* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Italian States - Westglen School
Survey
Document related concepts
Renaissance in Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Northern Mannerism wikipedia , lookup
Spanish Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance music wikipedia , lookup
French Renaissance literature wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance architecture wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance Revival architecture wikipedia , lookup
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation wikipedia , lookup
Italian Renaissance wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Italian Renaissance 1300-1600 Italian States • The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking. • Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists. • During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. In northern Italy, the citystates of Florence, Milan, Genoa and Venice became major centers of the Renaissance civilization. • Rome dominated the Papal States of central Italy Italian States Florence – Oligarchy Papal States – Medici family – Renaissance – Savonarola Popes Milan • Julius II – Condottiere – Spanish empire Genoa Venice -Sforza ruled – Great Council • Doge -two faced city – Monopoly on spice and luxury trade How did Florence become the most influential city-state? • Maintained thriving industry in wool and silk trade • Purchased luxury items from the East and sold them for a large profit • Sold insurance to sea traders to protect their oversees investments • Created numerous banks that made loans or exchanged currencies • Medici family promoted trade, banking, the arts, scholarship, and civic pride Santa Maria del Fiore Why was Milan important? The wealthy city of Milan was located in the north at the crossroads of the main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes Italian Renaissance Art • • • • • • • Religious scenes focused on expressions Holy as human God’s beauty in world Nude body Uniqueness - self-portraits Pagan myths as Christian icons Individual-secular Giotto • Religious subjects in more human fashion and realistic setting • Illusion of depth Masaccio • Used light and shade to perspective • The Holy Trinity Sandro Botticelli • • • • • Vivid colors Classical mythology The Adoration of the Magi The Birth of Venus Primavera Leonardo da Vinci • First Italian artist to use oil paints • Mona Lisa • The Last Supper • The Virgin of the Rocks • Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion Leonardo da Vinci • Studying fossils • Anatomy from dissections • First accurate description of human skeleton • Remained on paper Raphael Santi • Humanized Madonna paintings • Sistine Madonna • School of Athens Michelangelo Buonarotti • • • • Sistine Chapel David Moses Pieta Michelangelo Buonarotti Titian • Tiziano Vecellio • Most famous Venetian painter • One painting a month • “Titian” red • The Assumption of the Virgin The Northern Renaissance • The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward. • The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals. Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries • Printing press w/ moveable type – Johannes Gutenberg – 1456 - the Bible – Rapid spread of knowledge • Christian Humanism – Unite classical learning w/ Christian faith – Erasmus • ‘Prince of the Humanists’ • Praise of Folly • Rejected Luther Flemish Painting • Jan and Hubert van Eyck – First to use oil paints – The Adoration of the Lamb – Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride • Hieronymus Bosch – Nightmarish fantasy worlds – Garden of Earthly Delight • Peter Brueghel – Earthly and lively activities of peasants – Peasant Wedding – Children’s Games German Painting • Albrecht Durer – Mastery of expression – Woodcuts – Self-Portrait • Hans Holbein the Younger – Portraits • • • • Henry VIII Erasmus Thomas More The Ambassadors Elizabethan Literature • Edmund Spenser – Leading poet • Christopher Marlowe – playwright – Brief career – Doctor Faustus • William Shakespeare – Most famous playwright • Ben Jonson – Last major literary figure Spanish Renaissance • Cardinal Fransciso Jumenez de Cisneros • Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote • Felix Lope de Vega – Most prolific playwright • El Greco – Greatest painter of SR – Studied with Titian – Intense religious mysticism – Mannerism • El Escorial The Protestant Reformation • 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses • 1534 - Act of Supremacy • 1555 - Peace of Augsburg Martin Luther • Planned to be a lawyer • Religious conversion to Augustinian monk • Theology teacher at university of Wittenberg • “The just shall live by faith.” Romans (1:17) – Justification by faith • Johann Tetzel – Indulgence controversy • 95 Theses • Diet of Worms Lutheranism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. “Justification by faith” “Sola scriptura” Baptism and holy communion Priesthood of believers German translation of Bible Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy Lutheranism Lutheranism • Peasants’ Revolt • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Diet of Augsburg • Peace of Augsburg – German prince right to determine religion of his state • Lutheran or Roman Catholic • No recognition of Calvinists or Anabaptists – Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia Calvinism • Ulrich Zwingli – Humanist and Catholic priest – Sacraments only symbolic ceremonies – Rejected celibacy of clergy – Emphasized simplicity in worship – Killed by Catholic forces • John Calvin – Protestant – Exile in Geneva – Institutes of the Christian Religion – Predestination • Salvation by election – Puritanism • Theocracy Spread of Calvinism • Switzerland • France – Huguenots • John Knox – Presbyterians • England – Puritans • Netherlands • Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic” Anglicanism • King Henry VIII – Divorce of Catherine of Aragon – Thomas Cramner • Act of Supremacy – King head of Church of England – Six Articles • No papal supremacy • Sold monasteries • Supported by English people – Papal taxes – “Babylonian Captivity” – Monastic land • Execution of Thomas More • Edward VI – 42 Articles • More Protestant • Cramner’s Book of Common Prayer • Bloody Mary – Executed Cramner – Married Philip II • Elizabeth I – Last Tudor – 39 Articles – Opposition • Pilgrims - Separatists • Mary Queen of Scots • Philip II Anabaptism • Radicals of the PR • Rejection of infant baptism • Active in Peasants’ Revolt • Thomas Munzer • John of Leyden • Menno Simons – Mennonites