Download sol based - Central High School

SOL BASED Learning Objectives
Standard BIO. 5 a, b, c
The student will investigate and understand common mechanisms of inheritance
and protein synthesis.
Key concepts include:
a) cell growth and division;
b) gamete formation; and
c) cell specialization.
THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO:

Sequence the events of the cell cycle and explain why cell division is necessary.

Discuss how genes control the cell cycle.

Explain what happens when the cell cycle goes out of control


Distinguish between Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Compare the differences in plant and animal cell cytokinesis


Describe and Diagram the events of Mitosis from prophase to telophase.
Model the events of meiosis, accentuating the major differences between Mitosis and
Meiosis.


Explain the importance of “Crossing Over” in the context of genetic variability
Compare the effects of different kinds of chromosomal nondisjunctions
Essential knowledge and Skills:
 All living cells come from other living cells. During mitosis, the nucleus of the cell divides,
forming two nuclei with identical genetic information.
 Many organisms are capable of combining genetic information from two parents to produce
offspring. Sex cells are produced through meiosis. This allows sexually reproducing
organisms to produce genetically differing offspring.
 The many body cells of an organism can be specialized to perform different functions, even
though they are all descended from a single cell and contain essentially the same genetic
information.
 Mitosis produces two genetically identical cells.
 Meiosis occurs in sexual reproduction when a diploid germ cell produces four haploid
daughter cells that can mature to become gametes (sperm or egg).
 A typical cell goes through a process of growth, development, and reproduction called the
cell cycle.
 Mitosis and meiosis refer to division of the nuclear material. Cytokinesis is the division of
the cytoplasm and organelles.
 Mitosis is referred to in the following stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
 Recombination and mutation provide for genetic diversity.
 Some new gene combinations have little effect, some can produce organisms that are better
suited to their environments, and others can be detrimental
 The sorting and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction results in a great variety of
gene combinations in the offspring of any two parents.
 Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA bases can alter genes. An altered gene may be
passed on to every cell that develops from it, causing an altered phenotype.
 An altered phenotype may be beneficial or detrimental.
 Sometimes entire chromosomes can be added or deleted, resulting in a genetic disorder
such as Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
Skill
 Evaluate karyotype charts.
 Recognize phases of the cell cycle based on an electron micrograph
SOL PRACTICE
1.
What is the correct sequence for plant
cell mitosis?
A A, B, D, C
B C, B, A, D _
C B, A, D, C
D D, C, B, A
2. The reduction of the chromosome number during meiosis is most important for —
A preventing the nucleus from becoming larger with each cell division
B maintaining the chromosome number during sexual reproduction _
C keeping the amount of DNA in the cell at a minimum level
D allowing the growth of the cell without increasing the DNA content
3.
A chart of human chromosome pairs is
called a karyotype. What information
is revealed in the karyotype above?
A The sex _
B The age
C Trisomy
D Gene dominance
4. Bacteria are tremendously successful unicellular organisms, yet all large
organisms are multicellular. Unicellular organisms cannot grow very large because the —
A energy expenditures would be too great
B locomotion of the organisms would be too slow
C diffusion of nutrients into the cell’s interior would
D respiratory rate would be too high
be too slow _
5. People who have been exposed to excessive radiation often experience
mutations. If these mutations only occur in somatic (body) cells, these
people may —
A pass
on these mutations to their
offspring
B experience an increased risk of cancer _
C develop entirely new DNA sequences in
all cells
D experience difficulties replicating RNA
6. The jimsonweed Datura stramonium, normally has 12 chromosomes in the
body cells. How many chromosomes will an egg cell of the weed have?
A 6 chromosomes _
B 12 chromosomes
C 18 chromosomes
D 24 chromosomes
7. The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of
the species by providing each generation with the same number of —
A body cells
B chromosomes _
C offspring
D gametes
8. Inversions in chromosomes occur when part of a chromosome breaks out
and is reinserted upside down. Which of the diagrams below represents an
inversion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
9. The process of DNA replication is necessary before a cell —
A makes a protein
B codes for RNA molecules
C divides into two cells _
D modifies lysosome enzymes
10. External sources, such as radiation or chemicals, can cause mutations in
genes or entire chromosomes. For a mutation to pass on to offspring, it
must occur in a —
A brain cell
B muscle cell
C sex cell _
D bone cell
11.
Which of the following phases is the
first step in mitosis?
A Anaphase
B Metaphase
C Prophase _
D Telophase
12. After a culture of cells is allowed to multiply and is viewed through a
microscope, the cells are x-rayed with high-energy radiation for less than
1/100th of a second. After the radiation, many newly reproduced cells appear
different. What has probably occurred?
A Contamination
B Mutation
C Bacterial infection
D Speciation
13. Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced. In which of the
following human organs does meiosis occur?
A Testis
B Liver
C Skin
D Pancreas
14.
Which phase of mitosis would be seen next?
A.
B.
C.
D.
15. Why does sexual reproduction result in greater diversity among offspring
than does asexual reproduction?
A Only mitosis must occur in sexual reproduction.
B New combinations of genes result from sexual reproduction.
C Sexual reproduction may occur at a faster rate.
D Mutations are more likely to occur in asexual reproduction.
16. Scientists can use genetic information to identify people because it is unique
to each person. Which specific characteristic is unique to an individual?
A The shape of the DNA molecules in cells
B The number of chromosomes in each cell
C The sequence of DNA nucleotides in cells
D The size of each chromosome in a cell
17.
During meiosis, homologous
chromosomes can exchange DNA
in a process
known as —
A replication
B internal fertilization
C cytokinesis
D crossing over
18.
A student looking through a light
microscope saw this cell in cytokinesis.
This cell is most likely from —
A a plant
B a virus
C an animal
D a bacterium
19.
20. Gametes must be haploid because —
A gametes are small and can hold only the haploid number of chromosomes
B the gametes’ chromosomes will be replicated prior to cell division
C two gametes will unite during fertilization to create a diploid cell
D fertilization results with a haploid zygote