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Respiratory System • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHZsvBd UC2I Upper respiratory tract –Nose • Septum –Pharynx (throat) –Larynx (voice box) Lower respiratory tract • Trachea (windpipe) – Lungs • Alveoli – Bronchi • Bronchioles Lower respiratory tract – Diaphragm • Lungs extend from collarbone to diaphragm in thoracic cavity. • Muscular partition separating thoracic from abdominal cavity. Function of Respiratory System - URT – Nose • Air enters and leaves. • Cilia sweep foreign material toward throat for elimination. Function – Pharynx (throat) • Airway connection to larynx. • Serves as passageway for air from nose and food from mouth. Function – Larynx (voice box) • Contains vocal cords which make vocal sounds possible. • Serves as entrance to trachea. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – Trachea (windpipe) • Branches into right and left mainstem bronchi. • Serves as passageway for air to the bronchi. Lungs • Left lung has two lobes. • Right lung has three lobes. Lungs – Bronchi enters a lung and subdivides into smaller branches called bronchioles. • Bronchioles are the smallest branches of the bronchi and terminate at the alveoli. Alveoli • Air sacs of lungs provide gas exchange between lung and blood • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMY SGXhJ4E Diaphragm • Major muscle of ventilation Respiration – External - exchange of air at the lungs and blood – Internal - exchange of gases at the cellular level within organs of the body Structure and Function Exercise • 1. What is the main function of the respiratory system? • 2. Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract (URT). • 3. What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract ? • 4. Name the smaller branches of the bronchi. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise • 1. What is the main function of the respiratory system? Provides O2 and removes CO2 from body cells • 2. Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract (URT). Nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea • 3. What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract? Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and the lungs • 4. Name the smaller branches of the bronchi. Bronchioles 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise • 5. What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called? • 6. What do abbreviations O2 and CO2 mean? • 7. What other body system helps the respiratory system transport O2 and remove CO2 from body cells? 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Structure and Function Exercise • 5. What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called? • Alveoli (alveolus, singular) • 6. What do abbreviations O2 and CO2 mean? • O2 means oxygen; CO2 means carbon dioxide. • 7. What other body system helps the respiratory system transport O2 and remove CO2 from body cells? Cardiovascular system helps transport O2 and remove CO2 from body cells. Combining Forms – page 109 1. adenoid/o: 2. laryng/o: 3. naso/o: rhin/o: 4. pharyng/o: • adenoids are part of the immune system and are made of the same type of tissue (lymphoid tissue) Combining Forms – page 109 5. tonsill/o: 6. trache/o: 7. alveol/o: 8. bronchi/o: bronch/o Combining Forms – page 109 • 9. bronch/o, bronchi/o: • 10. bronchiol/o: • 11. pleur/o: • 12. pneum/o: Combining Forms – page 110 • pulmon/o: • thorac/o: Suffixes – page 110 • -algia, -dynia: (ex: pleurodynia) • -ectasis: (ex: bronchiectasis) • -osis: (ex: tuberculosis) • -osmia (ex: dysosmia: disruption of the sense of smell) Suffixes – page 110 • -oxia: (ex: Hypoxia) • -phagia:(ex: Dysphagia) • - pnea (ex: apnea, hypopnea) • - spasm (ex: bronchospasm) Suffixes – page 110 • -spasm: • -thorax: (ex: hemothorax, pneumothorax) Plural Forms Exercise 1. The plural form of alveolus is ________. 2. The plural form of bronchus is _______. 3. The plural form of pleura is __________. Plural Forms 1. The plural form of alveolus is alveoli. 2. The plural form of bronchus is bronchi. 3. The plural form of pleura is pleurae. