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Global Science Unit 3
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How the Earth Changed History, Ep. 1 "Beneath the Crust"
Beginning Naia Mine, New Mexico
1. How does the temperature change as you go deeper into the mine?
2. Why does Dr Stewart suit up with ice packs and need oxygen to enter the
chamber?
3. What is in the chamber?
9min Timna Valley, Israel
4. What does the rock with green bands (malachite) release when heated?
5. How were the tunnels formed in this area?
6. Why is this site important in human history?
7. 5,000 years ago what new material was formed from copper and tin?
8. When was iron first used?
15min Lut Desert, Iran
9. Why are there holes in the desert?
10. Why is this water accessible?
11. What towns benefitted from this tunnel?
25min Crete (the Minoans)
12. Why were the Minoans considered to be an advanced society?
13. Where is the island of Santorini located?
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14. What happened 3,500 years ago?
15. The eruption had three stages. List the events and what happened.
a.
b.
c.
16. What was the effect on Minoan civilization?
17. Why do we risk sudden disaster by living on plate boundaries?
40min Kiluaea, Hawaii
18. Why are the Hawaiian islands in the middle of the Pacific plate?
19. How do these island prove that the plates are on the move?
20. Where plates collide ______________________ form, where plates pull apart
__________________ form in the gap.
21. What happens because of friction?
22. Where do volcanoes form?
23. What happens to cause earthquakes?
45min California
24. What plate boundary is responsible for most of California’s wealth?
25. Why is oil found in California?
52min Istanbul, Turkey
26. What event is “due”?
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27. How are engineers preparing for an earthquake under the Bosphorus?
28. How has the Hagia Sophia survived several earthquakes in the past?
29. Can we change our building style to with stand earthquakes?
Ch17 Cornell Notes
Questions/ Prompts
Your Answers/ Notes
What Is Earth’s Interior
Like?
-the difference between
oceanic and continental crust?
-thickness of each layer?
-draw and label a diagram
showing the layers of the Earth
and the temperatures of each
layer
-what causes the differences
between the inner and outer
cores?
Plate Tectonics
-whos theory?
-what is Pangaea?
-what evidence is there for
plate tectonics?
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-what makes up the
lithosphere?
-how do the asthenosphere and
convection move plates?
Divergent Plate Boundaries
-plate movement direction?
-what forms in oceans?
-example:
-what forms on land?
-example:
Convergent Plate Boundaries
-plate movement direction?
-what forms in oceans?
-example:
-what forms on land?
-example:
Transform Fault Boundaries
-plate movement direction?
-what forms?
-example:
Evidence for Plate Tectonics
-how do bands of rocks show
age?
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What are Earthquakes?
-where do earthquakes usually
occur?
-what is the difference
between a focus and an
epicenter?
- draw a picture and describe P
waves, S waves, and surface
waves
-how does a seismograph work?
-why are 3 seismographs
needed to locate the epicenter
of an earthquake?
-how are earthquake waves used
to prove that part of earth’s
core is solid and part is liquid?
-what is the Richter scale?
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Volcanoes
-what makes up the layers that
create shield volcanoes?
-example:
-what makes up the layers that
create composite volcanoes?
-example:
-what makes up the layers that
create cinder cones?
-example:
-what is a seamount?
-draw and label the 3 types of
volcanoes
-what is a hot spot?
-example:
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Japan’s Killer Quake
1. How far has the coastline sunk due to this earthquake?
2. When did this earthquake occur?
3. Describe the warning system that the Japanese people had in place.
4. Which earthquake wave traveled the fastest?
5. Which type of earthquake wave causes the most damage?
6. Did the nuclear power plant shut down?
7. What was the first magnitude reported for the earthquake?
8. How far off the coast of Japan was the earthquake located?
9. How fast do the plates move near Japan?
10. Which plate is Japan located on?
11. Which plate is converging with Japan’s plate?
12. How many years has the energy been building up at this boundary?
13. How long did the quake take? Is this typical?
14. What is liquefaction?
15. Which direction did the ocean floor move that created the tsunami?
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16. How fast does a tsunami travel?
17. What are two reasons why the tsunami reached different locations at
different times?
