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From yesterday 1. What factors helped Egyptians feel stable and secure? (pg 34) 2. How did the Nile affect life in ancient Egypt? 3. What were the 2 types of writing in ancient Egypt? What activities was each used for? From yesterday 1. Regular floods of the Nile river, prosperity, isolation from invaders, religion 2. The Nile flooded regularly creating fertile soil on both sides of the river. It also made travel easier. 3. Hieroglyphics – Religion and Tombs 1. Hieratic script – business transactions, record keeping, and general needs Egypt’s Old Kingdom World History I Ch. 2 pp. 47-49 *Old Kingdom (3100-2200 BCE) *King Menes (Narmer) unified Upper and Lower Egypt; created the world’s first national government. Menes wore two crowns to symbolize the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. *Menes established the first dynasty in Egypt and was the first Pharaoh. *Pharaoh meant “palace” or “great house” in the old Egyptian language! The Narmer Tablet (3100 BCE) Narmer Tablet 31st century BC, containing some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. king is depicted with the White crown of Upper (southern) Egypt king wearing the Red Crown of Lower (northern) Egypt *Old Kingdom Accomplishments Era of Greatest Cultural Advance *Pyramids were built *Hieroglyphics—(writing) *Mummification(embalming) Complex Social Order Sophisticated Economy Unique Civilization developed due to isolation *Egyptian Civilization lasted for 3,000 years! *Life in Old Kingdom Egypt *Capital was the city of Memphis *Focal point was on the fertile Nile Delta region *Cities made out of Mud-brick Nile River was center of life for transportation, irrigation; *Nile was life itself! *Egyptian Cultural Life *Pharaoh was both King and God; unification of political and religious authority! Egyptian Religion: *Re- Sun God; giver of life; rules by day *Osiris- God of the dead, lord of the Underworld; rules by night Anubis- jackal-headed god of embalming Ma’at- balance; rightness in the universe; universal harmony! Often portrayed as a goddess balancing a feather on her head! *Horus- the falcon-headed god; pharaoh is Horus when he is alive; becomes Osiris when he dies; endless cycle of rebirth! *Political Structure of Egypt Pharaoh was supreme political ruler; absolute king and god! *Vizier- Pharaoh had an executive assistant called the Vizier who acted on the Pharaoh’s instructions; 2nd most powerful man in Egypt! *Dynasty System—a dynasty is a ruling family; Egypt had 30 over 3,000 years! Nomes- Egypt was broken up into provinces called nomes; there were 42 Nomes ruled by Nomarchs who answered to Pharaoh! *Daily Life in Ancient Egypt Family Life People valued family life and children Mother was responsible for raising children *Men and Women enjoyed relative equality in Egypt Children took care of elderly parents; social security! Marriage Girls married around the age of 12; Boys a few years older Marriages were arranged Prenuptial agreements protecting the Woman’s property were common Divorce was an option, but rare; a statement annuling the marriage in front of witnesses was sufficient! Daily Life in Egypt Continued . . Food and Cooking Cooking was done in clay ovens. Food was baked, boiled, stewed, fried, grilled or roasted Beer was consumed Bread was a staple commodity Ate barley, wheat, lentils, beans, vegetables, fish; little red meat, no dairy products Cosmetics Men and women wore make-up Men and women wore perfumed oil No Soap! Cleansing cream made of oil, lime and perfume was used! More Daily Life in Egypt . . . Hair Hair worn short by both sexes Men and women used wigs Jewelry Rings and amulets were common, jeweled or beaded collars, necklaces and pendants were worn by both sexes Clothing Made of linen; men wore loose fitting skirt like a kilt Sandals were made of papyrus Housing Homes made of mud brick Most people had some furniture Most people slept on the roof in the summer! Daily Life in Ancient Egypt . . . Education Young boys learned a craft or trade from their fathers or from apprenticeship to an artisan Wealthy boys went to a formal school to learn religion, reading, writing and arithmetic Girls were taught primarily domestic skills by their mothers Entertainment Parties, banquets--wealthy Board games (Hounds and Jackals) Music—stringed instruments, singing Festivals—religious, harvest, seasonal *Death in Ancient Egypt: Funerary Rites for Pharaoh *Mummification *Occurs naturally in Egypt’s hot, dry climate Millions of natural mummies exist in Egypt! *Egyptian Mummification *70 day process *Goal: Preservation of the body as a home for the Ka (spirit, or body double) Achieved through complete drying of the body Avg. weight of mummy: 35 pounds! Mummy Song From Yesterday 1. What were the 3 main parts of Egyptian Bureaucracy? 