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ANCILNT LGYfT. S t u d e n t R e s ponse B o o k l e t for e S cti'on 1 Name: Date: 7~each cr: '•si?** SECTION ONE: The Old Kingdom (2680-2130 B.C.) The Nile: Basis for a Civilization The Valley of the Nile became the centre of one of the world's greatest civilizations. The early Egyptians settled along the Nile River more than 5000 years ago. They lived in small villages with their own chief and gods. When these villages united they formed Upper and Lower Egypt. The delta area that empties into the Mediterranean Sea was known as Lower Egypt and the southern part was called Upper Egypt During the Old Kingdom or Pyramid Age, Egypt was strong, powerful and wealthy. Great monuments were built for the kings. King Zoser, (sometimes spelled Djoser), had Imhotep (his top official) build the first stone monument, the Step Pyramid. It has been said that this was the first stone building in the world. Later, King Khufu had the Great Pyramid built as his tomb at Giza. Important people were buried in stone tombs called mastabas before the beginning of the Old Kingdom. These mastabas were built near the base of the pyramids. * The Great Pyramid was built of two million stone blocks, each weighing more than two tonnes. The blocks were cut so evenly that a sheet of paper could not be slipped between them when they were placed together. The Egyptians had to know a lot about geometry to construct such a building. To see pictures and details about the building of the Great Pyramid, go on the internet and type in the Search box: Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza Then choose: NOVAOnllne/Pyramids/Khufu/EnterHere RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT The Egyptians worshipped many gods. The environment was an important part of the Egyptian religion. The river, tfie sun, the sky, and the stars were all gods. Some of their hundreds of gods and goddesses were: Q • Q • • • Horus: god of the sky Osiris: god of the underworld Thoth: god of the scribes Isis: goddess of women Re (also called Amon-Re and sometimes spelled Ra): god of the sun Anubis: god of mummification 1. During the Old Kingdom, the rulers of Egypt wore a double crown that stood for the union of Upper and Lower Egypt. The king had many people working for him. The taty ran the kingdom, while other officials like tax collectors scribes, and judges, reported to the taty. The position of king was hereditary, but rather than passing the rule to a son, it was passed through the daughters. The husband of the daughter became king. The Egyptians measured time in dynasties. If the new king was related to the old king, it was said to be one dynasty. When the new king came from a different family, a new dynasty began. THE NILE RIVER The Nile River provided many things for the Egyptians; • • • • water for drinking and washing a s o u r c e of irrigation for their crops food transportation Egypt was called "the gift of the Nile" by a Greek traveller who saw that the Egyptian civilization depended on the river. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world. It travels for 1850 km from the highlands of central Africa to the Nile Delta. Heavy rains and melting snow in the mountains send flood waters down the Blue Nile into the Nile River. This flooding was called "the inundation". Along the way, the water tumbles through six waterfalls called cataracts. The delta, on the north coast of Africa, is a marshy, flat land with seven channels that flow into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile floods its banks each year and leaves behind an important layer of fine, fertile soil called sil|. This rich, black soil turns the desert alongside the river into green fields. The first cataract on the Nile River SEASONS ON THE NILE • * • E a c h year, from J u n e to September, the Nile floods. This time w a s known a s Akhet. Since the land w a s covered in water, the farmers worked on other j o b s or kept up their skills a s artisans. PmM, the sowing s e a s o n , lasted from October through February. The farmers planted their crops and u s e d s h e e p to flatten down the s e e d s into the soil. Next came Shemu. the s e a s o n of harvest, which tasted from March to J u n e . Larger animals, like oxen, stepped on the grain to separate it from the h u s k s . 