Download File - Mr. Suggitt Gr.8 Charleswood

ANCILNT LGYfT.
S t u d e n t R e s ponse B o o k l e t
for
e
S cti'on 1
Name:
Date:
7~each cr:
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SECTION ONE: The Old Kingdom (2680-2130 B.C.)
The Nile: Basis for a Civilization
The Valley of the Nile became the centre of one of the world's greatest
civilizations. The early Egyptians settled along the Nile River more than 5000
years ago. They lived in small villages with their own chief and gods. When
these villages united they formed Upper and Lower Egypt. The delta area that
empties into the Mediterranean Sea was known as Lower Egypt and the southern
part was called Upper Egypt
During the Old Kingdom or Pyramid Age, Egypt was strong, powerful and
wealthy. Great monuments were built for the kings. King Zoser, (sometimes
spelled Djoser), had Imhotep (his top official) build the first stone monument, the
Step Pyramid. It has been said that this was the first stone building in the world.
Later, King Khufu had the Great Pyramid built as his tomb at Giza. Important
people were buried in stone tombs called mastabas before the beginning of the
Old Kingdom. These mastabas were built near the base of the pyramids.
* The Great Pyramid was built of two million stone blocks, each weighing
more than two tonnes. The blocks were cut so evenly that a sheet of paper could
not be slipped between them when they were placed together. The Egyptians had
to know a lot about geometry to construct such a building.
To see pictures and details about the building of the Great Pyramid, go on
the internet and type in the Search box: Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza
Then choose: NOVAOnllne/Pyramids/Khufu/EnterHere
RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT
The Egyptians worshipped many gods. The environment was an important
part of the Egyptian religion. The river, tfie sun, the sky, and the stars were all
gods. Some of their hundreds of gods and goddesses were:
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Horus: god of the sky
Osiris: god of the underworld
Thoth: god of the scribes
Isis: goddess of women
Re (also called Amon-Re and sometimes spelled Ra): god of the sun
Anubis: god of mummification
1.
During the Old Kingdom, the rulers of Egypt wore a double crown that
stood for the union of Upper and Lower Egypt. The king had many people
working for him. The taty ran the kingdom, while other officials like tax collectors
scribes, and judges, reported to the taty. The position of king was hereditary, but
rather than passing the rule to a son, it was passed through the daughters. The
husband of the daughter became king.
The Egyptians measured time in dynasties. If the new king was related to
the old king, it was said to be one dynasty. When the new king came from a
different family, a new dynasty began.
THE NILE RIVER
The Nile River provided many things for the Egyptians;
•
•
•
•
water for drinking and washing
a s o u r c e of irrigation for their crops
food
transportation
Egypt was called "the gift of the Nile" by a Greek traveller who saw that the
Egyptian civilization depended on the river. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in
the world. It travels for 1850 km from the highlands of central Africa to the Nile
Delta. Heavy rains and melting snow in the mountains send flood waters down
the Blue Nile into the Nile River. This flooding was called "the inundation". Along
the way, the water tumbles through six waterfalls called cataracts. The delta, on
the north coast of Africa, is a marshy, flat land with seven channels that flow into
the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile floods its banks each year and leaves behind an
important layer of fine, fertile soil called sil|. This rich, black soil turns the desert
alongside the river into green fields.
The first
cataract on the
Nile River
SEASONS ON THE NILE
•
*
•
E a c h year, from J u n e to September, the Nile floods. This time w a s known a s
Akhet. Since the land w a s covered in water, the farmers worked on other j o b s or
kept up their skills a s artisans.
PmM, the sowing s e a s o n , lasted from October through February. The farmers
planted their crops and u s e d s h e e p to flatten down the s e e d s into the soil.
Next came Shemu. the s e a s o n of harvest, which tasted from March to J u n e .
Larger animals, like oxen, stepped on the grain to separate it from the h u s k s .
2.
Some fruits that the Egyptians grew were grapes, dates, pomegranates,
and figs. Some vegetables were onions, leeks, beans, peas, spinach, carrots and /
lettuce.
The Nile Valley was called the Black Land because of its black soil.
