Download Chapter 15 - vocab and notes

Chapter 15 – The Civil War (1861-1865)
Vocabulary:
Key Terms:
1. border state
2. martial law
3. neutral
4. blockade
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5. emancipate
6. draft
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7. habeas corpus
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8. ironclad
9. casualty
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10. income tax
11. inflation
12. profiteer
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13. siege
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14. total war
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Key People/Places/Events:
15. The “Virginia”
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16. The “Monitor”
17. Emancipation Proclamation 18. 54th Massachusetts Regiment 19. Fort Wagner
20. Copperhead
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21. Pickett’s Charge
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22. Gettysburg Address
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23. Appomattox Court House
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slave state that remained in the Union during the
Civil War
rule by the army instead of the elected government
not favoring either side in a dispute
shutting a port or roadway to prevent people or
supplies from coming into or leaving an area
to set free
law that requires people of a certain age to enlist in
the military
right not to be held in prison without first being
charged with a specific crime
warship covered with protective iron plates
military term for a person killed, wounded, or
missing in action
tax on people’s earnings
rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money
person who takes advantage of a crisis to make
money
military blockade or bombardment of an enemy
town or position in order to force it to surrender
all-out war that affects civilians at home as well as
soldiers in combat
ironclad warship used by the confederates to break
the Union blockade
ironclad Union warship
Lincoln’s 1863 declaration freeing slaves in the
Confederacy
African American unit in the Union Army
in South Carolina that was the site of an attack by
the African American 54th Massachusetts Regiment
northerner who opposed using force to keep the
Southern states in the Union
failed Confederate charge at the Battle of
Gettysburg
speech made by President Lincoln in 1863 after the
Battle of Gettysburg
located in a Virginia town that was the site of the
Confederate surrender in 1865
24. George McClellan
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25. Ulysses S. Grant
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26. Horace Greeley
27. William Tecumseh Sherman 28. Battle of Bull Run
29. Battle of Antietam
30. Battle of Fredericksburg
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31. Battle of Shiloh
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32. Battle of Chancellorsville
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33. Battle of Gettysburg
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Union general put in charge after the Battle of Bull
Run
most successful Union general who replaced
McClellan
abolitionist newspaper publisher
Union general at the same time of Grant, led
troops in Atlanta
1861 - first major battle of the Civil War in Virginia
1862 – Civil War battle in Maryland
1862 – Civil War battle in Virginia, one of the
Union’s worse defeats
1862 – Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in
a Union victory
1863 – Civil War battle in Virginia, important
victory for the Confederacy
1863 – Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended
in a Confederate invasion of the North
Chapter 15 – The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 1 – The Call to Arms
Obj: to explain the issues that divided the nation when the war began; to describe the
primary strengths, weaknesses, and strategies of the North and the South at the beginning of
the war; and, to identify the leaders of each side of the war
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When the war began, each side was convinced that its cause was just.
Southerners – had a right to leave the Union
Northerners – they had to fight to save the Union
At the onset, abolishing slavery was not an official goal of the North.
April 1861, eight slave states were still in the Union
o When the war began, they had to decide which side to join
o Their decision would greatly affect the outcome of the war
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas quickly joined the Confederacy.
The remaining four, “border states”, of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland and Delaware
decided to remain in the Union.
The South had the advantage of fighting a defensive war.
The South –
o White southerners believed they were fighting a war for independence.
o Confederate soldiers enjoyed the advantage of knowing the southern
countryside.
o There was also serious economic weaknesses
 Few factories to produce weapons and other vital supplies
 Few railroads to move troops and supplies.
 Political problems – Confederate constitution favored states’ rights and
limited the authority of the central government.
 It had a small population
 9 million in the Confederacy as compared to the 22 million in the Union.
The North –
o Had almost four times as many free citizens than the South
o It had a large source of volunteers
o Many people to grow food and work in factories making supplies
o Industry a great resource
o Factories began producing bullets, cannons, guns, boots, uniforms and other
supplies for the Union army.
o It had 70% of the nations rail lines
o Had a strong navy and large fleet of trading ships
o Difficult challenge
 They were invading unfamiliar land
 More supplies needed than those of the Confederates
 More open to attack
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The War’s Leaders –
o President Jefferson Davis – the Confederacy
o President Abraham Lincoln – the Union
North and South had different strategies for victory
Union – an aggressive campaign against the South
Confederacy – to hold tight until the North lost the will to fight
Union Plans –
o Use the navy to blockade southern ports
o In the east – seize Richmond, the Confederate capital.
o In the west – seize control of the Mississippi River
Confederate Plans –
o Simpler than the North’s
o Fight a defensive war until northerners tire of fighting
Battle of Bull Run – July 21, 1861
o Union troops set out from Washington DC for Richmond
o Met up with Confederate soldiers
o General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson rallied the Confederate Virginia troops on a
nearly hill. There he stood his ground like a stone wall.
o Union troops retreated all the way back to Washington DC
o Battle showed both sides needed training and that the was would be long and
bloody
Chapter 15 – The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 2 – Early Years of the War
Obj: to explain how early encounters dispelled hopes for a quick end to the war; to identify
the victories of the Confederates; and, to list the victories of the Union.
