Download Famous Psychologists and People You Will Need to Know Social

Famous Psychologists and People You Will Need to Know
Social Psychology
Solomon Asch: studies of conformity using lines
Leon Festinger: Cognitive Dissonance Theory. We act to reduce discomfort
or anxiety when we think two of our thoughts differ. Iraq and weapons.
Fritz Heider: Attribution theory describes how people come to explain (make
attributions about) the behavior of others and themselves; behavior is
attributed to a disposition or to a situation
- Stanley Milgram: obedience studies; "teacher" and "learner" shock
experiment
- Philip Zimbardo: Stanford Prison Study; power of conformity when roles
become reality
John Darley and Bib Latane: Bystander effect
Robert Cialdini-Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Irving Janis: social psychologist who discovered the concept of groupthink
Muzafer Sherif: Superordinate goals. Example: Disruption of camp water
site
History and Approaches
Socrates and Plato-mind is separate from the body. Knowledge is inborn
Aristotle-Knowledge is not preexisting. Grows from experiences stored in
our memories
Descartes-dualism meaning the mind and body are separate
Francis Bacon: founder of modern science who preached observation and
experimentation.
1
Mary Whiton Calkins: memory researcher and first female president of the
APA
Charles Darwin: Evolutionary Psych involving the use of natural selection
Dorothea Dix: creation of American mental hospitals. Reformed inhumane
treatments for psychological disorders
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Perspective using free association and
dream analysis
G. Stanley Hall: 1st psych lab in America at Johns Hopkins; 1st President of
the APA. First significant psychological researcher in the United States
William James: 1st psych textbook and 1st professor in the United States.
Functionalism involving psychology having practical applications to life
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning. Stimulus response
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development involving schemas, assimilation and
accommodation
B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Margaret Floy Washburn: 1st female Ph.D. in psych. Animal behavior
research involving the animal mind
John B. Watson/Rosalie Rayner: Behaviorism; Little Albert
Wilhelm Wundt: 1st psych lab and father of structuralism. Sought to identify
how the mind and consciousness worked
Edward Titchener: Student of Wundt who introduced Structuralism and used
introspection to search for the mind’s elements
Max Wertheimer: founder of Gestalt psychology
Carl Rogers: founder of humanistic psychology
Research Methods
James Randi: web site devoted to critical thinking and skepticism about all
manner of psychic phenomena.
2
Kenneth and Mami Clark: psychologists who gave expert testimony and
research in the 1954 school desegregation decision of Brown vs. Board of
Education.
Biological Bases of Behavior
Paul Broca: frontal left hemisphere responsible for spoken language.
Charles Darwin (repeat): natural selection, survival of the fittest
Michael Gazzaniga: split-brain research; understanding of functional
lateralization in the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate
Alexander Luria: studied the relation between language, thought, and
cortical functions; his work resulted in creating the field of
Neuropsychology.
Roger Sperry: surgery designed to treat epileptics by severing the corpus
callosum; contributed greatly to understanding the lateralization of brain
function.
Karl Wernicke: speech comprehension area in the temporal lobe
Genetics and Behavior
Thomas Bouchard: famous researcher on identical twins. Genes influence
personality.
David Lykken: study of fraternal twins in regards to divorce rates. 50
percent attributable to genetic factors
David Buss: Evolutionary psychologist. Genes and environment work
together like two hands clapping. Study on worldwide mating preferences.
Men prefer physical features and women resources and social status.
Francis Collins: Human Gene Project Director who made famous
discoveries of human origins with spirituality.
3
Alice Eagly and Wendy Wood: psychologists who researched that social
expectations also shape gender differences in mate preferences. Gender
inequality vs. equality.
Sensation and Perception
Gustav Fechner: Absolute Threshold
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel: discovered feature detectors in the visual
system. Nerve cells in the brain that respond to shapes, angles and
movement
Ernst Weber: Law to detect a stimulus difference; change must be
proportional to the stimulus' magnitude
Thomas Young and Herman Von Helmholtz: Cones do color magic in teams
of three. Retina has three types of color receptors which are red, green, and
blue.
Daniel Simons: inattentional blindness and change blindness. Failing to see
objects when our attention is diverted and not noticing changes in the
environment.
Anthony Pratkanis: subliminal influence on behavior and decisions
Ewald Hering: opponent-process theory. Opposing retinal processes enable
color vision. Some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red.
Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall: Psychologist and Biologist model of the
gate-control theory. Spinal cord contains a gate that blocks pain signals or
allows them to pass.
Max Wertheimer: used phi phenomenon illusion to show how flashing could
be made to chase each other. Two or more lights blink in succession.