The deserts were called the Red Land. As rain rarely falls in Egypt, these lands
remain as dry as dust The lack of rain has preserved many tombs that are along
the cliffs. Wall paintings and other artifacts like clay pots and carvings were also
preserved by the dry desert climate. The Red Land produces sandstone, which is
rock formed from pressed sand. This material was used in buildings and statues.
Sometimes, the desert is broken by a shallow valley called a wadi.
The Egyptians went to the desert to get gold, copper and limestone.
Gold was one of the most important products of the desert The Egyptians used
gold to decorate the kings' tombs and many of their beautiful carvings and jewelry
They traded with people of other lands for items the desert and the valley did not
provide. Some things as metals, ebony and myrrh (a sweet-smelling gum) came
from Nubia in exchange for barley, wheat, oil and honey. Egyptian papyrus paper
was traded along the Mediterranean coast for cedar wood.
EGYPTIAN WRITING
The Egyptians created a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics.
Each picture stood for a different sound or object. They wrote on paper made from
papyrus, a kind of bullrush that grows along the Nile River. Ground charcoal
mixed with water was used as black ink. For red ink, the Egyptians used ochre, a
type of red earth. Their pens were cut from reeds with the end sharpened to form a
nib. Hieroglyphics can found on many objects such as an obelisk, a four-sided
stone column that tapers to a pyramid at the top.
MAKING PAPYRUS PAPER
6
*
Papyrus s t e m s are cut into strips
Strips are put into layers side by side
Strips are covered with a cloth, then pounded with a wooden mallet until they are
mushy
j
The papyrus is left to dry, then polished with a stone or s q u e e z e d in a
wooden p r e s s
SCRIBES
The Egyptian scribes made written records for temples and government
people. Egyptians who could not read or write had scribes do the work for them.
Scribal schools were held in the king's palace where both boys and girls from
upper class families were taught to copy letters and business accounts.
3.
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4
1
3
ANCILNT CGYfT
1.
Fill in the blanks with words from
the box below.
Ancient Egypt was divided into two
parts called
Egypt
and
Egypt The
River ran through the
country. The people used this river for
many things like
, and
. On each side of the river there were dry
lands called
The river ran into the Mediterranean Sea
through land called the
. Many tombs and temples were built
around the city of
in Upper Egypt. King Djoser built the
first stone monument called the
. The Great Pyramid
was built as a tomb for
. Important people
were buried close to the pyramids in stone tombs called.
delta
food
Upper
Step Pyramid
Thebes
Nile
transportation
King Khufu
water
deserts
mastabas
Lower
THE NILE RIVER
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tell four things about the Nile River:
Match the words to their meanings with a letter on the line.
a.
Akhet
the sowing season
b.
Peret
the season of harvest
c.
Shemu
time when the Nile flooded
d.
dynasty
the length of time when a king ruled Egypt
Circle the picture that shows a cataract on the Nile River.
Egypt was called "the gift of the Nile" because the Nile River gave the
Egyptian people many of the things they needed in order to
2.
6.
Circle the correct word in the following sentences:
The Nile Valley was called the Black Land because of its black (air; soil;
buildings). The desert around the Nile River was called the (Sands; Pry; Red)
Land. The dry climate In Egypt helped to keep the many (boats; tombs; camels)
from wearing away. The desert produced a rock called (granite; sandstone: gravel)
that was used to make statues and pyramids. When the Nile River flooded each
year, it left behind a layer of rich, fertile soil called (sjtt; soya; sand). This soil turned
the desert along the river into green fields. Sometimes, the desert is broken by a
shallow, valley called a (creek; inlet; wadi)
7.
8.
Circle the kinds of food the Egyptians grew along the Nile River.
The desert produced gold, copper and limestone. The Egyptians used gold
in many things. Name three ways gold was used:
3.
The Egyptians used a kind of picture writing called hieroglyphics.
Hieroglyphs are the pictures used to tell something.
Tell in a few words what you think the hieroglyphs are saying about the
people in the pictures.
10.
Match the first part of the sentence with the last part
with a letter on the line.
a.
Hieroglyphics was a form of...
the papyrus plant
b.
Each picture stood for a different...
reeds with sharpened ends
c.
The Egyptians wrote on paper made from.
picture writing
d.
