in recent years. Can sting if threatened. Page 28 of 28