Richard Axel and Linda Buck: receptor proteins for recognizing particular
odor molecules are embedded on the surface of nasal cavity neurons.
4
States of Consciousness
William James: Stream of Consciousness
Sigmund Freud (repeat): Unconscious motives, wishes, and urges
Ernest Hilgard and Nicholas Spanos: role of hypnotism in human behavior
and response
Eugene Aserinsky: REM sleep
Nathaniel Kleitman: studied the stages and patterns of adult sleep
Stanley Coren: Why do we study sleep?
William Dement: effects of sleep loss on the mind and body
Albert Hofmann-Effects of LSD. Block serotonin. Euphoria-detachmentpanic.
Learning
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory, Bobo Doll Experiment, imitation
in learning
John Garcia: Conditioned Taste Aversion (The Garcia Effect with wolves)
Ivan Pavlov (repeat): Classical Conditioning; Associative Leaning; Stimulus
Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner: Contingency Theory - a stimulus must
provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events
will occur.
B.F. Skinner (repeat): Operant Cond.; Skinner Box; Pos. and Neg.
Reinforcement and Punishment
Edward Thorndike: Law of Effect; Instrumental Conditioning. Behaviors
followed by favorable consequences become more likely. Rewards rather
than punishments.
Edward Tolman: Latent Learning; rats in mazes. Learning that occurs, but
not realized until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
John B. Watson (repeat): Behaviorism; "Little Albert"
5
Martin Seligman-learned helplessness
Giacomo Rizzolatti-mirror neurons
Cognition (Memory)
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin: three-stage processing model of
memory. Sensory, short-term and long-term memory
Alan Baddeley: Working memory
Henry Roediger and Jeffrey Karpicke: testing effect-repeating quizzes and
tests of previous material.
Karl Lashley: psychologist who demonstrated that memories don’t reside in
single, specific spots of the brain.
Eric Kandel and James Schwartz: Long-term potentiation-increase in a
synapse’s firing potential after brief stimulation. Neural basis for learning
and memory.
Hermann Ebbinghaus: studied learning and memory using syllables;
retention and forgetting curves
Elizabeth Loftus: eyewitness testimony, misinformation effect, false
memories
Oliver Sacks: neurologist who studied the effects of the hippocampus
removal and amnesia
George A. Miller: STM's "Magic Number 7. Seven deadly sins, seven seas,
seven days of the week, etc.
George Sperling: studied sensory memory sub-type - Iconic
Memory/photographic memory - with cued recall tasks
Cognition (Thinking and Language)
Noam Chomsky: Language is inborn and becomes universal.
Wolfgang Kohler: insight in chimps
6
Peter Wason: confirmation bias-searching for information that supports our
beliefs and ignores facts.
Benjamin Whorf: Whorf's Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis; language
determines thought
Daniel Kahneman: Nobel Peace Prize winner in Economics for his work on
how people make irrational decisions depending on how a decision is framed
instead of using evidence.
Amos Tversky: representative and availability heuristics. Representative
judging people according to how they fit our stereotypes.
Availability operates based on how information is available to us.
Wallace Lambert: Bilingual advantage-children who learn to inhibit one
language while using the other, are better able to ignore unimportant
information.
Robert Sternberg: Components of creativity
Dean Simonton: the creative environment involving collaboration.
Motivation
Edward Deci and Richard Ryan: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Roy Baumeister: origins of sexual orientation.
Daryl Bem: biological factors may predispose a temperament that influences
sexuality.
Walter Cannon and A.L. Washburn: physiology of hunger-stomach
contractions.
Alfred Kinsey, Virginia Johnson and William Masters: controversial research
on sexual motivation in the 1940's and 50's
Abraham Maslow: strive for self-actualization, Hierarchy of Needs
7
Emotion
Philip Bard and Walter Cannon: a reaction and emotion occurs at the same
time due to a stimulus.
William James: James-Lange Theory of Emotion - the body reaction comes
first, the emotion comes quickly afterward.
David Matsumoto: study of facial expressions and emotions; first training
tool to improve ability to read microexpressions; studied spontaneous facial
expressions in blind individuals; discovered that many facial expressions are
innate and not visually learned.
Stanley Schachter (with Jerome Singer): 2-Factor Theory of Emotion physiological arousal + cognitive label
Hans Seyle: General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
Paul Eckman-facial feedback theory
Richard Lazarus: emotion researcher who concluded that our brains process
and react to vast amounts of information without our conscious awareness.
Example: sound of rustling bushes (threat or the just the wind)
Joseph Ledoux and Robert Zajonc: emotional responses are immediate.
People’s political decisions-liking the candidate.
