Download Biology 5 Final Review

Biology Final Review
Ecology
1. Define the following ecological terms:
a. Population – all members of a species in the same area. Ex herd, pack, flock,
b. Community- all populations in the same area
c. Ecosystem – biological community and all non-living factors that affect it
d. Biome – large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar
communities
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
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Producer – organism that makes its own food (chemo- or photosynthesis)
Autotroph - organism that undergoes photosynthesis
Herbivore – organisms that eat producer/autotroph EX grass, plant, algae
Heterotroph – organisms that is a consumer/eat producers
Predation – when one organisms eats another organism EX. Owl & mouse
Competition – when two or more organisms or species struggle for the same resources
EX. Blue jay & sparrow competing for a tree
k. Symbiosis – close relationship between two or more species
l. Mutualism – symbiotic relationship when both species benefit EX. Alligator & bird that
cleans its teeth
m. Commensalism – symbiotic relationship when one species benefits and the other is
neither helped nor harmed Shark & remora
n. Parasitism – symbiotic relationship when one species benefits at the expense of
another EX. Human & a leech
2. Describe each of the three types of pyramids.
Numbers – shows number of organisms in each trophic level
Biomass – shows amount of biomass (living tissue) in each trophic level
Energy – shows amount of energy available in each trophic level
j.
3. What is the water cycle?
Water that cycles in the atmosphere, underground, on the surface of earth and in bodies of water.
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Transpiration
4. Define ‘succession’ and explain the difference between primary and secondary succession.
Succession – when one community replaces another as a result of changing biotic or abiotic
factors
Primary – establishment of a community on exposed rock (no topsoil) Ex. Volcanic island, glacier
Secondary – establishment of a community on soil. EX. After a fire or flood
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5. Each of the following are factors that affect population growth rate. Explain which one(s)
increase and which one(s) decrease population growth rate:
a. Immigration - increase
b. Emigration- decrease
c. Birth rate - increase
d. Death rate - decrease
e. Limiting factor - decrease
6. Define the following population growth terms:
a. Logistic growth – S curve
b. Exponential growth – J curve
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c. Carrying capacity – maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment
can support for the long term
7. Explain and give examples of each of the following
a. Density-dependent factor – depend on number of members in a population, e.g.,
predation, disease, parasites, competition
b. Density-independent factor – do not depend on number of members in a population,
e.g., weather events
Cell Division
8. What are the limitations of a cell as it becomes larger? In other words, why must cells divide
rather than just get bigger?
Ratio of surface area to volume
Transport of substances in and out (waste & food)
Cellular communications (DNA overload)
9. Define ‘cell cycle.’ Then, list and define the phases of the cell cycle.
Cell cycle – cycle of cell growing and dividing
Interphase (G1 and G2)
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis
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10. What regulates the timing of the cell cycle? cyclins
11. List the phases of mitosis in order. PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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12. In which phase do chromosomes become visible? Prophase
13. Draw and label sister chromatids with a centromere.
14. What is a tumor? Mass of Cancer cells (uncontrolled cell growth)
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15. What is binary fission? Division of bacteria
Genetics
16. Circle the ‘true’ statements:
a. Mendel studied pea plants
b. The principles of genetics apply to pea plants only.
c. Mendel studied the inheritance of traits.
17. Describe and compare the following terms:
a. Allele and gene – Allele is an alternative form of the same gene T and t
b. Homozygous and Heterozygous – Homozygous traits have the same alleles (TT) or (tt)
while heterozygous traits have different alleles (Tt)
c. Dominant and recessive – Dominant is always expressed, while recessive may be
hidden
d. Genotype and phenotype – Genotype shows the alleles (genetic makeup), while
phenotype shows how the alleles are expressed (physical appearance)
18. Draw the punnett spuare and describe the phenotype(s) of the offspring from the following pea
plant crosses:
a. Tt X Tt , where T is Tall – 3 tall to one short
b. TT X Tt – all tall
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19. Describe the daughter cells from meiosis as compared to mitosis.
