Download Neonatal Resuscitation and Neonatology

Respiratory System
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHZsvBd
UC2I
Upper respiratory tract
–Nose
• Septum
–Pharynx (throat)
–Larynx (voice box)
Lower respiratory tract
• Trachea (windpipe)
– Lungs
• Alveoli
– Bronchi
• Bronchioles
Lower respiratory tract
– Diaphragm
• Lungs extend from
collarbone to
diaphragm in thoracic
cavity.
• Muscular partition
separating thoracic
from abdominal cavity.
Function of Respiratory System - URT
– Nose
• Air enters and
leaves.
• Cilia sweep foreign
material toward
throat for
elimination.
Function
– Pharynx (throat)
• Airway connection
to larynx.
• Serves as
passageway for air
from nose and food
from mouth.
Function
– Larynx (voice box)
• Contains vocal
cords which make
vocal sounds
possible.
• Serves as entrance
to trachea.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
– Trachea (windpipe)
• Branches into right
and left mainstem
bronchi.
• Serves as
passageway for air
to the bronchi.
Lungs
• Left lung has two
lobes.
• Right lung has three
lobes.
Lungs
– Bronchi enters a lung and
subdivides into smaller
branches called
bronchioles.
• Bronchioles are the
smallest branches of
the bronchi and
terminate at the alveoli.
Alveoli
• Air sacs of lungs provide gas exchange
between lung and blood
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTMY
SGXhJ4E
Diaphragm
• Major muscle of ventilation
Respiration
– External - exchange of air at the lungs and
blood
– Internal - exchange of gases at the
cellular level within organs of the body
Structure and Function Exercise
• 1. What is the main function of the respiratory
system?
• 2. Name the structures of the upper respiratory
tract (URT).
• 3. What are the structures of the lower
respiratory tract ?
• 4. Name the smaller branches of the bronchi.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
•
1. What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Provides O2 and removes CO2 from body cells
•
2. Name the structures of the upper respiratory tract
(URT). Nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
•
3. What are the structures of the lower respiratory
tract? Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and the lungs
•
4. Name the smaller branches of the bronchi.
Bronchioles
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
• 5. What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs
called?
• 6. What do abbreviations O2 and CO2 mean?
• 7. What other body system helps the
respiratory system transport O2 and remove
CO2 from body cells?
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
• 5. What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
•
Alveoli (alveolus, singular)
• 6. What do abbreviations O2 and CO2 mean?
•
O2 means oxygen; CO2 means carbon dioxide.
• 7. What other body system helps the respiratory
system transport O2 and remove CO2 from body
cells? Cardiovascular system helps transport O2
and remove CO2 from body cells.
Combining Forms – page 109
1. adenoid/o:
2. laryng/o:
3. naso/o:
rhin/o:
4. pharyng/o:
• adenoids are part of the immune system and
are made of the same type of tissue (lymphoid
tissue)
Combining Forms – page 109
5. tonsill/o:
6. trache/o:
7. alveol/o:
8. bronchi/o:
bronch/o
Combining Forms – page 109
• 9. bronch/o, bronchi/o:
• 10. bronchiol/o:
• 11. pleur/o:
• 12. pneum/o:
Combining Forms – page 110
• pulmon/o:
• thorac/o:
Suffixes – page 110
• -algia, -dynia: (ex: pleurodynia)
• -ectasis: (ex: bronchiectasis)
• -osis: (ex: tuberculosis)
• -osmia (ex: dysosmia: disruption of the sense
of smell)
Suffixes – page 110
• -oxia: (ex: Hypoxia)
• -phagia:(ex: Dysphagia)
• - pnea (ex: apnea, hypopnea)
• - spasm (ex: bronchospasm)
Suffixes – page 110
• -spasm:
• -thorax: (ex: hemothorax, pneumothorax)