2. Some fruits that the Egyptians grew were grapes, dates, pomegranates, and figs. Some vegetables were onions, leeks, beans, peas, spinach, carrots and / lettuce. The Nile Valley was called the Black Land because of its black soil. The deserts were called the Red Land. As rain rarely falls in Egypt, these lands remain as dry as dust The lack of rain has preserved many tombs that are along the cliffs. Wall paintings and other artifacts like clay pots and carvings were also preserved by the dry desert climate. The Red Land produces sandstone, which is rock formed from pressed sand. This material was used in buildings and statues. Sometimes, the desert is broken by a shallow valley called a wadi. The Egyptians went to the desert to get gold, copper and limestone. Gold was one of the most important products of the desert The Egyptians used gold to decorate the kings' tombs and many of their beautiful carvings and jewelry They traded with people of other lands for items the desert and the valley did not provide. Some things as metals, ebony and myrrh (a sweet-smelling gum) came from Nubia in exchange for barley, wheat, oil and honey. Egyptian papyrus paper was traded along the Mediterranean coast for cedar wood. EGYPTIAN WRITING The Egyptians created a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics. Each picture stood for a different sound or object. They wrote on paper made from papyrus, a kind of bullrush that grows along the Nile River. Ground charcoal mixed with water was used as black ink. For red ink, the Egyptians used ochre, a type of red earth. Their pens were cut from reeds with the end sharpened to form a nib. Hieroglyphics can found on many objects such as an obelisk, a four-sided stone column that tapers to a pyramid at the top. MAKING PAPYRUS PAPER 6 * Papyrus s t e m s are cut into strips Strips are put into layers side by side Strips are covered with a cloth, then pounded with a wooden mallet until they are mushy j The papyrus is left to dry, then polished with a stone or s q u e e z e d in a wooden p r e s s SCRIBES The Egyptian scribes made written records for temples and government people. Egyptians who could not read or write had scribes do the work for them. Scribal schools were held in the king's palace where both boys and girls from upper class families were taught to copy letters and business accounts. 3. J 4 1 3 ANCILNT CGYfT 1. Fill in the blanks with words from the box below. Ancient Egypt was divided into two parts called Egypt and Egypt The River ran through the country. The people used this river for many things like , and . On each side of the river there were dry lands called The river ran into the Mediterranean Sea through land called the . Many tombs and temples were built around the city of in Upper Egypt. King Djoser built the first stone monument called the . The Great Pyramid was built as a tomb for . Important people were buried close to the pyramids in stone tombs called. delta food Upper Step Pyramid Thebes Nile transportation King Khufu water deserts mastabas Lower THE NILE RIVER 2. 3. 4. 5. Tell four things about the Nile River: Match the words to their meanings with a letter on the line. a. Akhet the sowing season b. Peret the season of harvest c. Shemu time when the Nile flooded d. dynasty the length of time when a king ruled Egypt Circle the picture that shows a cataract on the Nile River. Egypt was called "the gift of the Nile" because the Nile River gave the Egyptian people many of the things they needed in order to 2. 6. Circle the correct word in the following sentences: The Nile Valley was called the Black Land because of its black (air; soil; buildings). The desert around the Nile River was called the (Sands; Pry; Red) Land. The dry climate In Egypt helped to keep the many (boats; tombs; camels) from wearing away. The desert produced a rock called (granite; sandstone: gravel) that was used to make statues and pyramids. When the Nile River flooded each year, it left behind a layer of rich, fertile soil called (sjtt; soya; sand). This soil turned the desert along the river into green fields. Sometimes, the desert is broken by a shallow, valley called a (creek; inlet; wadi) 7. 8. Circle the kinds of food the Egyptians grew along the Nile River. The desert produced gold, copper and limestone. The Egyptians used gold in many things. Name three ways gold was used: 3. The Egyptians used a kind of picture writing called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphs are the pictures used to tell something. Tell in a few words what you think the hieroglyphs are saying about the people in the pictures. 