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After disaster at Bull Run – Lincoln appointed General George McClellan commander of
the Union army of the East, known as the Army of the Potomac.
o McClellan a superb organizer, but too cautious for Lincoln.
Blockades were being used by the Union and trade through southern ports dropped by
more than 90%.
Confederates – the USS Merrimack – renamed by the Confederates – The Virginia
Union – the Monitor.
o The two ships clashed in the waters off Hampton Roads, Virginia
o Last serious attack the South was able to mount against the Union navy.
Union blockade held throughout the war.
Sept 1862 – Confederate commander General Robert E. Lee, took the offensive and
marched his troops north into Maryland.
Union found copy of Lee’s battle plan
McClellan, again, slow to act, but finally attacked Lee’s main force at Antietam on
September 17, 1862.
o 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers killed or wounded.
Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army
of the Potomac.
Confederate victories –
o 1862 - The Battle of Fredericksburg
o 1863 – The Battle of Chancellorsville
o Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in three days.
o But the South paid highly –
 General Stonewall Jackson, mistaken for a Union soldier, was gunned
down by Confederate sentries. He died as a result of his injuries.
In the West, Union forces met with better success.
General Ulysses S. grant began moving toward the plan to seize control of the
Mississippi River.
o February 1862 – he attacked and captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in
Tennessee.
o He pushed south to Shiloh
o April 6th, he was surprised by Confederate forces, who forced the Union back
towards the river.
o Grant did not back down.
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o The next – The Battle of Shiloh, Grant beat back the Confederates and won one
of the bloodiest encounters in the Civil War.
o While Grant was fighting at Shiloh, the Union navy moved to gain control of the
Mississippi River.
April 1862 – Union gunboats captured New Orleans.
Other ships seized Memphis
By capturing these two cities, Union controlled both ends of the Mississippi.
South could no longer use the river as a supply line.
Chapter 15 – The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 3 – The Emancipation Proclamation
Obj: to identify Lincoln’s primary goal in the war; to describe the effects of the Emancipation
Proclamation; and, to explain African Americans’ contribution to the war effort both in the
Union Army and behind Confederate lines.
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The Civil War began as a war to restore the Union, not to end slavery, President Lincoln
made this point clear.
He handles the slave issue cautiously because there were still four slave states in the
Union.
Lincoln did not want to shift their loyalties.
Mid 1862 – Lincoln came to believe that he could save the Union only by broadening the
goals of the war.
o He decided to emancipate enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy.
o He had practical reasons for his emancipation plan.
 3 million slaves labored for the Confederacy
 Emancipation would weaken the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the
war.
 He did not want to anger slave owners in the Union and also knew that
many northerners opposed freedom for enslaved African Americans.
 He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation slowly, by limiting it to
territories controlled by the Confederacy.
o He had another motive
 He believed slavery was wrong and felt he could act to free slaves
without threatening the Union.
September 22, 1862, following the victory at Antietam, he issued a preliminary
proclamation.
January 1, 1863 – he issued the formal Emancipation Proclamation.
o Changed to purpose of the war
o Union troops were fighting to end slavery as well as to save the Union.
The proclamation won the sympathy of Europeans and it looked at though neither
Britain nor any other European country would come to the aid of the South.
Free and escaped African Americans enlisted in the Union army and were fighting major
battles against the Confederates. In 1864 they received equal pay as whites.
54th Massachusetts Regiment the most famous African American units.
July 18, 1863 – white attacking Fort Wagner near Charleston, ,SC, before being forced to
withdraw, almost half the regiment was killed.
African Americans in the South still worked as slaves, but slowed down their work or
refused to work at all. Hoping to weaken the South’s war effort.
Chapter 15 – The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 4 – The Civil War and American Life
Obj: to describe what life was like for Confederate and Union soldiers, explain what problems
each side faced at home; to describe how the war affected the economy of the North and the
South; and, to explain the role women played in the war
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ON both sides, soldiers were under the age of 21
o They drilled and marched for long hours
o They slept on the ground even in the rain and snow
o They learned to stand firm
o As death toll rose, the age restriction for soldiers was relaxed
 South drafted boys young as 17 and men old as 50.