Plural Forms Exercise
1. The plural form of alveolus is ________.
2. The plural form of bronchus is _______.
3. The plural form of pleura is __________.
Plural Forms
1. The plural form of alveolus is alveoli.
2. The plural form of bronchus is bronchi.
3. The plural form of pleura is pleurae.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
1. inflammation of the bronchi:
/
• 2. paralysis of the larynx (voice box):
•
/o/
• 3. visual examination of the bronchi:
•
/o/
• 4. incision of the trachea:
/o/
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
1. inflammation of the bronchi: bronch/itis
2. paralysis of the larynx (voice box):
•
laryng/o/plegia
3. visual examination of the bronchi:
•
bronch/o/scopy
4. incision of the trachea: trache/o/tomy
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
• 5. instrument for examining the larynx:
/o/
• 6. disease of the chest:
• 7. rapid breathing: tachy/
/o/
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
5. instrument for examining the larynx:
laryng/o/scope
6. disease of the chest: thorac/o/pathy
7. rapid breathing: tachy/pnea
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
• 8. excision of tonsils:
• 9. resembling mucus:
• 10. surgical repair of the nose:
• 11. specialist in (treatment of) lungs:
8. excision of tonsils: tonsill/ectomy
9. resembling mucus: muc/oid
10. surgical repair of the nose: rhino/plasty
11. specialist in (treatment of) lungs:
pulmon/o/logist
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
• 12. swallowing air:
• 13. without (absence of) breathing:
• 14. creation of an opening (mouth) in the
trachea (windpipe):
• 15. excision of the larynx (voice box):
• 12. swallowing air: aer/o/phagia
• 13. without (absence of) breathing: a/pnea
• 14. creation of an opening (mouth) in the
trachea (windpipe): trache/o/stomy
• 15. excision of the larynx (voice box):
laryng/ectomy
Respiratory System
Pathology
pneumothorax
• pneum/o
air
• -thorax
chest
• Air in the pleural space
pneumonectomy
• pneumon/o
lung
• -ectomy
surgical removal
• Removal of a lung
Diagnostic and Pathologic Terms
auscultation
percussion
pleural rub
rale (crackle)
rhonchus
sputum
stridor
wheeze
Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders
•
•
•
•
•
•
Croup
Diptheria
Epistaxis
Epiglottis
OSA
Pertussis
Croup
Acute respiratory syndrome in children
and infants
Characterized by:
Obstruction of the larynx
Barking cough
stridor
Diptheria
• Bacterial infection usually affecting the
mucous membranes of your nose and throat.
Diphtheria typically causes a sore throat,
fever, swollen glands and weakness. But the
hallmark sign is a sheet of thick, gray material
covering the back of your throat. This material
can block your windpipe so that you have to
struggle for breath.
Epistaxis
• Nose bleed
Pertussis
• Whooping Cough; highly contagious bacterial
infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
•
•
•
•
DTaP and Tdap Vaccines
DTaP – first vaccine
Tdap : - booster
tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis
Sleep Apnea
• Can be categorized as obstructive or central.
• Most common is obstructive sleep apnea in which
air is unable to flow in or out of the upper airway.
• In central sleep apnea, the brain does not send
proper signals to the muscles that control breathing.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Sleep Apnea
• In obstructive sleep apnea, the person stops
breathing multiple times each night. Causes include:
• airway obstruction due to a soft palate
• excess neck tissue
• tonsil enlargement
• In premature infants, the immature CNS fails to
maintain a consistent respiratory rate, and there are
long pauses between regular breathing.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Sleep Apnea
•
•
•
•
•
Treatment
Weight loss is encouraged.
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A).
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP).
CPAP apparatus or dental appliances to keep
airway open in adults; home apnea monitor
for infants.
Epiglottitis
• epiglott/o:
epiglottis
• -itis:
inflammation
• Inflammation of the epiglottis
– Haemophilus influenzae Type B
Bronchial Disorders
• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Chronic bronchitis
• Cystic Fibrosis
Asthma
Bronchodilator
• bronch/o
• -dilation: widening, stretching, expanding
• -or: one who
• One who widens the bronchial tube
– Medication
Bronchiectasis
• bronchi/o: bronchial tube, bronchus
• -ectasis: stretching, dilation, expansion
• Dilation of bronchial tubes
– Caused by weakening of the bronchial walls
Cystic Fibrosis
• Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands
resulting in thick mucous secretions in the
respiratory tract.
• Gene carrying the disease in known and
persons carrying the gene may be identified.
Lung Disorders
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Atlectasis
Emphysema
Lung cancer
Pneumoconiosis
Pneumonia
Pulmonary abcess
Pulmonary edema
atelectasis
• a- without
• tel/o: complete
• -ectasis: stretching,
dilation, expansion
• Without complete
expansion of a lung
– collapsed lung
Emphysema
• Hyperinflation of the air sacs with
destruction of alveolar walls
Pneumonia
• Acute inflammation and infection of the
alveoli which fill with pus or products of the
inflammatory reaction
Lung Cancer
• Early-stage lung cancer usually produces no
symptoms and is difficult to detect.