10. Match the first part of the sentence with the last part with a letter on the line. a. Hieroglyphics was a form of... the papyrus plant b. Each picture stood for a different... reeds with sharpened ends c. The Egyptians wrote on paper made from. picture writing d. This material comes from a plant called... red ink e. Ground charcoal and water was used as... sound or object f. Ochre is a type of red earth used as... a bullrush from the riverside g. The pens were cut from... black ink PAPYRUS PAPER 11. There are several steps in making papyrus paper. Put the following sentences in the correct order. The first one has been done for you. A. The papyrus is left to dry. B. Papyrus stems are cut into strips. C. The strips are pounded with a wooden mallet. D. Strips are put into layers side by side. E. The papyrus is polished with a stone. F. The strips are covered with a cloth. 12. A scribe in Ancient Egypt kept records for the temples and for people who could not read or write. It is your turn to be a scribe. Use the pictures (hieroglyphs) below to tell something about yourself. WHO W E R E THEY? 13. Draw a line with a different coloured crayon from the correct picture to the bubble that tells about each of the following gods and goddess: 7. 13. HOW WELL DO Y O U R E M E M B E R T H E S E W O R D S ? Write each of the words from the box below under the correct heading in the chart. PLACES PEOPLE f^cstaractt* artltan* Slack land THINGS hieroglyph© acrlbe* « delta papyrus \^ma*taba pharaoh* artifact* Nile Valley Egyptian* King Khufu kings Red land Great Pyramid 8. tandetone tomb* ©lit deeerts Step Pyramid ] VOCABULARY 14. ] .1 1 1 1 Match each word with its meaning by printing the letter on the line. A cataract people who kept records for temples 3. artisan* tall water plant used for paper In ancient time© C. hieroglyphs waterfall (rapid©) on the Nile River P. scribes place where people were put when they died E. silt people who are ©killed with their hand© F. papyrus king and leader of Egypt G. artifacts rich, fertile ©oil along the Nile River 7 H. tomb Egyptian picture© u©ed In writing 1 I. pharaoh a ©tone tomb 1 J. mastaba thing© that are found when people dig up old ruins I 16. I I Draw a picture of one of the above words. Print its name on the line. S t u d e n t Response booklet or Name: Qatc: ~J~eachen SECTION TWO: The Middle Kingdom (2130-1S60 B.C.) There were signs that the peaceful life in the Old Kingdom was about to change. The king was losing power to the priests and heads of state. The environment began to change as well. The rains that caused the annual flooding of the Nile did not come in some years and came in unusually high amounts in other years. Dykes, canals and villages were destroyed. The Egyptians faced starvation. The kingdom began to fall apart and tribes of nomads and the people of Nubia attacked Upper Egypt Menthuhotep. a strong leader, became the new king and reconquered the land. All of Egypt, once more, came under the rule of one king. Since the people were happy with this new rule, they saw little reason for change. Therefore, very few new ideas occurred in the Middle Kingdom. STRUCTURE OF THE CLASSES Every civilization is organized in a different way. In Egypt, the pharaoh was thought of as a living god who had complete control of the country. The pharaoh kept the peace, kept the army in order, and made laws. The pharaoh appointed nobles and military leaders to carry out his orders. They made sure that the taxes were paid and the country was safe from invaders. Next in line were the priests arid scribes who took care of religion and records. Following this group were the craftspeople and the merchants. The goods made by the craftspeople were taken in ships to other lands by the merchants. Then came the farmers who worked long hours on the land for rich landowners in exchange for food. Last in line were the slaves who worked in households and on farms. PYRAMID OF POWER: • • • Pharaoh Nobles//Military Leaders Priests/Scribes Craftspeople/Merchants Farmers Slaves 1. THE EGYPTIAN F g Q P i e The Ancient Egyptians had dark copper-coloured skin and black hair. They had a slight build and stood about 5 feet tall. The people were divided into three main social classes: upper, middle and lower. The royal families, priests, land owners, and government officials were in the upper class. The middle class people were merchants, craftworkers and manufacturers. Finally, the lower class consisted of the