This material comes from a plant called...
red ink
e.
Ground charcoal and water was used as...
sound or object
f.
Ochre is a type of red earth used as...
a bullrush from the riverside
g.
The pens were cut from...
black ink
PAPYRUS PAPER
11.
There are several steps in making papyrus paper.
Put the following sentences in the correct order.
The first one has been done for you.
A.
The papyrus is left to dry.
B.
Papyrus stems are cut into strips.
C.
The strips are pounded with a wooden mallet.
D.
Strips are put into layers side by side.
E.
The papyrus is polished with a stone.
F.
The strips are covered with a cloth.
12.
A scribe in Ancient Egypt kept records for the temples and for people who
could not read or write. It is your turn to be a scribe. Use the pictures
(hieroglyphs) below to tell something about yourself.
WHO W E R E THEY?
13.
Draw a line with a different coloured crayon from the correct picture to
the bubble that tells about each of the following gods and goddess:
7.
13.
HOW WELL DO Y O U R E M E M B E R T H E S E W O R D S ?
Write each of the words from the box below under the correct heading
in the chart.
PLACES
PEOPLE
f^cstaractt*
artltan*
Slack land
THINGS
hieroglyph©
acrlbe*
«
delta
papyrus
\^ma*taba
pharaoh*
artifact*
Nile Valley
Egyptian*
King Khufu
kings
Red land
Great Pyramid
8.
tandetone
tomb*
©lit
deeerts
Step Pyramid
]
VOCABULARY
14.
]
.1
1
1
1
Match each word with its meaning by printing
the letter on the line.
A
cataract
people who kept records for temples
3.
artisan*
tall water plant used for paper In ancient time©
C.
hieroglyphs
waterfall (rapid©) on the Nile River
P.
scribes
place where people were put when they died
E.
silt
people who are ©killed with their hand©
F.
papyrus
king and leader of Egypt
G.
artifacts
rich, fertile ©oil along the Nile River
7
H.
tomb
Egyptian picture© u©ed In writing
1
I.
pharaoh
a ©tone tomb
1
J.
mastaba
thing© that are found when people dig up old ruins
I
16.
I
I
Draw a picture of one of the above words. Print its name on the line.
S t u d e n t Response booklet
or
Name:
Qatc:
~J~eachen
SECTION TWO: The Middle Kingdom (2130-1S60 B.C.)
There were signs that the peaceful life in the Old Kingdom was about to
change. The king was losing power to the priests and heads of state. The
environment began to change as well. The rains that caused the annual flooding
of the Nile did not come in some years and came in unusually high amounts in
other years. Dykes, canals and villages were destroyed. The Egyptians faced
starvation. The kingdom began to fall apart and tribes of nomads and the people
of Nubia attacked Upper Egypt Menthuhotep. a strong leader, became the new
king and reconquered the land. All of Egypt, once more, came under the rule of
one king. Since the people were happy with this new rule, they saw little reason
for change. Therefore, very few new ideas occurred in the Middle Kingdom.
STRUCTURE OF THE CLASSES
Every civilization is organized in a different way. In Egypt, the pharaoh was
thought of as a living god who had complete control of the country. The pharaoh
kept the peace, kept the army in order, and made laws. The pharaoh appointed
nobles and military leaders to carry out his orders. They made sure that the taxes
were paid and the country was safe from invaders. Next in line were the priests
arid scribes who took care of religion and records. Following this group were the
craftspeople and the merchants. The goods made by the craftspeople were taken
in ships to other lands by the merchants. Then came the farmers who worked
long hours on the land for rich landowners in exchange for food. Last in line
were the slaves who worked in households and on farms.
PYRAMID OF POWER:
•
•
•
Pharaoh
Nobles//Military Leaders
Priests/Scribes
Craftspeople/Merchants
Farmers
Slaves
1.
THE EGYPTIAN F g Q P i e
The Ancient Egyptians had dark copper-coloured skin and black hair. They
had a slight build and stood about 5 feet tall. The people were divided into three
main social classes: upper, middle and lower. The royal families, priests, land
owners, and government officials were in the upper class. The middle class
people were merchants, craftworkers and manufacturers. Finally, the lower class
consisted of the people who worked the land called serfs or peasants. Land
owners and serfs often worked together in a friendly manner. Slaves were a
special class who were usually prisoners captured during wars. It is sometimes
thought that only slaves built the pyramids. All Egyptians were expected to work
on the pyramids part of the year.