• When symptoms appear, they may include
smoker’s cough, wheezing, chest pain, dyspnea,
and hemoptysis.
• Risk factors include chemical exposure or history
of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke.
Lung Cancer
• Treatment
• Combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and
chemotherapy depending on whether the
malignancy is localized or metastasized.
• Chest x-ray, sputum cytology test, and
bronchoscopy with tissue biopsy are required
for definitive diagnosis.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lung Cancer Surgery Treatment
• A. Wedge resection:
excision of a small
portion of the lung
along with healthy
tissue that surrounds
the lung.
• B. Segmented
resection: excision of a
portion of a lobe of a
lung; also called
segmentectomy
Types of Pneumonectomies.
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lung Cancer Surgery Treatment
C. Lobectomy:
excision of one
lobe of the lungs.
D. Pneumonectomy:
excision of a lung
or a portion of the
lung.
Types of Pneumonectomies.
Lung Disorders
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Sarcoidosis – chronic inflammation
• Tuberculosis (TB)
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pleural Disorders
• Mesothelioma – rare malignant tumor in
pleura
• Pleural Effusion
• Pleurisy (pleuritis)
• Pneumothorax
Mesothelioma
Pleural Effusion
Thoracentesis
Diagnostic Procedures – p 136- 138
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Bronchoscopy
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Polysomnography (PSG)
PFTs – Pulmonary Function Tests
Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Thoracentesis
• Tuberculin test (PPD)
• Endotracheal lntubation
• Thoracotomy
• Postural Drainage
• Oxygen therapy
• Tracheostomy
• Lavage
• Tube Thoracostomy
(Chest tube)
thoracotomy
• thorac/o:
chest
• -tomy:
incision
• Incision of the chest
Tube Thoracostomy (Chest tube)
Tracheostomy
• trache/o:
trachea
• -stomy:
forming an opening
• Forming a new opening in the trachea,
through the procedure of a tracheotomy
Tracheotomy
• trache/o
trachea
• -tomy
incision
• Incision of the trachea
Endotracheal Intubation
• endo-:
• trache/o
• -al
• Pertaining to a tube within
the trachea
Abbreviations p. 132
COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
CXR: Chest X-Ray
PFT: Pulmonary Function Test
TB: Tuberculosis
OSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
DOE: Dyspnea on Exertion
URI: Upper Respiratory Infection
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. empyema:
(pyothorax)
2. emphysema:
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. empyema: pus in a body cavity, especially in
the pleural cavity (pyothorax)
2. emphysema: chronic disease characterized
by overexpansion and destruction of alveoli;
commonly associated with cigarette smoking
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
epistaxis:
ischemia:
3. epistaxis: bleeding from the nose; also called
nosebleed, nasal hemorrhage, or rhinorrhagia
4. ischemia: inadequate supply of oxygenated
blood to a body part due to an interruption of
blood flow
Ischemia
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
• 5. rhonchi:
• 6. tubercle:
5. rhonchi: abnormal respiratory sound
resembling snoring, caused by blockage
in the larger airways
6. tubercle: small lesions that appear in
the lungs when a person is infected
with tuberculosis (TB)
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
• 1. visual examination of bronchi:
•
• 2. surgical puncture of chest:
•
• 3. forming an opening (mouth) in the
•
trachea:
:
1. visual examination of bronchi:
bronchoscopy
2. surgical puncture of chest:
thoracentesis or thoracocentesis
3. forming an opening (mouth) in the
trachea: tracheostomy
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words
• 4. visual examination of the larynx:
•
• 5. instrument for measuring breathing:
•
• 6. instrument for examining the larynx:
•
• 4. visual examination of the larynx:
laryngoscopy
• 5. instrument for measuring breathing:
spirometer
• 6. instrument for examining the larynx:
laryngoscope
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pharmacology
Bronchodilators
• Drugs that dilate
constricted airways
via a metered-dose
inhaler (MDI)
Metered-dose inhaler
4 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pharmacology
Corticosteroids
– MDIs
– Nebulized mist
treatments (NMTs)HHN
or SVN more common
– Administer meds
directly into lungs via a
nebulizer
Nebulizer