people who worked the land called serfs or peasants. Land owners and serfs often worked together in a friendly manner. Slaves were a special class who were usually prisoners captured during wars. It is sometimes thought that only slaves built the pyramids. All Egyptians were expected to work on the pyramids part of the year. DAILY LIFE Family life was very important to the Egyptians. The father was in charge of the family and upon his death, the oldest son took over. The mother looked after the household and taught the daughters cooking, sewing and other skills. The boys learned their father's trade or became farmers. Some boys trained with artisans in pottery and carpentry. Only boys and girls from the upper class could go to school. Women had many of the same rights as men. They could: 9 own their own property buy and sell goods write a will divorce their husbands The Egyptians liked to hunt in the desert with bows and arrows. They chased hares, ostriches and hippos. They used a throw-stick and a net to capture birds as ducks, quail and geese. Fishing was done with spears and nets from boats or standing on shore. For recreation, children and adults enjoyed board games using dice. Other games of chance or skill were also played. Wrestling was a popular spot to watch by many Egyptians. Great banquets and feasts were held during religious festivals. * The homes of all Egyptians were made from bricks of sun-dried mud called adobe as wood was scarce in Egypt Only temples and tombs were made of stone. Tiles were used on the floors of the rich people's homes. These houses had many rooms. Many families in the middle class lived in the upper rooms of two story houses while the ground floor was used for a business. 2. The Egyptians wore light, cool clothing as the climate was hot and dry. Most clothes were made of linen which was woven into a rough or fine texture. Men wore short wrap-around skirts and women wore a sheath-like dress that hung to the floor. Sandals were worn by all classes of Egyptians. Wigs were worn by both men and women. Women decorated them with beads, ribbons, and jewels. People used oils and creams in place of soap for washing the skin. Both men and women painted their eyes with a black powder called kohl. They wore a red powder called ochre on their cheeks and lips. Nails were brightly painted and scented oils were used as perfumes. We know a great deal about the Egyptians from items found in tombs. These items were put in the tombs for the ruler to use in the afterlife. There were clay pots, jars, bowls and pans as well as small carved boats and furniture. Candles and oil lamps were also placed beside the pharaoh to light his way. TRAVEL AND TRADE Gold that came from Nubia and the deserts made Egypt a rich land. So the Nubians would not raid Egypt again, Middle Kingdom kings sent soldiers to keep peace south of the First Cataract Trade routes ran south along the Nile and east along the Mediterranean shores. Some traders went to Punt, on the east coast of Africa from Coptos, on the Nile. Caravans of donkeys left Coptos carrying loads of linen, copper ornaments and glass beads through the hot desert After six to seven days, the caravans arrived on the shores of the Red Sea. The donkeys returned home with loads of myrrh, oils and perfumes. A system of bartering was used in place of money. The traders exchanged goods of equal value. The Nile River was the main waterway for travel. The Egyptians built several kinds of ships and boats. Large ships used for trade and warfare were constructed from wood. Some ships had sails while others had dozens of slaves rowing them. Small boats were made from bundles of papyrus reeds tied with rope. These boats were used for fishing and short trips. Pharaohs travelled in royal barges with their servants. WMO M A S MOREL f O W L R ? 17. List these people in the order of power thev had in ancient Egypt Print the letter on the line. 18. a. Farmers b. Pharaohs c. Slaves d. Priests/Scribes e. Nobles/Military leaders f. Craftspeople/Merchants W H A T WELRL TMELJR J 0 5 5 ? Tell one thing each of the following people did: a. Farmers b. Pharaohs c. Slaves d. Priests/Scribes e. Nobles/Military Leaders f. Craftspeople/Merchants 10. LGYnriAN p e o p l e . 