Download Fall Semester Final Study Guide 2014 Chapter 1 Introduction to

Fall Semester Final Study Guide 2014
Chapter 1 Introduction to Science pgs. 5-28
1. What are the three branches of biology?
2. Explain why scientists use scientific notation.
3. What is technology?
4. Why are organizing and presenting data important scientific skills?
5. What is pure science?
6. What does it mean to say that no experiment is a failure?
7. When are scientific theories changed?
8. What is a scientific model?
9. What is the first step in the scientific method?
10. T/F The two main branches of science are natural and social science.
11. What is a force with which gravity pulls on a quantity of matter?
12. What is a scientific law?
13. What is a precise measurement?
14. What are the three main branches of natural science?
15. What is the scientific method?
16. What is accuracy?
17. What tool is used to break light into a rainbow like spectrum?
18. Which type of graph best shows the parts of a whole?
19. Why are the SI units consistent?
20. Which type of graph shows a comparison of several items or events?
21. T/F A kilogram is used to measure mass.
22. What kind of graph shows a change in data over time?
23. T/F A meter is used to measure height.
24. T/F Critical thinking is based on facts, uses logic, and uses observations.
25. T/F A meter is used to measure height.
26. T/F Most scientific questions are developed from observations.
Chapter 2 Matter pgs.45-65
1. How are compounds combined?
2. What is represented by a chemical formula?
3. How many atoms are in one molecule of water (H20)?
4. True or False Changing state is an example of a chemical change.
5. What is an atom?
6. True or False Matter takes up space, has mass, and is made of atoms.
7. How many atoms are in a molecule of Fe2O3?
8. Name two types of pure substances.
9. True or False Iron is an element.
10. What is a molecule?
11. Why is helium used in balloons?
12. What is a chemical property of copper?
13. True or False Density is a physical property.
14. Why is aluminum used in foil?
15. Define physical property.
16. List two examples of chemical properties.
17. True or False Substances in a mixture keep their properties.
18. True or False Change in color is a chemical property.
19. True or False A chemical change can be reversed by another chemical change/
20. True or False You can use a filter to separate sand and water.
21. Define chemical change.
22. How many atoms are in one molecule of sulfuric acid H2SO4?
23. What is an example of a gas-liquid mixture?
24. Which element has the symbol Fe?
25. True or False A mixture has a fixed composition.
26. True or False Resistance to rust is a chemical property.
27. Define chemistry(pg.8).
28. True or False Elements can be broken down into simpler substances.
29. What type of mixture is salt water?
30. True or False Knowing the chemical properties of a substance will tell you how the
substance reacts with other substances.
31. True or False Sound is not made of matter because it has no mass or volume.
32. True or False A substance that is made of atoms of more than one type chemically bound
together is called an element.
33. True or False Every chemical compound is unique and different from the elements it
contains.
34. True or False One molecule of hydrochloric acid (HCl) contains 3 atoms.
35. True or False Flammability is a chemical property that tells whether a substance reacts in the
presence of iron.
36. True or False Inhaling O and exhaling carbon dioxide is a chemical change.
37. True or False Copper is a good insulator.
38. True or False Liquids that can dissolve into each other are called immiscible.
39. Why does ice float on water?
40. Give two examples of physical properties.
41. True or False The components of a mixture can be separated.
42. How do you calculate density?
Chapter 3 States of Matter pgs. 77-101
1. Temperature is the measure of the average _____________________energy of the
particles in the object.
