Download AP Human Geography

AP Human Geography 1
AP Human Geography
Course Overview
Classroom Summary
Christine Yurky
Homer-Center High School
AP Human Geography 2
AP Human Geography
Course Overview/Description
Advanced Placement Human Geography is a college-level introductory course
designed to study the patterns and processes of human activity on the earth’s surface.
Students will examine the events that have shaped human understanding, use and
alteration of the physical landscape. The course will focus on the goals set forth by the AP
guidelines, as students will use and think about maps and spatial data, understand and
interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places, recognize and
interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes, define regions
and evaluate the regionalization process, and characterize and analyze changing
interconnections among places. The students will employ spatial concepts and landscape
analysis to examine human social organization and its environmental consequences in
preparation for the Advanced Placement Exam in Human Geography. The course will stress
the need to relate theory to practice. The students will study the nature and perspectives
of geography, population, cultural patterns and processes, the political organization of
space, agricultural and rural land use, industrialization, economic development and
urbanization across countries. Students should be prepared to analyze and interpret basic
data relevant to Human Geography in an attempt to describe how our interactions with the
environment affect how we live.
Course Content:
The following units will represent the major content areas covered in the class with an
approximate percentage of time devoted to each topic.
Geography, Its Nature and Perspectives
Population
Cultural Patterns and Processes
Political Organization of Space
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Industrialization and Economic Development
Urbanization
5-10%
13-17%
13-17%
13-17%
13-17%
13-17%
13-17%
AP Human Geography 3
Course Readings:
1.
Course Textbook: Each student will receive a copy of the primary course textbook.
Each student will be responsible for chapter outlines, vocabulary, and objective
questions for every chapter covered.
Rubenstein, James M., The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human
Geography, 9th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008.
This is supplemented by a Study Guide and a companion websitehttp://www.prenhall.com/rubenstein.
2.
Study Guide: Students will complete review activities from study guide utilized in
class.
Wood, Ethel. AP Human Geography. Reading, PA: Woodyard Publications, 2007.
3.
Atlaii:
Goode’s World Atlas, 21st ed. Rand McNally, 2005.
Classroom Atlas. Rand McNally, 2006.
4.
Supplemental Readings: Each student will have access to and the responsibility to
read selections from additional textbooks available as classroom resources. Students
will be expected to maintain notes from these additional sources.
De Blij, H.J., Alexander B. Murphy, and Erin H. Fouberg. Human Geography:
People, Place and Culture, 8th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
Fellmann, Jerome D., Arthur Getis, and Judith Getis. Human Geography:
Landscapes of Human Activities 9th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007.
Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G., Mona Domosh, Roderick P. Neumann, and Patricia L.
Price. The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction of Cultural Geography, 10th ed.
New York: W.H. Freeman, 2006.
Knox, Paul L. and Sallie A. Marston. Human Geography: Places and Regions in
Global Context. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
Kuby, Michael, John Harner, and Patricia Gober. Human Geography in Action, 4th ed.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic, Pulsipher, Alex. World Regional Geography: Global
Patterns, Local Lives, 3 ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2006.
5.
Current Events: Readings will primarily include clippings from major newspapers
and magazines including The Indiana Gazette, The Pittsburgh Post Gazette, The
Economist and online news sources.
AP Human Geography 4
Unit 1: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives
Essential Unit Questions:
1. What is Human Geography
2. How Did Human Geography Develop
3. Where Things Are
4. Why Places Are Unique
5. Why Places Are Similar
6. Why are we concerned with scale?
Domain to be Assessed:
The definition and concepts associated with geography-- specifically Human
Geography.
How geographers study the environment - Five themes of Geography
Different types of maps and their uses.
The relationships between regions.
The changing interconnections between people and places.
Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches:
Students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to studying
geography at different scales by:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
The five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Map the world- Draw a map of the world from memory.
Choropleth mapping – world origins of clothing
Map Activity – data at different scales
Map Projections- Describe types of map projections, what they distort and what or
who they would be useful for.