19. Circle either T for True or F for False. a. The ancient Egyptians were divided into three social classes. b. The classes were upper, middle and lower. c. A slave could belong to the upper class. d. Most merchants were in the middle class. e. All Egyptians worked, at some time, on the pyramids. f. Family life was very important to the ancient Egyptians. g. A daughter was in charge of the family when the father died. h. Girls learned to cook and sew and do other household duties. i. Boys went to school and learned how to be pharaohs. j. Only boys and girls from the upper class could go to school. 20. Women had many of the same rights as men in ancient Egypt Tell four things women could do. ( not household chores) 9 9 ; 9 t 9 11. Check { / ) the best answer. a. The ancient Egyptians had copper-colourtd skin and black hair and stood about: • • Q b. They wore light, cool clothing as the climate was: • Q • c. hiking boots sandals slippers Wigs were worn by men and women and they decorated them with: • Q Q f. long pants mini skirts long sheath-like dresses On their feet, most Egyptians wore: Q • • e. cold and frosty cool and windy hot and dry Men wore short wrap-around skirts and women wore: • • • d. six feet tall five feet tall four feet tall flowers birds beads, ribbons and jewels The Egyptians did not have soap, so they used: • • Q oils and creams pieces of cucumber peanut butter 1 Both men and women painted their eyes with: • • Q a black powder called kohl a black felt pen a black powder from the fire 12. DAILY L i r t 22. R» in thf blanks: Th© Egyptians' homes were built of bricks of sun-dried m called adobe. Only temples and t _ were made of . Some homes had only one floor while others had two floors. The family lived on the b floor and the top floor was for b .. The rich people's homes had tiled floors and there were many r_ 23. Circle all the correct answers: Egyptian mothers taught the girls to... shoot bows and arrows cook and sew b. The boys learned their father's trade, became farmers or: trained with artisans in pottery and carpentry trained with fighters to become boxers c. The Egyptians liked to play or watch: board games; musical instruments wrestling d. The Egyptians used nets and bows and arrows to catch: flies and mosquitoes animals and fish 13. I T ART 5 0 X 24. 25. The Egyptians liked to hunt such animals as rabbits, ostriches, gazelles and hippos. Draw one of these animals in its background setting. Print its name on the line. The Egyptians used a throw-stick and a net to catch such birds as ducks, geese, pelicans and quail. Draw one of these birds. Be sure to draw some water and bushes in the background. Print the bird's name on the line. 14. TRAVEL ON THE. NILE. 28. Cross out the Incorrect ones. A. This This This This This boat was boat was boat was boat was boat was used for long trips. made of wood and metal. used for fishing close to shore. used for short trips. made of papyrus reeds tied with rope. B. C. This ship was This ship was This ship was This ship was made of used for used for made of wood. war. fishing and trade. metal. This ship used slaves to row it This ship travelled to far away places. This ship was used to catch fish. This ship was used in trade and war. This ship was made of wood. 15. TRADE. ON T l i t NILE. T h i t picture s h o w s Egyptians 27. bartering for things they did not h a v e . WHAT I S I T ? a. I carry heavy loads of cloth, ornaments and glass beads. I get very hot and thirsty as I travel on the desert. I am a b. There are many of us animals travelling together. There are traders and slaves with us. We are called a c. It is a way to trade without money. Goods are traded for other goods of the same value. This system is called d. This river was the main waterway of Egypt Many boats and ships travelled on it every day. It is called the [ bartering Nile River donkey 16. caravan . j WORD SEARCH 28. C A N Y O U FIND T M L S L WORDS ? pharaoh sandals farmer slaves merchant j«wels creams priests artisans trade games barter hunt donkey fish caravan G E H S 1 F s M A E R c C D S G U 0 D L E B F Z C z 0 E E 1 N C A R A V A N H N F 1 V A T D C R H E T T K Q N S A G N H T F A R M E R E B S L A A E E Q A H Y U U W A N S N R M T D C T P S H K E K T L 0 T E L J w W T B G S 1 E A 1 S 1 0 E 0 Q A C R P A E G Q W R S S M D H F A F G 1 W S B E c A M N Q C L F P R A N J P J E N P H K B Q Q P Q J S 1 N R M S F Z M Q X S t u d e n t Response B o o k l e t for Section 3 Name: _ Date: ~J~eacfiers SECTION THREE: THE NEW KINGDOM (1560-1085 B.C.) Late in the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was ruled by weak kings. These kings were unable to stop invaders from attacking Lower Egypt This area was invaded by people