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The Eight Parts of Speech Nouns • Nouns = names • 3 clue words: a, an, the Additional Clues: a preposition • Nouns name: -or- an adjective – – – – People Places Things Ideas Common Noun Suffixes: -ion/-tion -ship -ment -ness -ance Nouns • Common –or- Proper – Common: something very general (think usual) – Proper: something very specific (remember to capitalize!!!!) Examples: Common: girl dvd dog Proper: Susan The Matrix Fido Nouns • Singular –or- Plural – Singular: one – Plural: more than one (usually there is an –s) Examples: Singular: boy chair mouse Plural: boys chairs *mice *mice is an irregular plural, the whole form changes (you don’t just add an –s) Nouns • Collective: names a group or collection – – – – gaggle (of geese) flock (of sheep) school (of fish) team (of players) Remember – a collective noun is NOT plural Pronouns • The most important word in the definition of pronoun is: – REPLACE. • Pronouns are used to replace: – a noun or more than one noun. Pronouns • The ANTECEDENT is the word that a pronoun stands for or refers to. • You cannot have a pronoun unless you have an ANTECEDENT. Pronouns Personal Pronouns First Person Singular Plural Subject Object Subject Object I me we us Second Person you you you you Third Person he, she, it him, her, it they them These are the most common and most important pronouns to know! Memorize this chart!!!!! Pronouns • Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns refer back to the subject or emphasize the noun or another pronoun -First Person: myself, ourselves - Second Person: yourself, yourselves -Third Person: himself, herself, itself, Pronouns • Interrogative pronouns introduce a question – who – whom – what – which – whose Pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns point out a person, place, thing, or idea. – This – That - These (something close by) - Those (something farther away) • BE CAREFUL! (We can also be adjectives!) *You cannot use here or there after a demonstrative pronoun!* Pronouns • Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. • BE CAREFUL! (We can also be adjectives!) all much any nobody anyone none both no one either one everything other few several more some Pronouns • Ok, there is some confusion. Sometimes demonstrative and indefinite PRONOUNS can also be ADJECTIVES. • You need to ask yourself: – Is it standing alone? (No noun after it) – Is it with a partner? (With a noun after it) If there is not a noun after the word in question, it is a pronoun. Pronouns • If you answered: Yes, it is standing alone, then the word in question is a PRONOUN. • If you answered: Yes, it is has a partner (a noun), then the word in question is an ADJECTIVE If there is a noun after the word in question, the word in question is describing the noun and therefore is an adjective. Pronouns • Let’s compare: – These are great. – These oranges are great. - All are expected to attend. - All students are expected to attend. Pronouns • Confusing Homophones: BE CAREFUL! – There = (adverb) a place – Their = a possessive adjective – They’re = they + are » Pronoun + verb – Your = possessive adjective – You’re = you + are » Pronoun + verb – Its = possessive adjective – It’s = it + is » Pronoun + verb Adjectives • Adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns. • Adjectives answer three questions: – Which one/ones? – What kind? – How much/many? Adjectives • Articles: –A – An – The • These words are ALWAYS adjectives • They are also your ‘clue’ words that a noun will be appearing in the sentence Adjectives • Proper Adjectives: are adjectives formed from Proper Nouns • They are always CAPITALIZED! • Examples: – French toast – American flag Adjectives • Demonstrative Adjectives: point out a particular noun. (Remember the difference between a demonstrative pronoun and a demonstrative adjective.) – This & these = something close by – That & those = something far away Adjectives • Indefinite Adjectives: describe or modify something that is not specific (Remember the difference between a demonstrative pronoun and a demonstrative adjective.) all much any nobody anyone none both no one either one everything other few several more some Adjectives • Possessive nouns and Possessive pronouns are actually adjectives! They are answering the question: Which one? Possessive • Possessive nouns: Pronouns: – Mrs. Lamb’s class – Devon’s book my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs Adjectives • Predicate Adjectives: follow a linking verb and describe the subject of the sentence. • Example: – Mammoths were once abundant. • Abundant mammoths Hint: This is the only time that the arrow will point to the left! Adjectives • Linking verbs: (to help you find predicate adjectives!) am, is, are look, appear, was, were smell, taste, be, being, been, sound, feel, seem, become, grow, remain Adjectives • Descriptive Adjectives: help to describe the noun or pronoun. These adjectives should help the writer “Paint a