Meiosis(sex cells/gametes) has 4, 1N (haploid) cells genetically different, while
Mitosis(body/somatic cells) has 2, 2N(diploid) genetically identical
20. Compare and contrast the cellular location and composition of DNA versus RNA.
RNA – nucleus AND cytoplasm and ribosome; single strand, ribose sugar, uracil, not thymine
DNA – nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria; deoxyribose, double helix, thymine, cytosine, guanine,
adenine nitrogen bases
21. Define the process and outcome of each of the following:
a. Replication – DNA copies itself (DNA----DNA)
b. Transcription – copying of DNA to form mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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c. Translation – translation of mRNA code into amino acids which are linked to form
proteins
22. Describe the three kinds of RNA.
mRNA – copies DNA code in single strand
rRNA – component of ribosome
tRNA- couples amino acids to make proteins based on mRNA code
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23. From the standpoint of molecular genetics, define the following terms:
a. Gene – segment(piece) of DNA –holds instructions for assembling proteins
b. Codon – 3 nitrogen bases coding for a single amino acid
c. Genetic code – sequence of codons that code for specific amino acids (DNA)
d. Mutation – permanent change in a cells’ DNA
24. What does the lac operon control? Breakdown of lactose
25. What is a Barr body? One of the X chromosomes in a female that condenses
26. Explain the difference between point mutation and frameshift mutations.
Point – change in a single nucleotide (base pair)
Frameshift – addition (insertion) or deletion of base pairs such that the frame of amino acids is
shifted
27. Describe the following techniques used in genetics:
a. Recombinant DNA – DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources
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b. Genetic engineering – manipulating DNA by inserting DNA from another organism, e.g.,
transgenic organisms
c. Cloning – identical DNA is produced. EX. Dolly the sheep
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d. Karyotype - arrangement of chromosomes in pairs, e.g., 46 for humans
e. Pedigree – diagrammed family history using circles for females and squares for males
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Evolution
28. What was Darwin’s theory of evolution? Natural selection is based on excess reproduction,
variation, inheritance and the advantages of certain traits in certain environments. The “fittest”
survive and reproduce. This can result in the appearance of new species.
29. What did Malthus predict would happen as a result of the growth of the human population? Not
enough food. Competition for limited resources
30. Describe and compare natural and artificial selection. Artificial selection is selective breeding
by people EX. Dogs, tomatoes, while natural selection occurs in nature EX .peppered moth
31. Define the following terms:
a. Adaptation – inherited characteristic that can be physical or behavioral and that
increases the chance of reproductive success (survival) EX. camouflage
b. Common Ancestry – organisms with similar genes descended from the same individual
EX. Humans and chimps
c. Vestigial structures – structures no longer of functional value EX. Appendix, coccyx
d. Genetic Drift – change in allelic frequencies due to chance
e. Adaptive Radiation – divergent evolution – one species gives rise to many EX. Darwin’s
finches
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f. Convergent Evolution – unrelated species in similar ecosystems that appear similar EX.
Cacti and Euphorbs
32. List the conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium.
Very large population
Random mating
No immigration or emigration
No mutations
No natural selection
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33. For speciation to occur, reproductive isolation is needed. Define these types:
a. Behavioral – behavioral isolation as in bird courtship of eastern and western
meadowlark
b. Geographic – land or water barriers, e.g., fish crow
c. Temporal – timing isolation, e.g., orchids
34. How did speciation of the Galapagos finches begin? Founder population
History of Life
35. What is a fossil? In what kind of rock are fossils formed?
Fossil – preserved evidence of an organism; sedimentary rock
36. Describe the first (microfossil) organisms known to live on Earth. Bacteria
37. What caused the formation of the oceans? Cooling of Earth and condensation of gaseous
water vapor
Classification and Organisms
38. The Linnaeus system of classification is as follows, in order. Which category is the smallest?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
39. Binomial Nomenclature shows the genus and then the species of an organism. Correct the
following to show how it should be written. homo sapiens
Underlined or italicized
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Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
40. Today’s grouping of organisms is based on their evolutionary history are called what kind of
classification? Evolutionary classification
41. Which kingdoms are prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes – (Bacteria)Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes -Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia
42. What are the characteristics of mammals?
Warm Blooded, body hair, able to produce milk for young
43. Define the following:
a. Virus – nonliving strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA) with a protein coat, cannot
replicate on its own
b. Retrovirus – RNA virus (EX. HIV) that reverses transcription RNADNA
c. Antibiotic – substance that can kill or inhibit growth of some microorganisms
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