2. How was Egyptian society like a pyramid (pg 41) 3. Which gods were the most important to the Egyptians? 4. What is a dynasty? Why can Egypt be considered a dynasty? 1. Pharaoh – in charge of Govt and religion, Vizier – executive assitant, 2nd most powerful person, carried out orders of Pharaoh, Nomarchs – in charge of nomes, answered directly to Pharaoh 2. The top of society was small, only one person the pharaoh, like the tip of a pyramid. The base of society was large, with most of the people in the lower classes like the base of pyramid 3. *Re- Sun God; giver of life; rules by day 1. 2. *Osiris- God of the dead, lord of the Underworld; rules by night *Horus- the falcon-headed god; pharaoh is Horus when he is alive; becomes Osiris when he dies; endless cycle of rebirth! 4. a dynasty is a ruling family; Egypt had 30 over 3,000 years! *Process of Mummification *Removal of Internal Organs Removal is accomplished thorough incision in the left hand side of the body *Desiccation of the Corpse *Drying out of corpse is achieved using Natron Salt; process takes 30 days Skin and Body Form Sand, animal fat, sawdust are packed under the skin; makeup is applied to make the corpse look life-like! *Mummification continued *Final Stages Body is swathed in resin soaked linen bandages (20 layers). Head is fitted with a death mask resembling the deceased. Body is placed in a ceremonial coffin and often placed in nesting coffins. Goal: eternal life for the Ka of the dead! Ramses II Pyramids: Tombs for the Pharaoh Built to house the body of the dead Pharaoh as a home for the Ka, or body double, of the king. Built by conscripted, paid labor during the Inundation using a ramp system over a period of years. The Pyramids are the enduring symbol of Ancient Egypt! The Pyramids at Giza: A Necropolis (City of the Dead) The shape of the pyramid represented the sun’s rays which the dead king would use as a ramp to the heavens. It also represented the primordial mound from which, according to Egyptian mythology, the god Re created the world. On a practical level, the pyramids represented the Pharaoh’s power and wealth. They were built between 2700-2500 BC. The Pyramids: One of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World The Khufu Pyramid “Great Pyramid” or “Pyramid of Cheops” Dimensions: Base—sides are 755 feet long Height—455 feet tall Contains 2.3 million blocks of stone with an average weight of 2 tons Khufu pyramid weighs six million tons There is enough stone in the Great Pyramid to build a wall 10 feet high and 1 foot thick around the entire country of France. Construction: Most massive building ever constructed in the world Four corners of the pyramid line up with the true directions of the compass! 100,000 laborers worked for 20 years to build it! Achieved over 4,500 years ago with a simple ramp system Plan of the Great Pyramid Khafre Pyramid The Pyramid of Khafre Original Height: 143.5 m (470.79 ft) Current Height: 136.4 m (447.50 ft) Length of Side: 215.25 (706.19 ft) Angle: 5310’ Estimated Volume: 1,659,200 cu m Only Pyramid with limestone casing stones still visible (on top) The Sphinx: Guardian of Giza The Sphinx has the body of a Lion, head of Khafre and a temple 240 feet long 65 feet high Mostly carved from a single stone! Sphinx guarded the Giza pyramid complex Made of limestone and sandstone; heavily eroded and in danger of falling apart! Pyramid Construction No machines, animal power or complex tools were used. Built without the wheel, iron tools or the help of aliens! Constructed completely by human labor using ramps and gangs of men! Cross-Cultural Ties between Ancient Egypt and the USA Pyramid and symbol of the god Re are on the dollar bill; represents masonic tradition (pyramid) and the principle of light and vision (Re) Washington Monument: is in the shape of an obelisk, the Egyptian solar symbol Symbol of Justice: blindfolded lady symbolizing the search for truth. Easter- Egyptians celebrated the death and resurrection of Osiris 5,000 years ago; Christian Easter mirrors this celebration in every detail! Cross-Cultural Ties Continued Medical Prescriptions: the origin of the Rx abbreviation that doctors use came from the eye symbol of Horus! The Cinderella Story- mirrors an ancient Egyptian story called the Girl with the Red Rose Slippers; a falcon (Horus) scoops up the girls slipper, drops it off near the prince; the prince declares the owner will be his bride. Sounds familiar? Architecture- fluted, Doric style columns are used on Federal buildings in Washington DC; were used in Egypt thousands of years before the Greeks used them! The Civilization of Ancient Egypt Highly organized civilization centered around the Nile River valley Agriculture based with a theocratic style government featuring an absolute monarch Featured a system of writing, cities, organized labor, monuments, sophisticated government and complex religion