DAILY LIFE
Family life was very important to the Egyptians. The father was in charge
of the family and upon his death, the oldest son took over. The mother looked
after the household and taught the daughters cooking, sewing and other skills.
The boys learned their father's trade or became farmers. Some boys trained with
artisans in pottery and carpentry. Only boys and girls from the upper class could
go to school.
Women had many of the same rights as men. They could:
9
own their own property
buy and sell goods
write a will
divorce their husbands
The Egyptians liked to hunt in the desert with bows and arrows. They
chased hares, ostriches and hippos. They used a throw-stick and a net to
capture birds as ducks, quail and geese. Fishing was done with spears and nets
from boats or standing on shore.
For recreation, children and adults enjoyed board games using dice. Other
games of chance or skill were also played. Wrestling was a popular spot to
watch by many Egyptians. Great banquets and feasts were held during religious
festivals.
*
The homes of all Egyptians were made from bricks of sun-dried mud called
adobe as wood was scarce in Egypt Only temples and tombs were made of
stone. Tiles were used on the floors of the rich people's homes. These houses
had many rooms. Many families in the middle class lived in the upper rooms of
two story houses while the ground floor was used for a business.
2.
The Egyptians wore light, cool clothing as the climate was hot
and dry. Most clothes were made of linen which was woven into
a rough or fine texture. Men wore short wrap-around skirts and
women wore a sheath-like dress that hung to the floor. Sandals
were worn by all classes of Egyptians. Wigs were worn by both
men and women. Women decorated them with beads, ribbons,
and jewels. People used oils and creams in place of soap for washing the skin.
Both men and women painted their eyes with a black powder called kohl. They
wore a red powder called ochre on their cheeks and lips. Nails were brightly
painted and scented oils were used as perfumes.
We know a great deal about the Egyptians from items found in tombs.
These items were put in the tombs for the ruler to use in the afterlife. There were
clay pots, jars, bowls and pans as well as small carved boats and furniture.
Candles and oil lamps were also placed beside the pharaoh to light his way.
TRAVEL AND TRADE
Gold that came from Nubia and the deserts made Egypt a rich land. So the
Nubians would not raid Egypt again, Middle Kingdom kings sent soldiers to keep
peace south of the First Cataract
Trade routes ran south along the Nile and east along the Mediterranean
shores. Some traders went to Punt, on the east coast of Africa from Coptos, on
the Nile. Caravans of donkeys left Coptos carrying loads of linen, copper
ornaments and glass beads through the hot desert After six to seven days, the
caravans arrived on the shores of the Red Sea. The donkeys returned home with
loads of myrrh, oils and perfumes. A system of bartering was used in place of
money. The traders exchanged goods of equal value.
The Nile River was the main waterway for travel. The Egyptians built
several kinds of ships and boats. Large ships used for trade and warfare were
constructed from wood. Some ships had sails while others had dozens of slaves
rowing them. Small boats were made from bundles of papyrus reeds tied with
rope. These boats were used for fishing and short trips. Pharaohs travelled in
royal barges with their servants.
WMO M A S MOREL f O W L R ?
17.
List these people in the order of power thev had in ancient Egypt
Print the letter on the line.
18.
a.
Farmers
b.
Pharaohs
c.
Slaves
d.
Priests/Scribes
e.
Nobles/Military leaders
f.
Craftspeople/Merchants
W H A T WELRL TMELJR J 0 5 5 ?
Tell one thing each of the following people did:
a.
Farmers
b.
Pharaohs
c.
Slaves
d.
Priests/Scribes
e.
Nobles/Military Leaders
f.
Craftspeople/Merchants
10.
LGYnriAN p e o p l e .
19.
Circle either T for True or F for False.
a.
The ancient Egyptians were divided into three social classes.
b.
The classes were upper, middle and lower.
c.
A slave could belong to the upper class.
d.
Most merchants were in the middle class.
e.