Developmental Psychology
Mary Ainsworth: secure vs. insecure attachment
John Bowlby: disruption of attachment in humans
Albert Bandura (repeat): Social Learning Theory, Bobo Doll Experiment,
imitation in learning
Diana Baumrind: types of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive,
authoritative/democratic and uninvolved
Erik Erikson: 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
8
Sigmund Freud (repeat): 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
Carol Gilligan: criticized Kohlberg's work, b/c he only studied privileged,
white men and boys; she felt this caused a biased opinion against women.
Harry Harlow: wire mother monkey studies, contact comfort
Lawrence Kohlberg: Levels of Moral Development - Pre-Conventional,
Conventional, Post-Conventional
- Konrad Lorenz: Imprinting in animals
Jean Piaget (repeat): 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Lev Vygotsky: research on play; "Zone of proximal development" (ZPD) the range of tasks that a child can complete independently; studied concept
of inner speech in language development
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk: Visual Cliff and depth perception-6 mos.
Paul Baltes: crystallized intelligence-riding a bike or ice skating
Jonathan Haidt: moral feelings precede moral reasoning. Moral judgment
involves quick gut feelings triggering reasoning.
Sandra Scarr: psychologist who said that parents should be given less credit
for kids who turn out great and blamed less for kids who don’t. Environment
outside the home plays a larger role.
Judith Harris: peer influence
Personality
Alfred Adler: inferiority complex, sibling rivalry
Gordon Allport: described personality in terms of traits. Exploring the self
Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs: Myers-Briggs Test-personality types
Hans and Sybil Eysenck: extraversion and introversion personalities
Albert Bandura (repeat): personality development is affected by
observational learning and modeling (Bobo Doll Experiment);
Social Learning Theory
9
Paul Costa/Robert McCrae: Big Five Trait Theory (CANOE:
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and
extraversion)
Sigmund Freud (repeat): unconscious, childhood experiences, 5 stages of
sexual development
Carl Jung: collective unconscious, archetypes (Hero-Savior), (The QuestJourney)
Abraham Maslow (repeat): strive for self-actualization, Hierarchy of Needs
Carl Rogers (repeat): Self Theory; real vs. ideal self; sees people as basically
good
Martin Seligman: Positive Psychology relies on scientific methods rather
than theorizing to explore ideas like humanistic psychology.
James Cattell: Factor analysis
Karen Horney: childhood social not sexual (Freud) tensions are crucial for
personality formation
Ellen Langer: benefits of personal control
Julian Rotter: locus on control
Testing and Individual Differences
Joshua Aronson and Claude Steele: Stereotype threat
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon: 1st Intelligence Test. Predicting school
achievement and concept of mental age.
William Stern: formula for intelligence quotient.
James Flynn: Believes that intelligence tests actually measure problemsolving skills, which weakly correlate to intelligence. Studied the
controversy over non-white ethnic groups.
Francis Galton: founded psychometrics; developed the ideas of correlation,
standard deviation, regression toward the mean.
10
Howard Gardner: Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences
Charles Spearman: 2-Factor Theory of Intelligence - "g" factor (general
intelligence), an inherited intellectual ability that influences all around
performance; "s" factor (specific abilities), which account for differences
between scores on different tasks
L.L. Thurnstone: early opponent of Spearman who studied the seven clusters
of g factor.
Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - creative, analytical,
practical
Louis Terman: (of Stanford University) altered Binet's IQ test, calling it the
Stanford-Binet. Focus on innate IQ
David Wechsler: Wechsler Scales (WIAS and WISC) - most widely used
intelligence tests today. Verbal and performance areas.
Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso: leaders in emotional intelligence. Perceive,
understand, and manage emotions. www.unh.edu/emotional_intelligence
Abnormal Behavior
Christopher Peterson: psychologist and major proponent of the DSM for
defining dysfunctions in human behavior
Philippe Pinel: reformer who started the medical model. People can be
treated and sometimes cured in hospitals.
David Rosenhan: labeling psychological disorders
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Aaron Beck: Cognitive therapy for depression.
Albert Ellis: founder of cognitive-behavioral therapies
Sigmund Freud (repeat): psychoanalysis, dream analysis, free association
Mary Cover Jones: counterconditioning of fears
11
Carl Rogers: client-centered therapy, active listening, unconditional positive
regard
B.F. Skinner (repeat): Behavioral Therapies use the principles of Operant
Conditioning; Behavior Modification, Token Economies
Joseph Wolpe: developed the Exposure Therapy technique known as
flooding.
Dorothea Dix: (repeat) creation of American mental hospitals. Reformed
inhumane treatments for psychological disorders.
Benjamin Rush: founder of the movement for more humane treatment of the
mentally ill.
12