known as the Hyksos. These people rode in chariots pulled by horses and easily defeated the Egyptians living in the Nile delta. The Egyptians always thought they were safe with their natural barriers: the seas, the mountains, and the deserts. Now they had been invaded by outsiders for the first time. The Hyksos ruled Egypt for over one hundred years. Egypt realized it must change. It needed a strong army and new ideas like the horse-drawn chariot to overthrow and drive out its enemies. King Ahmose from Thebes in Upper Egypt drove out the Hyksos. He joined all of Egypt once more under one rule. This was the beginning of the New Kingdom. A later king, Amenhotep. took over all of Nubia. Now Egypt began its rise to power and became the world's strongest force. Egypt conquered other lands making it a vast, rich empire. Amenhotep, (who changed his name to Akhenaten). was called the Rebel Pharaoh because he tried to change Egypt He encouraged artists to make their art more realistic and replaced the many gods and goddesses with only one god, Aten. He said he was the only person who could speak with the new god. He replaced the priests as they were now unnecessary. His reign lasted 17 years. After Akhenaten died, everything was changed back to the old way. His name was erased from monuments. We have learned about this period in Egypt's history from hundreds of letters found by archaeologists in excavated ruins. During the New Kingdom, many changes happened in Egypt: / / / / / / / Trade thrived and goods flowed into the country. Foreign soldiers were taken into the army to replace Egyptian soldiers as the Egyptians believed they would not have an afterlife if they died in a foreign land. * Stronger metal ploughs and sickles replaced the old wooden ones. Wheat replaced barley as the main crop. Wheat makes better flour and therefore better bread. The horse and chariot strengthened the Egyptian army The king gained absolute power and his name changed to Pharaoh (He of the Great House) The process of mummification was introduced 1. Around 1100 B.C., Egypt began to lose control of its empire as the country was weakened by all the religious changes. Weak kings left control of the country in the hands of priests and ministers. Invaders began their attacks on Egypt The Mycenaeans swept down on the delta while Libyans and Nubians attacked from the deserts. Over the years, invaders from Babylon. Greece. Persia and Rome each ruled Egypt There were many reasons why Egypt fell. Some are: • Q Q Egypt did not want to fight outside its borders. It did not want to change the way it lived. Many countries wanted the riches of Egypt, especially its gold. TOMBS AND TEMPLES OF THE NEW KINGDOM In the Old Kingdom, the tombs of kings were usually above-ground. This made it easy for grave robbers to loot them. During the Middle Kingdom, the tombs were underground, but were not hidden well enough to fool the robbers. Pharaohs in the New Kingdom chose areas near Thebes on the West and East Banks of the Nile to build large, stone tombs. Everything was done to hide the chamber containing the pharaoh, but most of these tombs did not escape discovery by the thieves. This area is called the Valley of the Kings. In 1922, American archaeologist, Howard Carter and a British nobleman, Lord Carnarvon, (who gave Carter the money to excavate the site), found an untouched tomb. This was the tomb of Tutankhamen a boy-king who was thought to be about eight years old when he took the throne. He lived only until he was 18 years of age. King Tut is not remembered for his life but rather for his death. His tomb has provided the world with treasures that have been shown in museums in many countries. To learn more about this great discovery, go on the internet and type; in the Search Box: King Tut Then choose any of several topics relating to the subject King Tut't burial mask 2. Gold c h s s t found in K i n g T u t ' s tomb The temples in the New Kingdom were usually larger than the king's tombs. The largest temple in Egypt is found at Karnak. Its name is the Great Temple of Amun. The 134 columns are over twelve metres high and eight metres round. It was completed by the pharaoh Ramsesses II. ( Sometimes spelled Ramses) Karnak became the largest religious centre in the world's history. The Great Temple of Ramesses II was built at Abu Simbel. There are four giant statues of Ramesses II that stand 20 metres high that guard the entrance. Another of Ramesses ll's temples was