All Egyptians worked, at some time, on the pyramids.
f.
Family life was very important to the ancient Egyptians.
g.
A daughter was in charge of the family when the father died.
h.
Girls learned to cook and sew and do other household duties.
i.
Boys went to school and learned how to be pharaohs.
j.
Only boys and girls from the upper class could go to school.
20.
Women had many of the same rights as men in ancient Egypt
Tell four things women could do. ( not household chores)
9
9
;
9
t
9
11.
Check { / ) the best answer.
a.
The ancient Egyptians had copper-colourtd skin and
black hair and stood about:
•
•
Q
b.
They wore light, cool clothing as the climate was:
•
Q
•
c.
hiking boots
sandals
slippers
Wigs were worn by men and women and they decorated them with:
•
Q
Q
f.
long pants
mini skirts
long sheath-like dresses
On their feet, most Egyptians wore:
Q
•
•
e.
cold and frosty
cool and windy
hot and dry
Men wore short wrap-around skirts and women wore:
•
•
•
d.
six feet tall
five feet tall
four feet tall
flowers
birds
beads, ribbons and jewels
The Egyptians did not have soap, so they used:
•
•
Q
oils and creams
pieces of cucumber
peanut butter
1
Both men and women painted their eyes with:
•
•
Q
a black powder called kohl
a black felt pen
a black powder from the fire
12.
DAILY L i r t
22.
R» in thf blanks:
Th© Egyptians' homes were built of bricks of sun-dried m
called adobe. Only temples and t
_
were made of
. Some homes had only one floor while
others had two floors. The family lived on the b
floor and the top floor was for b
.. The rich people's
homes had tiled floors and there were many r_
23.
Circle all the correct answers:
Egyptian mothers taught the girls to...
shoot bows and arrows
cook and sew
b.
The boys learned their father's trade, became farmers or:
trained with artisans in pottery and carpentry
trained with fighters to become boxers
c.
The Egyptians liked to play or watch:
board games; musical instruments
wrestling
d.
The Egyptians used nets and bows and arrows to catch:
flies and mosquitoes
animals and fish
13.
I T
ART 5 0 X
24.
25.
The Egyptians liked to hunt such animals as rabbits, ostriches, gazelles
and hippos. Draw one of these animals in its background setting. Print its
name on the line.
The Egyptians used a throw-stick and a net to catch such birds as ducks,
geese, pelicans and quail. Draw one of these birds. Be sure to draw some
water and bushes in the background. Print the bird's name on the line.
14.
TRAVEL ON THE. NILE.
28.
Cross out the Incorrect ones.
A.
This
This
This
This
This
boat was
boat was
boat was
boat was
boat was
used for long trips.
made of wood and metal.
used for fishing close to shore.
used for short trips.
made of papyrus reeds tied with rope.
B.
C.
This ship was
This ship was
This ship was
This ship was
made of
used for
used for
made of
wood.
war.
fishing and trade.
metal.
This ship used slaves to row it
This ship travelled to far away places.
This ship was used to catch fish.
This ship was used in trade and war.
This ship was made of wood.
15.
TRADE. ON T l i t NILE.
T h i t picture s h o w s Egyptians
27.
bartering for
things they did not h a v e .
WHAT I S I T ?
a.
I carry heavy loads of cloth, ornaments and glass beads.
I get very hot and thirsty as I travel on the desert.
I am a
b.
There are many of us animals travelling together.
There are traders and slaves with us.
We are called a
c.
It is a way to trade without money.
Goods are traded for other goods of the same value.
This system is called
d.
This river was the main waterway of Egypt
Many boats and ships travelled on it every day.
It is called the
[
bartering
Nile River
donkey
16.
caravan .
j
WORD SEARCH
28.
C A N Y O U FIND T M L S L WORDS ?
pharaoh
sandals
farmer
slaves
merchant
j«wels
creams
priests
artisans
trade
games
barter
hunt
donkey
fish
caravan
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S t u d e n t Response B o o k l e t
for
Section 3
Name: _
Date:
~J~eacfiers
SECTION THREE: THE NEW KINGDOM (1560-1085 B.C.)