2. The heavier the particle the _______________________it moves.
3. What determines the speed of the atoms and molecules of a particular substance
4. State Archimedes’ principle.
5. What is viscosity?
6. What state of matter will hold its shape without a container?
7. What four things are explained by the kinetic theory?
8. What is it called when a substances goes from a solid to a gas?
9. What is evaporation?
10. What is the law of conservation of mass?
11. Why does something float in water?
12. What is Boyle’s law?
13. When the volume of something increases what happens to the pressure?
14. What is Gay-Lussac’s law?
15. How do you calculate pressure?
16. What is a buoyant force?
17. If the temperature of a gas decreases, what happens to the pressure?
18. If the volume of a gas decreases what happens to the pressure?
19. True or False The atoms and molecules of a substance are always in motion.
20. True or False The lower the temperature of a substance, the faster the particles move.
21. True or False More massive particles move faster than less massive particles.
22. What is thermal energy?
23. True or False All particles move in the same direction.
24. What is the law of conservation of energy?
25. True or False Mass is lost only in chemical changes.
26. True or False Energy is not absorbed ore released in a change of state.
27. What three changes of state require energy?
28. Which two changes of state release energy?
29. What is a freezing point?
30. What happens to the particles of a substance when it condenses?
31. Give two examples of fluids.
32. Who discovered buoyancy?
33. True or False The ability to float depends on density and buoyancy.
34. What is Pascal’s principle?
35. True or False Bernoulli’s principle describes fluid in motion.
36. What is Charle’s law?
37. True or False Solids can be compressed.
38. What do solids, liquids, and gases have in common?
39. What happens to gas particles when the pressure of a gas increases?
40. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object is
called____________.
41. Which state of matter has a definite volume but not a definite shape?
42. How does the density of an object that sinks into a fluid compare to the density of the
fluid?
43. How is plasma different from a gas?
44. True or False The kinetic theory explains the difference between states of matter.
45. What are the five changes of state?
Chapter 5 The Periodic Table pgs. 145-165
1. T/F The order of elements in the periodic table is based on the number of protons in the
nucleus.
2. Where are the nonmetals found on the periodic table?
3. As you move from left to right across the periodic table, what happens to the elements?
4. How was Mendeleev’s periodic table arranged?
5. What is Mendeleev known for?
6. Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his periodic table?
7. When did Mendeleev create a new row in his periodic table?
8. T/F each column of the periodic table is called a group.
9. T/F The periodic law states that elements that have similar properties appear at regular
intervals.
10. T/F As you move from up to down in a column of the periodic table, elements have a
lower atomic number.
