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PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Evolution and types of plants Since the earth was once covered in water, plants had to make three adaptations to survive on land The ability to prevent water loss The ability to reproduce in the absence of water The ability to absorb and transport nutrients Plants can be placed under two groups Vascular- having true roots, leaves, and stems Ex. ferns, conifers, flowering plants Nonvascular- not having true roots, leaves, and stems Ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts Vascular Plants can be divided into two groups Seedless Plants Made up of ferns and plants closely associated with ferns Seed Plants Two types of seed plants Gymnosperms- which includes pine trees, produce seeds that are not encased in fruit Angiosperms- aka flowering plants, produce seeds within a protective fruit The two main groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the dicots Monocots – One cotyledon – Parallel leaf venation – Scattered vascular bundles – Flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3 – Fibrous roots The two main groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the eudicots Dicots- aka eudicots – Two cotyledons – Branched leaf venation – Ring of vascular bundles – Flower parts in 4s or 5s (or multiples) – Taproot system A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves Plants absorb water and minerals from soil through roots Plants absorb the sun’s energy and carbon dioxide from the air through shoots (stems and leaves) Plant roots depend on shoots for carbohydrates produced via photosynthesis Plant shoots depend on roots for water and minerals Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves Plant roots – Anchor plant – Absorb water and nutrients – Store food Plant shoots – Stems, leaves, and reproductive structures – Stems provide support – Leaves carry out photosynthesis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Terminal bud Leaf Shoot system Blade Flower Petiole Axillary bud Stem Node Internode Root hairs Root hair Taproot Root system Epidermal cell Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves Modifications of plant parts are adaptations for various functions – Food or water storage – Asexual reproduction – Protection – Climbing – Photosynthesis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves Root modifications – Food storage – Examples include carrots & potatoes Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves Stem modifications – Runners (allow for asexual reproduction) Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves Leaf modifications – Climbing – tendril – Example: pea plants – Protection – Thorns or spines – Example: Cactus spine Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function Plants cells have three structures that distinguish them from animals cells – Chloroplasts used in photosynthesis – A large, fluid-filled vacuole – A cell wall composed of cellulose PLANT GROWTH Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary growth Plants are categorized based on how long they live – Annuals complete their life cycle in one year – Biennials complete their life cycle in two years – Perennials live for many years Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary growth allows roots to push downward through the soil and shoots to grow upward Terminal bud Axillary buds Arrows = direction of growth Root tips Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants Year 1 Early Spring Year 1 Late Summer Year 2 Late Summer Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants Cork cambium produces the outer bark Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants Wood annual rings show when new growth starts each year. Sapwood (transport)- functional, lighter-colored wood near the outside of the trunk Heartwood (storage)- the darker wood at the center of the trunk Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants Xylem- transports water Phloem- transports food