Late in the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was ruled by weak kings. These kings
were unable to stop invaders from attacking Lower Egypt This area was invaded
by people known as the Hyksos. These people rode in chariots pulled by horses
and easily defeated the Egyptians living in the Nile delta. The Egyptians always
thought they were safe with their natural barriers: the seas, the mountains, and
the deserts. Now they had been invaded by outsiders for the first time. The
Hyksos ruled Egypt for over one hundred years.
Egypt realized it must change. It needed a strong army and new ideas like
the horse-drawn chariot to overthrow and drive out its enemies. King Ahmose
from Thebes in Upper Egypt drove out the Hyksos. He joined all of Egypt once
more under one rule. This was the beginning of the New Kingdom. A later king,
Amenhotep. took over all of Nubia. Now Egypt began its rise to power and
became the world's strongest force. Egypt conquered other lands making it a
vast, rich empire.
Amenhotep, (who changed his name to Akhenaten). was called the Rebel
Pharaoh because he tried to change Egypt He encouraged artists to make their
art more realistic and replaced the many gods and goddesses with only one god,
Aten. He said he was the only person who could speak with the new god. He
replaced the priests as they were now unnecessary. His reign lasted 17 years.
After Akhenaten died, everything was changed back to the old way. His name
was erased from monuments. We have learned about this period in Egypt's
history from hundreds of letters found by archaeologists in excavated ruins.
During the New Kingdom, many changes happened in Egypt:
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Trade thrived and goods flowed into the country.
Foreign soldiers were taken into the army to replace Egyptian
soldiers as the Egyptians believed they would not have an afterlife if
they died in a foreign land. *
Stronger metal ploughs and sickles replaced the old wooden ones.
Wheat replaced barley as the main crop. Wheat makes better flour
and therefore better bread.
The horse and chariot strengthened the Egyptian army
The king gained absolute power and his name changed to Pharaoh
(He of the Great House)
The process of mummification was introduced
1.
Around 1100 B.C., Egypt began to lose control of its empire as the country
was weakened by all the religious changes. Weak kings left control of the
country in the hands of priests and ministers. Invaders began their attacks on
Egypt The Mycenaeans swept down on the delta while Libyans and Nubians
attacked from the deserts. Over the years, invaders from Babylon. Greece. Persia
and Rome each ruled Egypt
There were many reasons why Egypt fell. Some are:
•
Q
Q
Egypt did not want to fight outside its borders.
It did not want to change the way it lived.
Many countries wanted the riches of Egypt, especially its gold.
TOMBS AND TEMPLES OF THE NEW KINGDOM
In the Old Kingdom, the tombs of kings were usually above-ground. This
made it easy for grave robbers to loot them. During the Middle Kingdom, the
tombs were underground, but were not hidden well enough to fool the robbers.
Pharaohs in the New Kingdom chose areas near Thebes on the West and East
Banks of the Nile to build large, stone tombs. Everything was done to hide the
chamber containing the pharaoh, but most of these tombs did not escape
discovery by the thieves. This area is called the Valley of the Kings.
In 1922, American archaeologist, Howard Carter and a British nobleman,
Lord Carnarvon, (who gave Carter the money to excavate the site), found an
untouched tomb. This was the tomb of Tutankhamen a boy-king who was
thought to be about eight years old when he took the throne. He lived only until
he was 18 years of age.
King Tut is not remembered for his life but rather for his
death. His tomb has provided the world with treasures that
have been shown in museums in many countries.
To learn more about this great discovery, go on the
internet and type; in the Search Box: King Tut Then
choose any of several topics relating to the subject
King Tut't burial mask
2.
Gold c h s s t found in K i n g T u t ' s tomb
The temples in the New Kingdom were usually larger than the king's
tombs. The largest temple in Egypt is found at Karnak. Its name is the Great
Temple of Amun. The 134 columns are over twelve metres high and eight metres
round. It was completed by the pharaoh Ramsesses II. ( Sometimes spelled
Ramses) Karnak became the largest religious centre in the world's history.
The Great Temple of Ramesses II was built at Abu Simbel. There are four
giant statues of Ramesses II that stand 20 metres high that guard the entrance.
Another of Ramesses ll's temples was built nearby for his wife, Queen Nefertarl.
