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Chapter 19 Notes The French Revolution And Napoleon Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution The Old Regime First Estate – clergy – Very wealthy; owned 10% of land, collected tithes, no taxes – Ran schools, hospitals, and orphanages – Targeted by philosophes who wanted them to reform and stay out of politics – The clergy condemned many thinkers during the Enlightenment for undermining religion and moral order Second Estate – nobility – – – – Had rights but under strict royal control Had top jobs in government, army, courts, and Church Owned land but had little money income Resented absolutism because it gave jobs to middle-class people that were traditionally for aristocracy – Feared losing privileges such as no taxes The Old Regime Third Estate – vast majority of population (98%) – Diverse Group Bourgeoisie – – Bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, artisans Rural peasants – made up 90% of population – Landowners, tenant farmers, apprentices, journeyman, stable hands, porters, construction – Many were unemployed Discontent – All members of Third Estate resented the people above them in society – Peasants burdened by taxes, hunger, and corvee – – Began to question authority of higher classes Economic Troubles - Deficit Spending The Burden of Debt – Caused by Louis XIV, Seven Years’ War, American Revolution – Half of its tax income went to pay interest of debt Poor Harvests – Sent food prices up and brought hunger – Caused riots among peasants, attacked manor houses Failure to Reform – Louis XVI chose Jacques Necker to fix problem – Reduce court spending, abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade – Proposed taxing all Estates (nobles got rid of Necker before this happened) – King was forced to call Estates General for the 1st time in 175 years – Nobles hoped to bring monarch under their control Louis XVI Calls the Estates General The Cahiers – – Listed all grievances Fair taxes, freedom of the press, regular EG meetings, right to kill animals, leave servant hood whenever and get paid for duty The Tennis Court Oath – Group deadlocked on issue of voting 1st and 2nd always outvoted the 3rd estate Delegates for 3rd wanted votes counted “by person” – Claimed to represent people of France and called themselves National Assembly Were locked out by king and had to relocate at a nearby indoor tennis court – Swore they would “never separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just conclusion” Louis XVI Calls the Estates General Storming the Bastille – A mob, fearing rumors of royal troops surrounding Paris, took over a prison looking for weapons and ammo. – Killed officers and guards but found nothing – Quickly became a symbol of the French Revolution – July 14 is still celebrated as Bastille Day in France Section 2 Creating a New France Revolts in Paris and the Provinces The Great Fear – Attacks on villages and towns; troops seizing crops led to panic – Peasants reacted by burning nobles’ houses and estates Paris in Arms – Factions – Several competed for power – Marquis de Lafayette Fought with George Washington Head of the National Guard; first group to wear red, white, and blue badge (eventually became national flag) – Paris Commune Replaced royal government Used to mobilize protestors or violent actions during revolution Moderate Reforms - August 4, 1789 – National Assembly voted to end noble privileges - Tax exemption, hunting rights, old manorial dues, legal status Declaration of the Rights of Man – Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence; governments exist to protect the natural rights of citizens – All male citizens were equal before the law, all could hold public office, religious freedom, levied taxes – French Revolution slogan – “Life, Equality, Fraternity” – Nobles and king still enjoyed luxuries while others starved Moderate Reforms Women March on Versailles – Demanded to see the king; also directed anger at Queen Marie Antoinette – Crowd demanded king to return to Paris; he reluctantly agreed – Basically lived as a house-bound prisoner The National Assembly Presses Onward - Worked on a Constitution and solve the financial crisis - Took over Church lands and sold them to pay debt Reorganizing the Church – Civil Constitution of the Clergy Put French Catholic Church under state control Priests became elected, salaried officials Ended papal authority and dissolved monasteries and convents – Priests and peasants rejected these changes widening the gap between revolutionaries in Paris and those in the countryside The National Assembly Presses Onward Constitution of 1791 – Set up a limited monarchy – Legislative Assembly Power to make laws and collect taxes Decide issues of war and peace Elected by taxpaying male citizens – Protected private property and supported free trade – Abolished guilds and forbade unions Louis’ Failed Flight – Tried to escape disguised as a servant with the queen and children – Attempt failed and was taken back to Paris and seen as a traitor Reaction Outside France Widespread Fears – Many European rulers began shutting down their borders and burning Enlightened materials in fear of the same plight as France – Emigres - Threats from Abroad – Marie Antoinette’s brothers issued Declaration of Pilnitz Basically said they would protect French monarchy – Revolutionaries took threat serious and revolution entered more radical phase War at Home and Abroad Internal Divisions – Republic – – Jacobins – (pg. 477) War on Tyranny – April 1792 Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and others Lasted until 1815 Section 3 Radical Days The Monarchy Abolished - French revolutionaries were having trouble against professional