New technology added to the horrors
Medical care on the battlefield was crude
Infection and disease from poor sanitary conditions
Prisoners of war faced horrifying conditions – disease or starvation
Desertions on both sides
o Confederacy – one out of every nine
o Union – one out of every seven
1863 – Congress passed law – the draft – required all able-bodied males between the
ages of 20 and 45 to serve in the military when they were called.
o Under the law a man could avoid being drafted by paying the government $300
or by hiring someone t serve in his place.
o This angered many who began to see the Civil War as a “rich man’s war and a
poor man’s fight”
Lincoln – suspended Habeas Corpus several times to stop riots and other “disloyal”
practices.
Davis struggled to create a strong federal government for the Confederacy.
Like the North, the South forced to pass a draft.
o Only men who owned or supervised more than 20 slaves did not have to serve.
o Farmers who had few or no slaves resented this law.
Near end of war – South no longer had enough white men to fill ranks.
Gen. Lee urged that enslaved African Americans be allowed to serve as soldiers.
Northern Economy –
o Several strategies to raise money
 Nation’s first income tax
 Internal Revenue Service established in 1861
 Bonds
 Printed more than $400 million in paper money
 As paper money increased, each dollar was worth less.
 Profiteering
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Southern Economy –
o The war brought economic ruin, blockade cut off all means to income
o Income tax and tax-in-kind (requiring farmers to turn over one tenth of their
crops to the government.
o Like the North, printed paper money, and printed so much, inflation set in
Women of both the North and South played vital roles during the war
o Took jobs in industry and on farms
o Aided societies that helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing and
medicine.
o Held fairs and fundraising events
o Nurses
 Dorothea Dix
 Clara Barton
 Sojourney Truth
 Sally Tompkins
Chapter 15 – The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Section 5 – Decisive Battles
Obj: to explain why the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg were important; to
describe Grant’s plan for ending the war with the South; to identify Lincoln’s hopes for the
Union after his reelection; and, to explain why the Civil War was a major turning point in
American history.
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Confederate armies won major battles:
o Dec 1862 – Fredericksburg
o May 1863 – Chancellorsville
July 1863 – tides of war turned against the South
Union forces won major battles in the East and in the West
o West – triumph along the Mississippi River
 New Orleans
 Memphis
o East – Gettysburg, under General George C. Meade
Battle of Gettysburg one of the most important battles of the Civil War
o Three-day battle
 First day (July 1) Confederates drove Union out of Gettysburg
 Second day – Lee ordered an attack on both ends of the Union line. At
the end of the day, Lee’s forces had suffered heavy casualties but failed
to dislodge the Union army from its strong position.
 Third day – Lee ordered 15,000 men in a daring charge against the center
of the Union line. Pickett’s Charge, the last attack, They were defeated
and the Confederates would never invade the North again.
General Meade proud of his victory, but Lincoln disappointed.
Lincoln felt Union army had once again allowed the Confederates to get away.
Victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg marked the turning points of the Civil War.
The war would last another two years.
The Battle of Gettysburg left more than 50,000 dead or wounded
November 19, 1863 – dedication ceremony.
Lincoln attended and delivered a speech now known as the Gettysburg Address
o His entire speech was only ten sentences long and took about three minutes to
deliver – but it is honored as a profound statement of American ideals.
1864 – Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of the Union forces
o He felt Grant was the general who would end the war in the Union’s favor
Grant had a plan for ending the war
o Total War
 In the past war had been restricted to soldiers, not civilians in the South
would suffer the same hardships as the army.
 Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and his cavalry in to the Shenandoah
Valley and instructed him to leave nothing to invite the enemy to return.
Destroy everything.
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Grant also ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture
Atlanta and then march to the Atlantic coast. Like Sheridan, Sherman
also had orders to destroy everything useful to the South
Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864 and won.
o In his second inaugural address he looked forward to a coming of peace
May 1864 – Grant and Lee fought a series of costly battles
o Battles of the Wilderness – 60,000 men were killed or wounded in a single
month.
o Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor
April 1865 – Grant took Petersburg, the same day Richmond fell
o Lee and his army withdrew to a small Virginia town called Appomattox Court
House – they would be trapped there a week later by Union troops.
o April 19, 1965 – Lee surrendered.
Grant’s generous terms –
o Soldiers required to turn over rifles
o Officers allowed to keep their patrols
o Soldiers who had horses could keep them
o Each officer and man would be allowed to return home and not be disturbed by
US authorities
At the Confederate surrender, Union soldiers began to cheer –
o Grant order them to be silent, stating “the war is over, the rebels are our
countrymen again”
Total of Civil War immense
o More than 360,000 Union soldiers and 250,000 Confederate soldiers lost their
lives
o In dollars, the war cost $20 billion.
The Civil War was a major turning point in American History.
o The balance of power changed
o Democratic party lost its influence and Republicans were in a commanding
position.
o The power of the federal government grew
o An end to slavery in the US
Surely a long and difficult struggle for equality lay ahead.