When the High Dam was built at Aswan, these temples were in great danger by
the rising water. In a remarkable operation by UNESCO in the 1960s,
the massive temples were cut and rebuilt on higher ground.
PYRAMIDS AND THE SPHINX AT GIZA
The Pyramids of Giza stand close to modern Cairo.
They were built around 2500 BC. The largest is the Great
Pyramid of Khufu. The Great Sphinx stands close to these
pyramids and is about 50 metres long and 20 metres high.
The sphinx has the body of a lion and the head of a human.
Often the head was made to look like a pharaoh.
WOMEN LEADERS
Oft it Ttmpfr of R a m — — II
Tht Gnat Sohirw
There were many Egyptian queens, but only four known female pharoahs.
Two of these women were Hatsheosut and Cleopatra. Hatshepsut began her reign
as a queen. After the death of her husband, her half-brother became pharaoh, but
was too young to take command. So Hatsheput made herself pharaoh and led the
country for 15 years. (1473-1458 BC) It has been said that she was history's first
woman pharaoh. Two obelisks, with writings about her reign, were erected at the
Temple of Karnak. Cleopatra ruled Egypt at the early age of 17 in 51-30 BC. When
she died at 39 years old, an whole era of Egyptian history was closed. She was
the last pharaoh to rule Egypt Alexandria remained the capital of Egypt, but
Egypt was now under Roman rule.
To I t i r n mora about these famous women, visit the website.
In the S e a r c h box, type in Cleopatra. T h e n c h o o s e #2 The Last
Pharaoh.
To read about H a t s h e p s u t type in her name in the
S e a r c h Box then c h o o s e #5 Hatshtpsut-Queen
of Egypt
Cleopatra
3.
Hatshepsut
EGYPTIAN MUMMIES AND MUMMIFICATION
The Egyptians began making plans for their afterlife long before they died.
Pharaohs and people in high positions would have a tomb built But when the
bodies were hidden away in the tombs, they would decay. So the process of
mummification was developed. Mummification was an artificial process of drying
the body. The whole operation took 70 days. Several embalmers worked on the
task. The chief embalmer wore a jackal mask to represent Anubis. the god of
mummification.
These are the steps in making a mummy:
•
The internal organs except the heart, were removed. The heart was
thought to be the centre of intelligence so it was not disturbed. The
brain was taken out through the nose with a wire. The organs were
placed in special jars called canopic jars and sealed with wax.
The body was packed and covered with natron, a drying chemical. It
took 40-50 days for the body's liquids to be absorbed. Only the hair,
skin and bones were left.
r e a d
Now the body was ^W^f^^dk
y to be wrapped. It was
bathed, rubbed
^ g p p ^ f i i
with spices, herbs and
perfumes. Many
layers of linen (375 metres)
were used to wrap
y it took about 15
days to complete. Hot oils were placed between the layers of cloth to
make the wrappings stiff. Jewellery and amulets (good luck charms)
were put inside the wrappings to protect the person on his trip to the
underworld.
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t n e
•
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o
a
The body was now carried into the tomb by the priests and placed in
a coffin called a sarcophagus)! A copy of the Book of the Dead was
left in each tomb. It contained answers and spells that the soul of the
dead person might be asked as he travelled to the afterlife.
The Egyptians are famous for many inventions:
a 365 day calendar
a form of writing called hieroglyphics
a basic form of arithmetic
•
a paper-like writing material called papyrus
They created many large cities where such people as engineers,
painters, architects and doctors lived.
•
They developed a religion that stressed life after death.
•
They built huge pyramids for their pharaohs that were amazingly
exact This was their greatest achievement!
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5.
1
ANCILNT ELGYPT
29.
Fill in th® blanks with words from the box below.
Late in the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was ruled by weak
.
These leaders were unable to stop invaders called
from
attacking Lower Egypt These people came in
pulled
by
. The Egyptians had never seen these animals before,
of them. The Egyptians thought
so were very
they were safe with their natural
. These were the
and
The Hyksos ruled Egypt for over one
30.
years.
Hyksos
chariots
hundred
kings
mountains
deserts
barriers
seas
horses
frightened
Draw a c h a r i o t tike the ones used in Ancient E g y p t .
