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Year 10 Science Biological Sciences Elective Course Term 2: Ecology Text: Cambridge GCSE Biology Coursebook and Workbook (CWB) Week 1 25th April Anzac Day 2 2nd May Content Classification Brief understanding of history of classification. Understand principles of classification. Classification is dynamic and modified as more information collected. Linnaean Classification. KPCOFGS. With increasing specificity. Kingdoms are recognised on cellular differences. Human classification. Binomial Nomenclature. SHE 1: Classification systems are based on international conventions and are subject to change through debate and resolution; changes are based on all currently available evidence. Eucalypts but not Eucalyptus http://anpsa.org.au/APOL2/jun96-5.html Ecosystems Define an ecosystem (communities interacting with each other and the environment), also define environment, community, population, habitat, Ecosystems are diverse, composed of varied habitats, consisting of a range of biotic and abiotic factors Species have tolerance ranges and this influences where these Activities/Resources Classification of Kingdoms http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/02%20Classifica tion/00%20Classification%20Packet--WHOLE.htm Explore anomalies such as ‘liger’ and mules Cut and stick activities – Older copies of Biozone Year 11 Study specimens - Describe the characteristics of major phyla. Distinguish the essential features that are used to classify them. (Web of Life Student Manual) Make and use multilevel dichotomous keys (these should be complex as many students have done this in lower school) Measure all abiotic/physical factors in a local area using lab equipment and data loggers Describe the biotic factors present with in an ecosystem (organisms present or inferred (tracks, shells etc.) Comparison of two areas Understand the influence of abiotic factors on biotic factors Assessment and Homework 3 9th May 13/3 IMCC Day organisms can live. Biotic Factors can be inferred Ecosystems to include are aquatic and terrestrial Compare ecosystems Influence of abiotic factors on Biotic Ecosystem defining substrates (aquatic; salinity, water movement) (Soils: particle size, minerals) (climate: temp range, tropical, dry hot, cold, dry) Niches Biodiversity Biodiversity definition Importance of biodiversity Biodiversity is dependent on size, biotic and abiotic factors present Biodiversity: ecosystems (communities interacting with each other and the environment) species (variety of organisms in a given location) genes (range of alleles in a species population gene pool) Measuring biodiversity (species richness, species evenness, biodiversity index calculations) Biodiversity Hot-Spots (locations and reasons) SHE 2: international agreements about biodiversity encourage international cooperation in the protection of unique locations, including World Heritage sites e.g. Shark Bay, Great Barrier Reef Biodiversity hotspots, for example, south west WA International migration routes and areas used for breeding, for example, by birds, whales, turtles, whale sharks. Describe environment of different named organisms Use local resources and information, for example local councils, Naturaliste Marine Discovery Centre, Perth Hills Centre, Australian Wildlife Conservancy’s Karakamia facility etc. Comparisons of ecosystems (Use of pictures and diagrams) Compare ecosystems for similarities and differences. E.g. Barrier Reef and Maldives You tube videos e.g.. Why biodiversity matters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5ssjM2Fjuc Official video of the International Year of Biodiversity 2010 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1VYmpTikgw&fe ature=youtu.be&noredirect=1 Ecology by Inquiry http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/education/foreducators/curricula.cf m Biodiversity hotspots http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/biodiversityconservation/biodiversity-hotspots Hotspots http://www.conservation.org/How/Pages/Hotspots.aspx Whale migration http://www.iwcoffice.co.uk/_documents/sci_com/sc62docs/sc62-sh21.pdf http://www.maps.com/map.aspx?pid=16004 Turtles http://www.conserveturtles.org/seaturtleinformation.php?page= behavior Biodiversity Investigation 7% Ongoing Activity 4 16th May 5 23rd May Energy in Ecosystems Energy origin in ecosystems is the Sun Energy transfers and transformations in ecosystems rely on photosynthesis and respiration. Present energy flow through food chains, webs and pyramids Lost energy in webs and chains Drawing energy pyramids Role of Producers, consumers and decomposers (microorganisms). Population Dynamics Populations are described by size, density, composition (age, male/female) and distribution. Population Calculations (Density and Changes in) Density Dependent and Density Independent factors influences on populations Populations controlled by abiotic and biotic factors. Species have specific tolerance limits that enable them to occupy a particular niche The level of competitiveness is related to the closeness of requirements of organisms: the more similar, the more intense the competition and may lead to competitive exclusion Sampling Techniques (quadrats, transects, pitfall, capture/recapture, aerial surveys, Elliot and Sheffield traps and mist netting) Nearer to Nature incursion - Sampling Ecosystems have carrying capacities that can limit the number of organisms that they can support. Energy and Biomass Pyramids http://www.cfep.uci.edu/cspi/docs/lessons_secondary/energy% 20biomass%20pyramids.pdf Food and energy: types of pyramids http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/ecology/food.html Biomass pyramids www2.nido.cl/~doehlke/pyramids.ppt Consider examples of species that have outcompeted others e.g. Rainbow lorikeets have outcompeted red capped and ring neck parrots Reef Game http://game.reefcheckaustralia.org/ Perform/understand a variety of techniques to count/estimate population sizes. For example quadrats, transects, capturerecapture, Elliot and Sheffield traps, pit traps, mist netting, seine netting, aerial surveys, video surveys to predict abundance and long term trends in population sizes Calculations/models of population dynamics can be made from species breeding/mortality and migration patterns David Attenborough’s Natures Great Events, particularly The Great Salmon Run, The Great Feast and the