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Ch. 20
• Possessive Pronouns: shows ownership
It replaces a possessive noun. There are two kinds of possessive pronouns. One kind is used
before a noun. The other kind stands alone.
Possessive Pronouns with Nouns
my
your
his, her, its
our
their
Possessive Pronouns that Stand Alone
mine
yours
his, hers
ours
theirs
• Contractions: subject pronouns are often used with forms of helping verbs to make
contractions.
Do not confuse a possessive pronoun such as its with a contraction such as it’s.
• Homophones: such as its and it’s, sound the same but have different spellings and different
meanings.
• Tips: (1) Think about the meaning of the word
(2) Think about how the word is used in the sentence.
Ch. 22
• Adjective: is a word that describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives can tell what kind, how many, or which one. An adjective can come before the noun it
modifies, or it can follow a linking verb, such as is, seems, appears, or feels. More than one
adjective can describe the same noun.
• Proper Adjective: an adjective formed from a proper noun
Proper adjectives are always capitalized.
• Articles: adjectives a, an, and the
The refers to a specific person, place, or thing. A and an refer to any person, place, or thing.
Use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel sound.
Adverbs: a word that describes, or modifies, a verb.
You already know that a verb is a word that describes action or being. An adverb may tell
where, when, or how. Adverbs that tell how often end with ly. Notice that an adverb is not
always right next to the verb it modifies.
Be sure to use an adjective to modify a noun and an adverb to modify a verb.
Certain adjectives and adverbs are commonly confused. Good and bad are always adjectives.
Well is an adverb, except when it means “in good health.” Badly is always an adverb.
Ch. 23 Other Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs sometimes modify adjectives and other adverbs.
You already know that an adverb describes, or modifies, a verb. An adverb can also modify an
adjective or another adverb.
Adjectives can be used to compare two or more people, places, or things.
Adverbs can be used to compare two or more actions.
Some adjectives and adverbs have special forms for comparing.
Ch.25 Prepositions
Preposition: a word that shows how a noun or a pronoun is related to other words in the
sentence. You already know and use many prepositions. You use prepositions such as in, near,
and across to tell where something is. Prepositions can provide many kinds of information.
Object of the preposition: the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.
Prepositional phrase: made up of a preposition, the object of a preposition, and any
words between them.
The words between a preposition and its object are words that tell about the object.
Use prepositional phrases to expand sentences.
You can use a prepositional phrase to make a sentence clearer and to add more details.