11. What is the location of the elements in the periodic table related to?
12. T/F Elements in a group are exactly the same.
13. Mendeleev studied the properties of the elements and looked for _________________.
14. What is the atomic number of Indium?
15. What is the symbol for Francium?
16. What is the name of the element with the symbol Mg?
17. What is the average atomic mass of Nitrogen?
18. What group number is Cesium in?
19. What period number is Thallium in?
20. Atoms of elements that are in the same group have the same number of what?
21. Elements that belong to the same group have the same number of __________________.
22. Atoms that gain or lose electrons are called ___________________.
23. T/F Elements that have one valence electron tend to be highly reactive.
24. T/F Group 17 elements form anions.
25. List three types of elements.
26. Over half of the elements of the periodic table are____________________.
27. T/F Elements that have one valence electron tend to form ions.
28. T/F Elements that have one valence electron tend to become charged.
29. Ionization refers to what process?
30. Why is a lithium ion much less reactive than a lithium atom?
31. How do halogens form compounds?
32. Define an ion.
33. T/F Sodium is an alkali metal.
34. What are the three families of metals?
35. T/F Elements in an element family have similar chemical properties.
36. Why are alkali metals highly reactive?
37. T/F Noble gases are highly reactive.
38. T/F Nobel gases exist as single atoms.
39. Elements that share properties of both metals and nonmetals are called ______________.
40. T/F Elements in a family often have a similar appearance.
41. Where are the alkali metals located on the periodic table?
42. T/F Silicon can be found in computers.
43. Define a transition metal.
Chapter 19 The Solar System pgs. 653-679
1. List two things that the moon’s surface is covered with.
2. What does the moon orbit?
3. What is the solar system held together by?
4. Which object is in the middle during a lunar eclipse?
5. What phase is the moon in during a lunar eclipse?
6. During a solar eclipse, which object is in the middle?
7. The mass of the sun is about _____________ times larger than the mass of Earth.
8. Where can you observe the Earth’s tides?
9. What causes tides on Earth?
10. What do the planets in the solar system currently revolve around?
11. How many planets orbit the sun?
12. What would happen to the planets if the sun did not have any gravity?
13. T/F Phases of the moon are caused by a shadow.
14. List the planets of the solar system in order from closest to farthest from the sun.
15. T/F Terrestrial planets have a similar atmosphere.
16. What two things allow earth to sustain life?
17. What two planets can you see from Earth?
18. What is Venus known for?
19. What is the only planet in the solar system that supports life?
20. List the four inner planets.
21. What is the Great Red Spot, and where is it found?
22. What phase is the moon in during a solar eclipse?
23. Where can you find an asteroid belt in our solar system?
24. What is beyond the gas giants?
25. What are the outer planets called?
26. What is Mercury known for?
27. What is Olympus Mons and where is it located?
28. Define hydrosphere.
29. Why is Pluto no longer a planet?
30. What is the largest planet in the solar system without rings?
31. What planet is the farthest from the sun?
32. What planet is closest to the sun?
33. What is the only planet with large amounts of liquid water and a protective atmosphere?
34. What planet has the most satellites?
35. What planet has the most extensive ring system?
36. What is the Kuiper Belt?
37. What terrestrial planet has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere?
38. Define accretion.
39. How old is the solar system?
40. In 1687 what did Newton explain?
41. What did Aristotle think about the solar system?
42. Astronomers think the moon formed from what planet?
43. T/F The nebular hypothesis explains why the planets have different compositions.
44. What do scientists measure when they are discovering exoplanets?
45. Describe Copernicus’s model of the solar system.
46. T/F the planets formed from small particles.
47. How many exoplanets have astronomers discovered?
48. T/F The nebular hypothesis explains why the planets have separate orbits.
49. How did Copernicus think the planets orbited the sun?
50. Where did the particles that make up comets come from?
51. Define meteorite.
52. Kepler said that planets orbited the sun in _________________orbits.
53. Define geocentric.
54. Define heliocentric.
Chapter 20 The Universe pgs. 693-717
1. List the 6 stages of a star’s life cycle in order from birth to death.
2. How long do scientists think the sun will live?
3. What info can be derived from the color of a star?
4. Why is a light year a more useful measurement in astronomy than a meter is?
5. T/F Extremely high temperatures and pressured are necessary for fusion reactions to take
place in stars.
6. T/F The two most common elements in stars are hydrogen and ammonia.
7. T/F Elements heavier than iron are created by the big bang.
8. T/F A supernova, depending on the size of the original star, may leave behind either a
black hole or a neutron star.
9. T/F The sun does not collapse under the force of its own gravity because there is an
opposing expanding force created by gravity.
10. What color star is the hottest?
11. What cannot escape the gravity of a black hole?
12. What is the closest star to Earth?
13. What is the brightest star that can be seen in the night sky?
14. How does a star generate energy?
15. What holds the stars together?
16. T or F A light year is a unit of time.
17. What are the two ways energy moved through a star?
18. What color represents the wavelength of the temperature of the sun?
19. How do scientists figure out what stars are made of?
20. When is a star born?
21. What do stars fuse hydrogen into?
22. What happens to supergiant stars?
23. What three things does the brightness of a star depend on?
24. T or F The cluster that the Milky Way galaxy is in is called the X Group.
25. T or F The dust and gas between stars is called interstellar matter.
26. T or F Stars in elliptical galaxies are mostly old stars.
27. How many galaxies do astronomers think there are in the universe?
28. What galaxy is our solar system located in?
29. What can interstellar matter form?
30. Why do elliptical galaxies look red?
31. What are quasars the center of?
32. What are quasars a source of?
33. Are blue stars old or young?
34. What is a supercluster?
35. What type of galaxy do we live in?
36. What were quasars named after?
37. Define the universe.
38. Define red shift.
39. Define blue shift.
40. Define cosmic background radiation.
41. Define Doppler effect.
42. Explain the big crunch.
43. Define dark matter.
44. What is the general theory of relativity?
45. T or F According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, space is curved by a vacuum.
46. T or F Discovered in 1965, cosmic background radiation supported the big bang.
47. What is the universe mainly composed of?
48. What does the future of the universe depend on?
49. When do scientists think the big bang happened?