Download 1406 Topics for Examination III.doc

TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION III - Biology 1406, CAMPBELL AND REESE 8e
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND ALL TOPICS AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCEPT CHECK
HEADINGS IN YOUR TEXT!!
CHAPTER 13
How do sexual and asexual reproduction differ from each other? Know all stages of meiosis - what
happens during each stage, how daughter cells compare with parent cells as to amount of DNA and
numbers of chromosomes before, at, or after any phase, and cytoplasmic contents, chromatid presence or
absence. What is a somatic cell? What is a sex chromosome? What is an autosome? What are homologous
chromosomes? Be able to work with the concept and vocabulary of ploidy, including ploidy abbreviations.
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? What is a somatic cell, and how does it differ from
a gamete? WHAT IS SYNAPSIS AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT IN GENETIC VARIATION?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNAPSIS AND CROSSING OVER? What is the
independent assortment of chromosomes, what is the basis of independent assortment, and why is the
independent assortment of chromosomes important?
CHAPTER 14
What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What are alleles? What were Mendel's conclusions
from his pea plant experiments? KNOW HOW TO PERFORM GENETIC ANALYSIS OF
MONOHYBRID AND DIHYBRID CROSSES AND HOW TO OBTAIN GENOTYPIC AND
PHENOTYPIC RATIOS. What is a testcross, and how is it performed? Know the characteristic ratios
for testcrosses, and certain common monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Know how F1 and F2 generations
arise. Know how to derive the gametes produced by any individual phenotype. Know and understand the
concepts of incomplete dominance and codominance. Be able to recognize instances of each in genetic
problems, and be able to solve these problems.
CHAPTER 15
How may genes be linked? Know and understand sex linkage. Be able to recognize instances of sex
linkage in genetic problems, and be able to solve these problems. What are genetic recombinants and how
do they arise? How can recombination frequencies be used to generate a chromosomal map? How must
genes be spaced in order to give the highest frequency of recombinants? Be able to perform genetic
analysis for sex linked inheritance problems. What are Barr bodies and where are they found? Are human
females composed of mosaics of cells? What is nondisjunction and what effect does it have on the ploidy
of gametes?
CHAPTER 16
Understand the scientific meaning of the word "inheritance". Know and understand Chargaff's Rule, and
how it helped lead to the discovery of the structure of DNA. Know the Watson/Crick model of DNA
structure thoroughly. Why is this structure so important? Know the components of which DNA is
constructed thoroughly. Know the purines and pyrimidines and how they base pair with each other. What
is the meaning of the term antiparallel? How does DNA replicate? What are the significant differences
between eukaryotic and prokaryotic replication? Know and understand the relationship of the leading
strand, the lagging strand, and Okazaki fragments. Know the names of all deoxyribonucleotide monomers.
What are the names and functions of the relevant replication enzymes? Given a DNA sequence, be able to
deduce the correct complementary DNA and RNA sequences, in their correct orientation. What is the
relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes? What is DNA denaturation and what can cause it?
What is the order of organization for packing of DNA into a chromosome? What is a nucleosome? What
is a looped domain? What is a 30 nm. chromatin fiber? What is heterochromatin? What is euchromatin?
Which type of chromatin is transcribed? What are thymine dimers, what causes them, and why are they
important?
CHAPTER 17
Know the structure of RNA thoroughly. Know the evolutionary significance of the common genetic code.
What is a codon? What is an anticodon? What is mRNA, tRNA, rRNA? How is RNA similar and
different from DNA? How is the eukaryotic primary transcript processed after synthesis in order to
convert it to mature mRNA? What is an intron? What is an exon? Where are they found? Know RNA to
RNA base pairing rules. What is a ribosome and what is its function? KNOW THE ROUTE FROM
DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN THOROUGHLY!! KNOW THE PROCESS OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS THOROUGHLY!! What is transcription? Know the process of transcription. What is
translation? What is transformation? What are mutations? Are mutations random or can mutations be
man-made and specific as to effect? (HINT-RANDOM!) What is the modern definition of a gene? Given
an mRNA or tRNA sequence, be able to deduce the correct complementary DNA and RNA sequences, in
their correct orientation.
CHAPTER 18
What is an operon? What does the operon model explain? Why do the cells of an organism differ in
structure and function? Know the processes of DNA methylation and histone acetylation, and the result of
each of these processes on cellular regulation and differentiation. What is the single most important way
that gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? How is an RNA transcript processed by
eukaryotes? Again, what are introns? Again, what are exons? What are proto – oncogenes and what is
their purpose in normal cells? What are oncogenes and how do they differ from proto – oncogenes?