VIVID Picture” for the reader. • These are the most common adjectives! • Examples: – Blue shirt – Hungry hippo – Clear sky Adjectives • Start a list of Descriptive Adjectives: B A G S (Beauty) gorgeous hideous (Age) ancient juvenile (Goodness) horrid spectacular (Size) microscopic enormous Prepositions • A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. Prepositions • A preposition is ALWAYS followed by at least one noun or pronoun • The noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is called: – The OBJECT of the PREPOSITION – Example: • in the dark house Prepositions • The preposition, its object, and the object’s modifiers make a: – Prepositional Phrase • in the dark house Prepositions • BE CAREFUL! – If the preposition to does not have a noun or pronoun after it and it has an action word after it, it is a verb! – If there is not a noun or pronoun after a preposition, it is an adverb! Prepositions Words often used as Prepositions: aboard before down of to above below during off toward across beneath except on under after beside for onto underneath against between from out until along beyond in outside up among but (as inside over upon around except) into past with as by near through within at concerning next to throughout without Verbs • There are three types of verbs: – Action – Linking (state of being) – Helping (auxiliary) Verbs • Action Verbs: express a physical or mental action (it can be done! Think of an actor) – Examples: • Jump • Think • Sit Verbs • Linking Verbs express a state of being • They connect the subject of the sentence to a description (adjective) in the predicate. • There is NO action. • They “link” the subject to the predicate Verbs am is are was were be being been Verbs 13 9 12 10 11 seem 14 become grow remain 9. look 11. smell 13. sound 10. appear 12. taste 14. feel Verbs • Helping verbs “help” to form some of the tenses and the voice of the main verb. Shall Should Must Can Has Be Are Will Would Might Do Have Am Was Could May Did Had Is Were Verbs • When a verb needs a “helper” a verb phrase is formed. • A verb phrase contains one MAIN verb and one or more HELPING verbs. Verb Phrases can be ‘interrupted’ Hint: When looking for verb phrases, be sure to look for the ‘hiding helpers’! Verbs • BEWARE! The DANGEROUS ADVERB! – NOT (or your favorite form: N’T) • DON’T BE TRICKED! NOT IS NEVER, EVER PART OF A VERB PHRASE; IT IS ALWAYS AN ADVERB, EVEN WHEN IT IS PART OF A CONTRACTION! Adverbs • Adverbs modify: • Adverbs answer: – Verbs – Where? – Adjectives – When? – Other adverbs – How? – How often? – To what extent? Adverbs • Most adverbs end • Examples: in –ly – Daily: – The daily newspaper • But you have to be is on my desk. careful: not all –ly – We walk daily. words are adverbs – Lonely: or they can also be – He acted lonely. adjectives – The lonely child sat (depending on how by himself. they are used) Adverbs • Words often used as adverbs are listed on your study guide • Don’t forget that your –ly words are also adverbs • The Dangerous adverb = NOT Adverbs • Adverbs can be found ANYWHERE in the sentence, unlike adjectives which are usually close to the word they are modifying • Other common adverbs: – Tomorrow – Very – Often Adjective/Adverb Comparison • There are three forms of adjectives & adverbs: – Positive: does not compare/normal form – Comparative: compares two (only two) {add –er or use more/less} – Superlative: compares three or more {add – est or use most/least} Adjective/Adverb Comparison • When do I use –er /-est OR more/most/less/least? – A one syllable words = -er/-est – Two syllable words = either -er/-est OR more/most/less/least – Three or more syllable words = more/most/less/least Double Negatives • This is a BIG, BIG NO NO in English!!!! • You have to watch when you use the words: – not, never, no • Tricky words to avoid when using a negative word in a sentence: – Barely, hardly, scarcely Double Negatives • Double Negative sentence: – People, they ain’t no good. • APPROPRIATE Sentence: – People, they are not any good -OR– People, they are no good. Conjunctions • A conjunction connects • Coordinating Conjunctions: – And or joins groups of words – Or together – But • Types of Conjunctions: – Coordinating – Correlative – Subordinating – Nor – Yet – SO – For Conjunctions • Correlative Conjunctions: • Subordinating Conjunctions: • both … and – Connect an independent • either … or clause (a part of a longer • neither … nor sentence that could be its own sentence) • whether … or – They are listed on your • not only … but also study guide for you Interjections •An interjection is a word that expresses a strong emotion or surprise •Interjections are easily identified because they are followed by an exclamation point or comma •Examples: Wow! Oh! Really?! Nouns • Concrete –or- Abstract – Concrete: it can be touched or seen (think of concrete!) – Abstract: an idea or thought (it cannot be touched or seen) Examples: Concrete: cloud desk book Abstract: love democracy friendship