Great Tide Biozone Catalyst – The Tipping Point http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1647466.htm ABC TV Show available in ABC shops “Cassowary” narrated by William McInnes A five step plan to Feed the World - Where do we find enough food to feed 9 billion http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9billion/ 6 30th May Keystone Species Keystone Species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of the community. Loss of keystone species has a large impact on the ecosystem. They have a large impact on communities and ecosystems. Keystone species can be used to monitor changes in ecosystems. Individual keystone species do not always exist; many organisms can be viewed as a keystone species. SHE 3: keystone species theory has informed many conservation strategies. However, there are differing views about the effectiveness of single-species conservation in maintaining complex ecosystem dynamics. Human Activities Human activities that can affect biodiversity and can impact on the magnitude, duration and speed of ecosystem change include examples :habitat destruction, fragmentation or degradation, introduced species, unsustainable use of natural resources, impacts of pollutants, climate changes. 7 th 6 June WA Day Focus on; 1) Introduced Species Feral Cats. Western Shield Operation. Cane Toads. 2) Pollution – Plastic Plastic in our oceans. How Science is used to chart the garbage patches How plastics move through the ocean over time. The journey to the ocean via rubbish. The great Pacific garbage patch. The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/doaklab/publications/1993 mills_soule_doak.pdf The keystone species: the concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zealand http://csl.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-andtechnical/SFC203.pdf Significance of keystone species in conservation strategies http://www.biotecharticles.com/Biology-Article/Significance-ofKeystone-Species-in-Conservation-Strategies-690.html New Scientist April 25 2014 Aliens versus predators: The toxic toad invasion I Investigate small mammal extinction and decline due to cat and foxes. Research ‘Operation Western Shield’ Birdlife State of Australia’s Birds publications http://birdlife.org.au/education-publications/publications/stateof-australias-birds Australian Wildlife Conservancy – “Into Oblivion” http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/australia/explore/au smammals.pdf http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/ http://www.wasteauthority.wa.gov.au https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGGabrorRS8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os7OuSxP-JA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4UK9Yt6A-s http://www.adrift.org.au https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh6MDuxYing http://education.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/greatpacific-garbage-patch/ 8 th 13 June 9 20th June 10 27th June Y7-10 Examination Week Semester One Exam 25% Revision and Semester One Exam Fire in Australia Fire is a dynamic factor in Australian ecosystems and has different effects on biodiversity. Many Australian species are adapted to fire to different extents and frequencies with the intensity and frequency of fires affecting species composition/biodiversity of an area. Many species rely on fire for continuation of their life cycle. Australians have used fire in ecosystem management with differing outcomes. Conservation Strategies Conservation strategies used to maintain biodiversity are: Conservation may occur at the level of: o genetic o environmental o management Modern technology may aid in conservation Genetic strategies, including gene/seed banks and captive breeding programs Environmental strategies, including revegetation and Australian Wildlife Conservancy http://www.australianwildlife.org/News-andPublications/Wildlife-Matters-Newsletter.aspx Kings Park Botanic Gardens research on smoke and plant germination http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/events/kings-parkeducation C.S.I.R.O. research Dept of Parks and Wildlife prescribed burning policy www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/management/fire/prescribedburning/burn Hills Discovery Centre, “Fire - A force for life” Honey Possum and Fire Perth Zoo – Captivating Conservation DPaW - Department of Parks and Wildlife when on field trips e.g. Dryandra - Barna Mia Facility Karakamia – Australian Wildlife Conservancy Fisheries WA –Naturaliste Marine Discovery Centre Contact Michael Burke/Carina Lancaster 08 9203 0112 "Environmental strategies, including revegetation and control of introduced species" biosecurity/quarantine procedures -http://www.daff.gov.au/biosecurity/quarantine control of introduced species Management strategies, including protected areas and restricted commercial and recreational access SHE 4: Identification and classification of an ecological area as a conservation reserve also requires consideration of the commercial and recreational uses of the area, as well as Indigenous Peoples’ usage rights National Parks in Australia http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australianstory/national-parks National Parks Council of Australia http://www.npac.org.au/ SHE 5: Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030 presents a long-term view of the future and the actions that need to be implemented to conserve biodiversity http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/australiasbiodiversity-conservation-strategy-0 Explore political issues to do with siting/funding of gene and seed banks Investigate exploitation of genetic material from e.g. developing equatorial countries with high biodiversity Video - The Seed Hunter http://www.seedhunter.com Download from http://www.abc.net.au/tv/documentaries/interactive/future makers/ep3/ Kings Park Activities Assessment Outline Term 2 – Ecology Assessment Type Title Practical Activity Biodiversity Investigation 7% Semester One Exam 25% Exam Weighting Assessment Outline – 2016 – Terms 1-4. Term 1 – Cells and Metabolism 18 % Term 2 - Ecology 32 % Microscope Practical Test 8 Biodiversity Investigation 7 Cells Theory Test 5 Semester One Exam 25 Metabolic Processes Test 5 Term 3 – Disease and Immunity 17 % Term 4 - Biotechnology 33 % Disease and Immunity Theory Test 10 Biotechnology Investigation 8 Parasite Study 7 Semester Two Exam 25