18. Were the tsunami walls helpful in Miyako?
19. How high was the tsunami at Miyako?
20. Why were the walls in Miyako insufficient?
21. How far did the ground sink at the nuclear power plant?
22. After the tsunami swept everything inland, where did the water go?
23. How long (time) was the tsunami in Hawaii?
24. How did the people in California die?
25. Why did the tsunami reach heights higher than the predicted height?
26. How many aftershocks occur during the week after the main event?
27. How big are some of the aftershocks?
28. How could this quake create more strain on a fault somewhere else?
29. What are things that can be done to prevent damage in future quakes?
30. Where is the Cascadia fault?
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Dynamic Earth Web Quest
Go to:
http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/index.ht
ml
Click on “Start your exploration into Earth’s Stucture”
 Earth’s Structure:
Mouse over the diagram to respond to the following
questions
1. What is the thickness, in miles, of the following layers:
a) Crust: _______________ under oceans &
__________ thick under continents.
b) Mantle: ______________
c) Outer Core: ____________
d) Inner Core: _____________
2. Label the diagram of Earth to the right
3. Describe the Lithosphere:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the Asthenosphere:_________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
5. Label the diagram of earth to the right
 Plate Tectonics:
6. The Theory of Plate Tectonics is attributed to German scientist
_______________________.
7. The original large land mass or “Supercontinent” is referred to as ___________________
which is Greek for “______________________________”.
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8. Complete the table:
200 million yrs ago
135 million yrs ago
65 million yrs ago
50 – 40 million yrs
ago
- _____________
begins to break up w/
_____________ in the
North &
_____________ in the
South
__________________
splits
S. America/Africa
separates from
________________ /
________________
- ______________
breaks away from
Antarctica/Australia
Laurasia begins to
separate with
_________________ &
__________________
breaking apart
- S. America &
Madagascar split from
___________________
___________________
separates from N. America
_____________ separates
from ________________
& moves North
- Indian landmasses
collide w/
_____________
9. Plate Tectonics Theory has been widely accepted since the ___________’s. It states that
Earth’s outer layer or _________________ is broken up into ________________. These
plates hold ______________________ and _____________________. They are constantly
_________________.
10. Continents over time BONUS QUESTION: Since the plates are constantly in motion,
scientists predict that 250 million years from now the continents will come together to for
_______________________________________ called
________________________________.
 Plate Boundaries:
11. Continental crust underlies ______________________ and is _______________ miles
thick, whereas __________________________ is found under the ocean and is only
___________ miles thick.
12. Name the three types of plate boundaries below. Create a simple diagram of each
including arrows to show the direction of their movement & list some examples of that type of
boundary
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_________________ Boundary
_________________ Boundary
_________________ Boundary
Diagram:
Diagram:
Diagram:
13. Use colored pencil or marker to
indicate the types of boundaries on the
map to the right. Create a key below:
Convergent
Divergent
Transform
Label the following plates on the map:
N. America Plate, Eurasian Plate, Pacific
Plate, Antarctic Plate, African Plate
14. How many plates did you place
correctly? __________ score
 Slip, Slide & Collide
15. At convergent boundaries tectonic plates _________________________________
16. Roll over the diagram to define the following terms:
a) subduction zone:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b.) trench:____________________________________________________________________
c.) volcanoes:_________________________________________________________________
d.) tsunami:__________________________________________________________________
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e.) island arc: _________________________________________________________________
f.) volcanic arc: _______________________________________________________________
17. Mountain range in Asia that was formed by colliding tectonic plates:
____________________. This mountain range continues to grow by ______ inch(s) per year.
18. At divergent boundaries tectonic plates are __________________________________.
19. What is Sea Floor Spreading?
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
20. Volcanoes form in both _______________________ and _________________________
boundaries.
21. At transform boundaries tectonic plates _____________________________________.
22. A crack or fracture in Earth’s crust is a ________________________.
23. Explain what causes earthquakes. Provide a detailed answer & include the terms:
tectonic plates & stress in your response.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
24. What type of fault is the San Andreas Fault in California? __________________________
25. The San Andreas fault runs between the _________________________ &
___________________ plates and is approximately _____________ miles long.
26. Why do we call transform fault boundaries “strike-slip faults”?_______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
27. Interactive Quiz: Plate Interactions Challenge:
Case 1 Africa is ___________________________________________
Case 2 New Zealand is______________________________________
Case 3 South America is____________________________________
28. TEST SKILLS: Complete this section and be prepared to print PAGE 1 ONLY of the Results
page when you finish.
You answered _______ out of 30 questions correct. Your score was _______%
Activity #2 Rock Cycle
Open http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html. Click “Begin with Types of
Rocks.” Read and fill in the blanks.
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29. The three main types, or classes, of rock are ____________________,
____________________, and____________________ and the differences among them have
to do with how they are _________________.
30. _______________________ rocks are formed from particles of ____________________,
_______________, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are
called _______________________.
31. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into
____________. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly ______________ and may break apart or
crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the
only type that contains ____________________.
32. Examples of this rock type include _____________________ and
____________________.
__________________ rocks are formed under the _____________________ of the earth
from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense _______________ and
__________________ (squeezing).
33.The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbon like layers and may have
shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their surface.
