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MINE2007 PRINCIPLES OF
MINERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY
Instructor:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semih GÜRSU
Reference Books:
- MANUAL OF MINERALOGY
(CORNELIS KLEIN & CORNELIUS
S. HURLBUT)
- INTRODUCTION TO
MINERALOGY (WILLIAM D.
NESSE)
- SOFWARE OF THE LESSON:
MINERALOGY TUTORIALS
(Cornelis Klein)
SYLLABUS
What is Mineral?, Mineralogy
Physical Features of Minerals
Crystallography
(Crystal Classes)
Systematic Mineralogy (Silicates-Tectosilicates)
Systematic Mineralogy (Silicates- Inosilicates)
Systematic Mineralogy (SilicatesNesosilicates/Nesosorosilicates/Cyclosilicates/Phyllosilicates)
Systematic Mineralogy (Sulfate, Phosphates and Carbonates)
Systematic Mineralogy (Sulfides, Halide, Native Elements)
Mid-Term Exam (19.11.2013 Lesson&Lab.)
Rock Cycle
Petrography of Igneous Rocks
Petrography of Sedimentary Rock
Petrography of Metamorphic Rocks
What is Mineral? and Mineralogy
Mineral:
A mineral is a naturally occuring homogeneous solid with a
define chemical composition and a highly ordered atamic arrangment and is
usually formed by inorganic processes.
In this term, for a mineral, It must be;
- naturally occurred,
- homegeneous solid state,
- having a chemical composition,
- formed by inorganic processes,
Minerals must be crystalline soids. The atoms/ions that comprise
crystalline materials are arranged and chemically bonded in a regular and
repeating long-range pattern. The beautiful, symmetrically arranged
crystal faces are a concequence of this internally ordered atomic
structures.
Mineraloids; are mineral-like materials that lack a long-range crystalline
structures. They include amorphous solids and glasses. Volcanic glass is
the most common sample.
Crystal: A boarder definition of crystals can be explained as
homogeneous solid possessing long-range, having three dimensional
internal order. (the crystals can be natuaral or sentetic forms)
Crystallography: The study of crystalline solids and the
principles that govern their growth, external shape and internal
structure is named as crystallograhy.
Crystallography was originally developed as a brach of mineralogy,
today it has become a seperate science dealing not only with
minerals but with all crystalline matter.
Mineralogy: Mineralogy can be explained as the study of minerals.
The modern study of mineralogy can be tracked back to Theoprastus
(387-272 BC) who wrote the earlist preserved book dealing with minerals,
titled «On Stones». Some 400 years later, Pliny and Elder, who met his
death at pompei, provided us with an encyclopedic review of mineralogy as
it applied to the metsllicc ores, gemstones and pigments in use of Roman
empire circa 77AD. Some 1500 years later (1556) German physician and
mining engineer Georgious Bauer, provided detailed descriptions and
defined physical properties such as hardness and cleavage that continue to
provide the basis for hand-sample identification of minerals.
The most drematic progress in ustructures.nderstanding minerals came
from the discovery of X rays. In 1920 Max von Laune (1879-1960)
demostrated that crystals would diffract X-rays, thus providing that
minerals posseses a regular and repeating arrangments of atoms. After
than many researcher had used X-rays to determine the crystal structure
of minerals.
During the twentieth century a wide variety of instrumentation has been
developed to improve our ability to determine the chemical compositions of
minerals and refine our understanding of their crystal structures.