Download Origins of the Universe - Fraser Heights Chess Club

THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE AND
BLACK HOLES
WHAT IS COSMOGONY?
•Cosmogony (or cosmogeny) is
any model explaining the
origin of the universe.
•Cosmogony = Coming into
existence
WHAT IS COSMOLOGY
• Cosmology is the study of the
origin, evolution, and eventual
fate of the universe.
• Translates in Greek as
“Study of the World”
HOW OLD IS THE UNIVERSE
• In physical cosmology, the age of the
universe is the time elapsed since the Big
Bang. The current measurement of the age of
the universe is 13.8 billion years
• It was determined by
measurements of the cosmic
background radiation by the
WMAP probe in 2012 and the Plank
probe in 2015.
THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE
• The Hubble eXtreme
Deep Field (XDF)
shows the farthest
galaxies ever
photographed. Every
speck of light in the
photo is an individual
galaxy, some of them
as old as 13.2 billion
• The observable universe is estimated to contain more than
200 billion galaxies.
THE BIG BANG THEORY
• The universe was once
a gravitational
singularity, which
expanded extremely
rapidly from its hot and
dense state.
• The origins of the
singularity remain as one
of the unsolved
problems in physics.
AFTER THE BIG BANG
• 3 minutes after big bang
• The universe has grown from the size of an
atom to larger than the size a grapefruit
• Energy starts to transform in matter
• Protons, neutrons, electrons appear from
energy clumps.
THE EARLY UNIVERSE
• Several hundred
thousand years
after the Big Bang
the ATOMS form.
• The early Universe
was about 75%
Hydrogen and 25%
Helium. It is still
almost the same
today.
FIRST STARS
• First stars
and
galaxies
form after
300 million
years after
the Big
Bang
BIRTH OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• Our Solar System form 4.6 billion years ago
BIG BANG EVIDENCE
•
Universal expansion and Hubble’s Law
•
Background radiation
•
Quasars
•
Radioactive decay
•
Stellar formation and evolution
•
Speed of light and stellar distances
UNIVERSAL EXPANSION
a) Hubble observed the majority of galaxies are moving away
from us and each other
b) The farther, the faster they move
c) Red Shift of the absorption lines
BACKGROUND RADIATION
• Noise radiation (static) is
evenly spread across
space
• The amount of radiation
matched predictions
• C.O.B.E satellite confirmed
for the entire universe that
noise radiation is evenly
spread
• Law of conservation of
energy
Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed so
energy remains constant
over time
WHAT IS MATTER
• Matter is anything that has mass (when at rest) and
takes up space.
• The most common states of matter are solids, liquids,
and gases.
• There are three types of matter
• Normal matter
• Antimatter – opposite of matter
• Dark Matter
• Matter combining with antimatter explodes generating
Gamma rays.
• Dark Matter is a little known
substance. It constitutes of
about 23% of all the "stuff" in
our universe. It was first
hypothesized o explain the
velocities of stars in our
galaxy and then to explain
how galaxies are held
together.
• Galaxies form around large
clumps of Dark Matter, and
are held together by Dark
matter.
DARK MATTER
DARK ENERGY
• Universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is
today. So the expansion of the Universe has not been
slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has
been accelerating. No one expected this, no one
knew how to explain it. But something was causing it.
• We know how much dark energy there is because we
know how it affects the Universe's expansion. Other
than that, it is a complete mystery.
• It turns out that roughly 68%of the Universe is dark
energy. Dark matter makes up about 27%. The rest everything on Earth, everything ever observed with all
of our instruments, all normal matter - adds up to less
than 5% of the Universe.
DARK ENERGY (CONT)
• One explanation for dark
energy is that it is a
property of space. Albert
Einstein was the first
person to realize that
empty space is not
nothing. Space has
amazing properties, many
of which are just
beginning to be
understood. The first
property that Einstein
discovered is that it is
possible for more space
to come into existence.
EINSTEIN’S THEORY OF GRAVITY
Mass distorts space - “curving” it
•
Objects and light moving near the massive object
are forced to take a curved path around the
object. Just like the Moon orbiting Earth.
WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE?
• A Black Hole is an unimaginably dense region of
space where space is curved around it so
completely and gravity becomes so strong that
nothing, not even light, can escape.
• Einstein’s Theory of Gravity predicted the possibility
of black holes, but no one believed they actually
existed.
• Today NASA space telescopes have discovered
evidence for black holes throughout the universe.
HOW ARE THE BLACK HOLES
CREATED?
• Black holes are made when a giant star, many times
the mass of our Sun, dies.
• Most of the star’s atmosphere is blown into space as
a supernova explosion.
• The star’s core collapses under its own weight.
• If the remaining mass is more than the mass of 3
Suns, it will collapse into a black hole.
SUPER-MASSIVE BLACK HOLES
• Extremely massive black
holes have been found
in the centers of many
galaxies - including our
own!
FINDING BLACK HOLES
Jets of glowing gas
Hot material falling
into the black hole.
“Weird” motions of
objects nearby
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NOW WHAT DO YOU THINK?
1. What happens to a spaceship that falls into a black hole?
2. Will the black holes in our Galaxy eventually suck up
everything in it - a cosmic vacuum cleaner?
3. What would happen to Earth if the Sun was replaced by a
black hole of the same mass?
4. If we can’t see black holes, how do we know they are there?
RESOURCES
Einstein
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTO1kxxlkpw
BigBang
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofI03X9hAJI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSZqhqR5XKM
Black Holes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXrEq8FbTOY
Dark matter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOK_htkd-OI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAa2O_8wBUQ