34. Examples of this rock type include ___________________ and
______________________.
______________ rocks are formed when ______________ (molten rock deep within the
earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it
erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called __________). When lava cools
very quickly, ______________________ form and the rock looks _______________and
_______________.
35.Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny
holes and spaces in the rock. Examples of this rock type include
__________________________ and _______________________.
Open the Rock Cycle Diagram. Read and fill in the blanks.
36. A useful way to illustrate how the three main types of rock are related to one another and
how changes to rocks happen in a recurring sequence is the
____________________________. It can be presented in a diagram like the one below.
37. The concept of the rock cycle is attributed to James Hutton (1726—1797), the 18thcentury founder of modern geology. The main idea is that rocks are continually changing from
one type to another and back again, as forces inside the earth bring them closer to the
surface (where they are _________________, ______________, and__________________)
and forces on the earth sink them back down (where they are _________________,
___________________, and ______________). So the elements that make up rocks are
never _____________________ or
________________________— instead, they are constantly being recycled. The rock cycle
helps us to see that the earth is like a giant rock recycling machine!
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How Plates Create
Background Information: Most scientists believe that Earth’s crust is broken into 20 pieces
called plates. Each plate is the thickness of the crust and the rigid upper mantle. The plates
move slowly, floating on the mushy, flowing mantle below them. Some of the plates move up to
two inches a year. That’s about as fast as a fingernail grows.
The surface of some of the plates is mostly ocean, while that of others is made up of entire
continents and parts of oceans. Where two plates meet, they can spread apart, come together,
or slide past each other. These interactions between plates -- and the intense pressure, friction,
and crust melting they create -- are responsible for much of our planet’s volcanic and
earthquake activity. They also build mountains and recycle Earth’s crust.
Objective: To create a working diagram that shows the movements of Earth’s plates
Materials: Student worksheet, reproducible pages, scissors, tape, glue, colored pencils
Making the Model:
1. Cut out the large rectangle on page 114 and set it to the left
2. Cut out the large rectangle on page 115 and set it to the right
3. Bring the two rectangles together, side by side, and tape together as shown. The
numbers should be about midway down each page and should read 1 to 4 from left to
right
4. Cut out the nine pieces on page 116 and paste them in the correct spot on the large
rectangular sheet you just made. (Example: piece A gets glued to the spot where the
diagram is labeled A)
5. Color the diagram using appropriate colors
6. Label the diagram using the terms below
a. mid ocean ridge
b. magma
c. trench
d. volcanic arc
e. volcanoes
f. convergent boundary
g. divergent boundary
7. Use your diagram to answer the following questions
Concept Development
1. You are looking at the parts of four plates. Each plate is numbered with arrows showing
its direction of movement. Most of each plate’s surface is _______________________.
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2. Look at the center of the model. The edges of plates 2 and 3 are
__________________. This opens giant cracks in the sea-floor called
_________________________________.
3. Piece A shows that hot magma rises and slowly oozes out of the rifts as
_________________. As the lava cools, it builds
_______________________________.
4. As plates 2 and 3 move apart, they act like giant conveyor belts moving the mountains
away from the cracks. More _______________________ form in their place, building
underwater mountain ranges called _______________________________________.
5. Focus on the edges of plates 1 and 2 that are moving toward each other. This is an
example of a _______________________ boundary. Where they meet, the edge of
plate 2 bends and dives under plate 1. This forms a ____________________.
6. As the edge of plate 2 dives into the _________________________, it grinds and
scrapes against plate 1. If the edges lock together, pressure can build, causing an
________________________.
7. High heat inside of the crust melts the edge of plate 2 into _________________. Some
of the magma may rise and break through the sea-floor.
8. __________________ the erupts from the sea-floor can build a line of island volcanoes
called a ______________________________. Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian
Islands off Alaska are parts of volcanic arcs.
9. Focus on where plates 3 and 4 are moving towards each other. At the edge of plate 3
there is an ________________. At the edge of plate 4 there is a
___________________.
10. What does G represent?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
11. What does H represent?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. What does I represent?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. Also, many ____________________________ on land occur where the ocean edge of
one plate dives under the continent edge of another.
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14. What type of boundary is between:
a. Plates 1 and 2:
_____________________________________________________
b. Plates 2 and 3:
_____________________________________________________
c. Plates 3 and 4:
_____________________________________________________
15. What are plates composed of?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
16. Your model shows two ways that plates can interact with one another. What’s the third
way?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
17. What type of landforms result from the following types of collisions at convergent plate
boundaries?
a. oceanic - continental:
________________________________________________
b. oceanic - oceanic:
__________________________________________________
c. continental - continental:
_____________________________________________
18. Why are earthquakes associated with some plate boundaries?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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