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words 1. inflammation of the bronchi: / • 2. paralysis of the larynx (voice box): • /o/ • 3. visual examination of the bronchi: • /o/ • 4. incision of the trachea: /o/ 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words 1. inflammation of the bronchi: bronch/itis 2. paralysis of the larynx (voice box): • laryng/o/plegia 3. visual examination of the bronchi: • bronch/o/scopy 4. incision of the trachea: trache/o/tomy 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words • 5. instrument for examining the larynx: /o/ • 6. disease of the chest: • 7. rapid breathing: tachy/ /o/ 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words 5. instrument for examining the larynx: laryng/o/scope 6. disease of the chest: thorac/o/pathy 7. rapid breathing: tachy/pnea 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words • 8. excision of tonsils: • 9. resembling mucus: • 10. surgical repair of the nose: • 11. specialist in (treatment of) lungs: 8. excision of tonsils: tonsill/ectomy 9. resembling mucus: muc/oid 10. surgical repair of the nose: rhino/plasty 11. specialist in (treatment of) lungs: pulmon/o/logist 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words • 12. swallowing air: • 13. without (absence of) breathing: • 14. creation of an opening (mouth) in the trachea (windpipe): • 15. excision of the larynx (voice box): • 12. swallowing air: aer/o/phagia • 13. without (absence of) breathing: a/pnea • 14. creation of an opening (mouth) in the trachea (windpipe): trache/o/stomy • 15. excision of the larynx (voice box): laryng/ectomy Respiratory System Pathology pneumothorax • pneum/o air • -thorax chest • Air in the pleural space pneumonectomy • pneumon/o lung • -ectomy surgical removal • Removal of a lung Diagnostic and Pathologic Terms auscultation percussion pleural rub rale (crackle) rhonchus sputum stridor wheeze Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders • • • • • • Croup Diptheria Epistaxis Epiglottis OSA Pertussis Croup Acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants Characterized by: Obstruction of the larynx Barking cough stridor Diptheria • Bacterial infection usually affecting the mucous membranes of your nose and throat. Diphtheria typically causes a sore throat, fever, swollen glands and weakness. But the hallmark sign is a sheet of thick, gray material covering the back of your throat. This material can block your windpipe so that you have to struggle for breath. Epistaxis • Nose bleed Pertussis • Whooping Cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea. • • • • DTaP and Tdap Vaccines DTaP – first vaccine Tdap : - booster tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis Sleep Apnea • Can be categorized as obstructive or central. • Most common is obstructive sleep apnea in which air is unable to flow in or out of the upper airway. • In central sleep apnea, the brain does not send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Sleep Apnea • In obstructive sleep apnea, the person stops breathing multiple times each night. Causes include: • airway obstruction due to a soft palate • excess neck tissue • tonsil enlargement • In premature infants, the immature CNS fails to maintain a consistent respiratory rate, and there are long pauses between regular breathing. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Sleep Apnea • • • • • Treatment Weight loss is encouraged. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A). Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP). CPAP apparatus or dental appliances to keep airway open in adults; home apnea monitor for infants. Epiglottitis • epiglott/o: epiglottis • -itis: inflammation • Inflammation of the epiglottis – Haemophilus influenzae Type B Bronchial Disorders • Asthma • Bronchiectasis • Chronic bronchitis • Cystic Fibrosis Asthma Bronchodilator • bronch/o • -dilation: widening, stretching, expanding • -or: one who • One who widens the bronchial tube – Medication Bronchiectasis • bronchi/o: bronchial tube, bronchus • -ectasis: stretching, dilation, expansion • Dilation of bronchial tubes – Caused by weakening of the bronchial walls Cystic Fibrosis • Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract. • Gene carrying the disease in known and persons carrying the gene may be identified. Lung Disorders • • • • • • • Atlectasis Emphysema Lung cancer Pneumoconiosis Pneumonia Pulmonary abcess Pulmonary edema atelectasis • a- without • tel/o: complete • -ectasis: stretching, dilation, expansion • Without complete expansion of a lung – collapsed lung Emphysema • Hyperinflation of the air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls Pneumonia • Acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction Lung Cancer • Early-stage lung cancer usually produces no symptoms and is difficult to detect. • When symptoms appear, they may include smoker’s cough, wheezing, chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. • Risk factors include chemical exposure or history of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke. Lung Cancer • Treatment • Combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on whether the malignancy is localized or metastasized. • Chest x-ray, sputum cytology test, and bronchoscopy with tissue biopsy are required for definitive diagnosis. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lung Cancer Surgery Treatment • A. Wedge resection: excision of a small portion of the lung along with healthy tissue that surrounds the lung. • B. Segmented resection: excision of a portion of a lobe of a lung; also called segmentectomy Types of Pneumonectomies. 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lung Cancer Surgery Treatment C. Lobectomy: excision of one lobe of the lungs. D. Pneumonectomy: excision of a lung or a portion of the lung. Types of Pneumonectomies. Lung Disorders • Pulmonary Embolism (PE) • Pulmonary Fibrosis • Sarcoidosis – chronic inflammation • Tuberculosis (TB) Pulmonary Fibrosis Pleural Disorders • Mesothelioma – rare malignant tumor in pleura • Pleural Effusion • Pleurisy (pleuritis) • Pneumothorax Mesothelioma Pleural Effusion Thoracentesis Diagnostic Procedures – p 136- 138 Arterial blood gas (ABG) Bronchoscopy Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Polysomnography (PSG) PFTs – Pulmonary Function Tests Medical and Surgical Procedures • Thoracentesis • Tuberculin test (PPD) • Endotracheal lntubation • Thoracotomy • Postural Drainage • Oxygen therapy • Tracheostomy • Lavage • Tube Thoracostomy (Chest tube) thoracotomy • thorac/o: chest • -tomy: incision • Incision of the chest Tube Thoracostomy (Chest tube) Tracheostomy • trache/o: trachea • -stomy: forming an opening • Forming a new opening in the trachea, through the procedure of a tracheotomy Tracheotomy • trache/o trachea • -tomy incision • Incision of the trachea Endotracheal Intubation • endo-: • trache/o • -al • Pertaining to a tube within the trachea Abbreviations p. 132 COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CXR: Chest X-Ray PFT: Pulmonary Function Test TB: Tuberculosis OSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea DOE: Dyspnea on Exertion URI: Upper Respiratory Infection 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise 1. empyema: (pyothorax) 2. emphysema: 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise 1. empyema: pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity (pyothorax) 2. emphysema: chronic disease characterized by overexpansion and destruction of alveoli; commonly associated with cigarette smoking 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise epistaxis: ischemia: 3. epistaxis: bleeding from the nose; also called nosebleed, nasal hemorrhage, or rhinorrhagia 4. ischemia: inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part due to an interruption of blood flow Ischemia 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Vocabulary Challenge Exercise • 5. rhonchi: • 6. tubercle: 5. rhonchi: abnormal respiratory sound resembling snoring, caused by blockage in the larger airways 6. tubercle: small lesions that appear in the lungs when a person is infected with tuberculosis (TB) 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words • 1. visual examination of bronchi: • • 2. surgical puncture of chest: • • 3. forming an opening (mouth) in the • trachea: : 1. visual examination of bronchi: bronchoscopy 2. surgical puncture of chest: thoracentesis or thoracocentesis 3. forming an opening (mouth) in the trachea: tracheostomy 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Build Medical Words • 4. visual examination of the larynx: • • 5. instrument for measuring breathing: • • 6. instrument for examining the larynx: • • 4. visual examination of the larynx: laryngoscopy • 5. instrument for measuring breathing: spirometer • 6. instrument for examining the larynx: laryngoscope 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pharmacology Bronchodilators • Drugs that dilate constricted airways via a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) Metered-dose inhaler 4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pharmacology Corticosteroids – MDIs – Nebulized mist treatments (NMTs)HHN or SVN more common – Administer meds directly into lungs via a nebulizer Nebulizer