A d d a h o r s e if you w i s h .
18.
1.
Underline the incorrect words, then write the correct words on the line.
Egypt hod to change i f it was to survive the attacks f r o m i t s own
people.
^
Egypt needed a stronger army and new ideas like a car and horse.
A strong king called Elvis drove out the Hyksos.
L a t e r , another king called Amenhotep took control of Canada.
Egypt began its rise to power and became the world's weakest
force.
RflfRgj-o lotcr Sun god
V
Circle O for true or $ for false.
J
King Amenhotep, later called Akhenaten, was called the Rebel
Pharaoh because he tried to change Egypt.
Q
®
He wanted all women to become a r t i s t s and make their work
look r e a l .
O
$
He replaced all the Egyptian gods with only one god called Aten
who was an early sun god.
Q
0
The priests didn't like this king, so when he died, everything was
changed back to the old way.
O
19.
®
33.
Dyring the New Kingdom, many good things happened in Egypt.
Complete the chart with the missing parts.
Result of t h i s happening
Good Things
a. flowed
a. Trade got b e t t e r and b e t t e r
so goods...
b. Metal
ploughs and sickles were
b. the old
made in place of...
c.
Wheat replaced barley, and
c. better
wheat makes better flour, so...
d. The horse and chariot made
d. the army could
the army stronger, so...
e. The Egyptians learned about
mummification,
e. would now
so bodies...
34.
Match the first part of the sentence to the last oart with a letter.
a.
In the Old Kingdom, the tombs of Icings were
underground
b.
During the Middle Kingdom, the tombs were
the Valley of the Kings
c.
The tombs were hidden much better in the
above ground
d.
Most tombs were found by thieves who took
New Kingdom
e.
Many tombs were found in Upper Egypt in
costly treasures
20.
TOMBS AND TEMPLES
35.
Tell two f a c t s about each of t h e following people or objects:
Howird Carttr at King Tufa tomb
B
King Tutanfchaman (King Tut)
c.
Tht Grtat Ttmplt of Amun
ThaQrtatTantpHof Rawaaall
21.
THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA AND THE GREAT SPHINX
36.
Choose a word from the box to complete the sentence.
A.
The Pyramids of Giza stand close to the modern city of
B.
They were built around
C.
The largest pyramid is the
D.
A statue that has the body of a lion and the head of a human is called
.
the
E.
Often the head of this statue was made to look like a
r
Great Sphlujr
2500 B.C.
Great Pyramid of Khufa
22.
Cairo
pharaoh
r
WOMEN LEADERS
Hatshepsut
J
37.
38.
Cleopatra
Print either A or B after each sentence.
a.
I took over the role of pharaoh when my husband died.
b.
My half-brother was too young to rule so I ruled Egypt
c.
I began my duties at age 17 in 51-30 B.C.
d.
Some say I was history's first known woman pharaoh.
e.
I was the last pharaoh to rule Egypt.
f.
I died at 39 years of age and a whole period of Egyptian
history was closed.
g.
I had two obelisks with my deeds printed on them sent
to the temple of Karnak.
S » 9
Turn the paper sideways and draw an obelisk with some hieroglphs on it
23.
39.
Fill in the blanks with the correct words to finish the story.
and other organs except the heart.
The
were taken out of the body and placed in
and sealed with wax.
Then the body was packed and covered with a drying chemical
Now the body was ready to be wrapped
called
in yards of
were put inside the wrappings to protect the person in the afterlife.
Next, the body was taken to the tomb and put into a coffin called a
.. The god of mummification.
said prayers oyer the body.
r
Egyptian goo* Anufris
Amulets
iinen
natron
sarcophagus
canopic j a r s
Anubis
brain
24.
40.
Th* Egy^liant are famoui for many thing*.
A.
Mama ihm things that were used in ancient timet;
8.
6.
i.
A form of picture writing
b.
A paper-like writing material
c.
A way to make a body last longer
Kama fwo things that we have changed in some way! and me today:
a.
A system of numbert
b.
A way to fell the dayi of the year
Mama the
ho*
greatest thing the Egyptian! built that still mafcet people wonder
thf y did it 1
[
25.