built nearby for his wife, Queen Nefertarl. When the High Dam was built at Aswan, these temples were in great danger by the rising water. In a remarkable operation by UNESCO in the 1960s, the massive temples were cut and rebuilt on higher ground. PYRAMIDS AND THE SPHINX AT GIZA The Pyramids of Giza stand close to modern Cairo. They were built around 2500 BC. The largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The Great Sphinx stands close to these pyramids and is about 50 metres long and 20 metres high. The sphinx has the body of a lion and the head of a human. Often the head was made to look like a pharaoh. WOMEN LEADERS Oft it Ttmpfr of R a m — — II Tht Gnat Sohirw There were many Egyptian queens, but only four known female pharoahs. Two of these women were Hatsheosut and Cleopatra. Hatshepsut began her reign as a queen. After the death of her husband, her half-brother became pharaoh, but was too young to take command. So Hatsheput made herself pharaoh and led the country for 15 years. (1473-1458 BC) It has been said that she was history's first woman pharaoh. Two obelisks, with writings about her reign, were erected at the Temple of Karnak. Cleopatra ruled Egypt at the early age of 17 in 51-30 BC. When she died at 39 years old, an whole era of Egyptian history was closed. She was the last pharaoh to rule Egypt Alexandria remained the capital of Egypt, but Egypt was now under Roman rule. To I t i r n mora about these famous women, visit the website. In the S e a r c h box, type in Cleopatra. T h e n c h o o s e #2 The Last Pharaoh. To read about H a t s h e p s u t type in her name in the S e a r c h Box then c h o o s e #5 Hatshtpsut-Queen of Egypt Cleopatra 3. Hatshepsut EGYPTIAN MUMMIES AND MUMMIFICATION The Egyptians began making plans for their afterlife long before they died. Pharaohs and people in high positions would have a tomb built But when the bodies were hidden away in the tombs, they would decay. So the process of mummification was developed. Mummification was an artificial process of drying the body. The whole operation took 70 days. Several embalmers worked on the task. The chief embalmer wore a jackal mask to represent Anubis. the god of mummification. These are the steps in making a mummy: • The internal organs except the heart, were removed. The heart was thought to be the centre of intelligence so it was not disturbed. The brain was taken out through the nose with a wire. The organs were placed in special jars called canopic jars and sealed with wax. The body was packed and covered with natron, a drying chemical. It took 40-50 days for the body's liquids to be absorbed. Only the hair, skin and bones were left. r e a d Now the body was ^W^f^^dk y to be wrapped. It was bathed, rubbed ^ g p p ^ f i i with spices, herbs and perfumes. Many layers of linen (375 metres) were used to wrap y it took about 15 days to complete. Hot oils were placed between the layers of cloth to make the wrappings stiff. Jewellery and amulets (good luck charms) were put inside the wrappings to protect the person on his trip to the underworld. ^saVHLw t n e • D o a The body was now carried into the tomb by the priests and placed in a coffin called a sarcophagus)! A copy of the Book of the Dead was left in each tomb. It contained answers and spells that the soul of the dead person might be asked as he travelled to the afterlife. The Egyptians are famous for many inventions: a 365 day calendar a form of writing called hieroglyphics a basic form of arithmetic • a paper-like writing material called papyrus They created many large cities where such people as engineers, painters, architects and doctors lived. • They developed a religion that stressed life after death. • They built huge pyramids for their pharaohs that were amazingly exact This was their greatest achievement! MCNSIS rra*A« euixxvm MINSIS MAATlVt0*tS*JIXXt MONOVINT NOMSCfTWAaf O l f l ' M O * * * Dlff • * < * * • NOX* NOH-BI SOLAOVAAlO CAWUCOAMOjTVTTf VHI KAi*A9«J TVTIIA JAMVHTVA UtPTOAMlN VINCAHVH PAlVf jvn*Ftc-ct>nr| I M P A W N * rCTAMTV*. MAA%tt»iNia MAftVtoOO I M C t N » ¥ M T O f OITVA P A f t t t t T A I I A l A c a t n c M i l k V P t f t C A t l A feAOI-MAMVtisi Bltt PI H A T H V I naMiNAiiS irniA lAvxnd MCNSIS IAMVA* B»ff**l MO N O V I I filtS mbi va wtiitex mm «*#» SEotTit fOi'tlSAIvt) iVMOMtS AMI Ancient Egyptian C u b e C a l e n d a r 5. 