soldiers, royalists deserting French army Outbreaks of Violence – August 1792 Mob stormed king’s palace and killed the guards Royal family fled to Legislative Assembly – Sept 1792 Attacked prisons holding nobles and priests held for political offenses The Monarchy Abolished The French Republic – Radicals took over the Assembly and named it the National Convention – Suffrage – – Abolished monarchy and declared France a republic; drew up new constitution – Jacobins set out to erase all memory of old order Seized noble lands and abolished noble titles Death of the King and Queen – Put King Louis XVI on trial for treason; convicted by single vote and beheaded in front of a crowd in Paris (Jan 1793) – Oct. 1793 – Marie Antoinette was beheaded; their son died in the dungeons The Convention Defends the Republic - France had many problems to deal with: European War, revolt against government, division in the Convention Committee of Public Safety – 12 members; prepared France for all out war – Issued mass levy that required all citizens to contribute to the war effort Robespierre – Maximilien Robespierre – leader of the Committee of Public – Looked at as incorruptible by the Jacobins, and as a tyrant by his enemies – Followed Rousseau’s idea of general will as the source of legitimate law – Promoted religious toleration and abolish slavery The Convention Defends the Republic The Reign of Terror – July 1793 – July 1794 40,000 people were executed 15% nobles and priests, 15% middle class, and the rest were peasants and sansculottes – Guillotine was introduced as more humane method of beheading than an ax – Robespierre was eventually arrested and executed Reaction and the Directory Constitution of 1795 – 5 man Directory 2 house legislature Led by bourgeoisie – Made peace with several countries, made themselves rich and began hackin off “the people” Threat of the revival of royalists – Called on Napoleon Bonaparte to handle stuff Napoleon would eventually rule everything Women in the Revolution Rights for Women – Olympe de Gouges Journalist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman Executed by the guillotine – Made divorce easier, could inherit property Setbacks – Women lost their rights and were declared that they lacked physical and moral strength to practice political rights Changes in Daily Life Nationalism – Social Reform – Set up state schools, abolished slavery – Created secular calendar The Arts – Jacques Louis David - artist David Paintings Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins Napoleon’s Rise to Power - Favored Jacobins and republican rule Early Successes – Celebrated military leader By 1793-94 he conquered and took over British controlled French ports, northern Italy, and forcing Hapsburg emperor to make peace – By 1799 – helped overthrow a weak Directory and set up a 3man Consulate (governing board) with himself as the First Consul – 1802 – named himself consul for life Self-made Emperor – 1804 – assumed title of Emperor of the French – Plebiscite – French people always supported him France Under Napoleon Reforms – Economy Controlled prices, encouraged industry, built roads and canals – Military System of schools under government control; trained army and officers – Religion and Society Concordat of 1801: kept Church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics – Peasants Received lost lands Napoleonic Code – Equality of citizens before the law, religious toleration, advancement based on merit – Did restrict women and made husbands in authority Building an Empire The Grand Empire – Annex – Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Germany; abolished Holy Roman Empire – Controlled these areas by forced diplomacy; put friends and relatives on the thrones of conquered lands – Success in battle boosted nationalism France versus Britain – Britain managed to stave off invasion from France with its Navy – Napoleon fought back by blockading British ports and disrupting commerce; called this the Continental System Section 5 The End of an Era Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire Impact of Nationalism – Many Europeans saw French as foreign oppressors; resented Continental System and forced cultural changes – Nationalism led to revolts against France; Germanspeaking people countered French influence Resistance in Spain – 1808 – Napoleon replaced Spanish king with brother, Joseph Introduced reforms to change the Catholic Church – Spanish fought back which led to guerrilla warfare – Attacked supply trains and troops; had help from the British Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire Defeat in Russia – Russia’s czar responded to Continental System and Napoleon led his Grand Army to Russia – Took 400,000 troops to Russia – Russia used “scorched earth” policy which left French hungry and cold during winter – Plan to take Moscow backfired and only 10,000 survived – Defeat ruined Napoleon’s reputation Downfall of Napoleon - 1813: new alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia defeated Napoleon in Battle of the Nations Exile and Return – Abdicated – Napoleon was exiled to island of Elba; recognized Louis XVIII as king of France – Transition didn’t go smoothly Napoleon came back to cheers and became emperor again Downfall of Napoleon Battle of Waterloo – Power lasted 100 days – Defeated by the British, Prussians and sent into exile on St. Helena Legacy of Napoleon – Died in 1821 – His conquests spread ideas of the French Revolution and nationalism – 1803 – sold Louisiana Purchase to the United States Thomas Jefferson was President Congress of Vienna Goals of the Congress – Create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy in Europe – Redrew the map of Europe – Restored the hereditary monarchy