1 ANCILNT ELGYPT 29. Fill in th® blanks with words from the box below. Late in the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was ruled by weak . These leaders were unable to stop invaders called from attacking Lower Egypt These people came in pulled by . The Egyptians had never seen these animals before, of them. The Egyptians thought so were very they were safe with their natural . These were the and The Hyksos ruled Egypt for over one 30. years. Hyksos chariots hundred kings mountains deserts barriers seas horses frightened Draw a c h a r i o t tike the ones used in Ancient E g y p t . A d d a h o r s e if you w i s h . 18. 1. Underline the incorrect words, then write the correct words on the line. Egypt hod to change i f it was to survive the attacks f r o m i t s own people. ^ Egypt needed a stronger army and new ideas like a car and horse. A strong king called Elvis drove out the Hyksos. L a t e r , another king called Amenhotep took control of Canada. Egypt began its rise to power and became the world's weakest force. RflfRgj-o lotcr Sun god V Circle O for true or $ for false. J King Amenhotep, later called Akhenaten, was called the Rebel Pharaoh because he tried to change Egypt. Q ® He wanted all women to become a r t i s t s and make their work look r e a l . O $ He replaced all the Egyptian gods with only one god called Aten who was an early sun god. Q 0 The priests didn't like this king, so when he died, everything was changed back to the old way. O 19. ® 33. Dyring the New Kingdom, many good things happened in Egypt. Complete the chart with the missing parts. Result of t h i s happening Good Things a. flowed a. Trade got b e t t e r and b e t t e r so goods... b. Metal ploughs and sickles were b. the old made in place of... c. Wheat replaced barley, and c. better wheat makes better flour, so... d. The horse and chariot made d. the army could the army stronger, so... e. The Egyptians learned about mummification, e. would now so bodies... 34. Match the first part of the sentence to the last oart with a letter. a. In the Old Kingdom, the tombs of Icings were underground b. During the Middle Kingdom, the tombs were the Valley of the Kings c. The tombs were hidden much better in the above ground d. Most tombs were found by thieves who took New Kingdom e. Many tombs were found in Upper Egypt in costly treasures 20. TOMBS AND TEMPLES 35. Tell two f a c t s about each of t h e following people or objects: Howird Carttr at King Tufa tomb B King Tutanfchaman (King Tut) c. Tht Grtat Ttmplt of Amun ThaQrtatTantpHof Rawaaall 21. THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA AND THE GREAT SPHINX 36. Choose a word from the box to complete the sentence. A. The Pyramids of Giza stand close to the modern city of B. They were built around C. The largest pyramid is the D. A statue that has the body of a lion and the head of a human is called . the E. Often the head of this statue was made to look like a r Great Sphlujr 2500 B.C. Great Pyramid of Khufa 22. Cairo pharaoh r WOMEN LEADERS Hatshepsut J 37. 38. Cleopatra Print either A or B after each sentence. a. I took over the role of pharaoh when my husband died. b. My half-brother was too young to rule so I ruled Egypt c. I began my duties at age 17 in 51-30 B.C. d. Some say I was history's first known woman pharaoh. e. I was the last pharaoh to rule Egypt. f. I died at 39 years of age and a whole period of Egyptian history was closed. g. I had two obelisks with my deeds printed on them sent to the temple of Karnak. S » 9 Turn the paper sideways and draw an obelisk with some hieroglphs on it 23. 39. Fill in the blanks with the correct words to finish the story. and other organs except the heart. The were taken out of the body and placed in and sealed with wax. Then the body was packed and covered with a drying chemical Now the body was ready to be wrapped called in yards of were put inside the wrappings to protect the person in the afterlife. Next, the body was taken to the tomb and put into a coffin called a .. The god of mummification. said prayers oyer the body. r Egyptian goo* Anufris Amulets iinen natron sarcophagus canopic j a r s Anubis brain 24. 40. Th* Egy^liant are famoui for many thing*. A. Mama ihm things that were used in ancient timet; 8. 6. i. A form of picture writing b. A paper-like writing material c. A way to make a body last longer Kama fwo things that we have changed in some way! and me today: a. A system of numbert b. A way to fell the dayi of the year Mama the ho* greatest thing the Egyptian! built that still mafcet people wonder thf y did it 1 [ 25.