Major Assignments:
Chapter Outline 1
Key Terms from additional texts
Rubenstein, Thinking Geographically, pg. 15-20
Writing Assignment: Importance of Scale
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 1
Unit 1 Assessment
AP Human Geography 5
Unit 2: Population and Migration
Essential Unit Questions:
1. Where is the World’s Population Distributed
2. Where Has the World’s Population Increased
3. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries
4. Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem
5. Why Do People Migrate
6. Where Are Migrants Distributed
7. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles
Domain to be Assessed:
Distribution, densities and scale of global population patterns in order to establish
their effects on people and places.
Population trends, how populations grow (demographic transition) and countries’
responses to the effects of changing populations.
Push and pull factors which affect migration.
Reasons why people live in the areas where natural disasters occur.
Policies that countries use to manage migration.
Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches:
Students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to population at
different scales by:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
The five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Computer Activity – population pyramids
Map Activity – Why do people live there?
Population lessons – Lessons from www.prb.org
Demographic Transition Model graphs
Malthus – population theories
Map activity - Origin of US immigration
Major Assignments:
Chapter Outline 2 & 3
Key Terms from additional texts
Rubenstein, Population pg. 45-81 Migration 83 – 113
Writing Assignment: Malthusian v. Cornucopian thinking
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 2 & 3
Unit 2 Assessment
Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams
AP Human Geography 6
Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes
Essential Unit Questions:
1. What Is The Role Of Culture
2. Where Do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and Diffuse
3. Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems
4. What Is The Role Of Language
5. Where Are English-Language Speakers Distributed
6. Where Are Language Families Distributed
7. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages
8. What Is The Role of Religion
9. Where Are Religions Distributed
10. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions
11. Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups
Domain to be Assessed:
The concepts of culture including:
Traits
Diffusion
Acculturation
Cultural regions
The differences in cultures including:
Language
Religion
Ethnicity
Gender
Popular and folk culture
The environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices
Cultural landscapes and cultural identity including:
Values and Preferences
Symbolic landscapes and Sense of Place
Essential Unit Skills and Instructional Approaches:
Students should be able to predict and apply spatial patterns in relation to culture and its
processes at different scales by:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
Using the five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Folk and Pop Culture
Pop Culture Diffusion - computer activity
House Forms – Drawing and classification
Comparing Life Stages Across Cultures – computer activity
Vernacular – Yellow Pages Activity
AP Human Geography 7
Analyzing Music Videos - “What do music videos say about the society in which they
were made?”
Language
Isogloss activity – Pop v. Soda.com
French and German in English – researching the origin of words
Religion
Religion Comparison Activity – research connections and similarities among religions
Religious Conflicts around the World – Map Activity
Ethnicity
Video Segment – African Diaspora – Wonders of the African World with Henry Louis
Gates
Map Activity – Ethnic Conflicts around the World
The Gods Must Be Crazy – Culture conflicts
Major Assignments:
Chapter Outline 4, 5, 6 & 7
Key Terms from additional texts
Writing Assignment – Lingua Franca
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 4, 5, 6 & 7.
Unit 3 Assessment
Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams
AP Human Geography 8
Unit 4: Political Organization of Space
Essential Unit Questions:
1. What Is The Role Of Ethnicity
2. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed
3. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities
4. Why Do Ethnicities Clash
5. What Is Ethnic Cleansing
6. Where Are States Located
7. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems
8. Why Do States Cooperate With Each Other
Domain to be Assessed:
The concept of territory
Shapes and boundaries of states
Spatial relationships between political patterns
Political, military and economic cooperation
Contemporary political patterns
Essential Unit Skills and Instructional Approaches:
At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation
to Political Organization of Space and:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
The five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Describe and analyze political morphology
Evaluate the ramifications of imperialism and colonialism
Support and critique different perspectives of boundary disputes
Sacred Space, Secular States
Ethnic Fragmentation in Canada
Pennsylvania Election Maps – “If Pennsylvania is a democratic state, why are so many
counties Republican?”
Major Assignments:
Rubenstein, Thinking Geographically, Chapter Outline 8
Key Terms from additional texts
Writing Assignment – The Rise of Nationalism and the fall of Yugoslavia
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 8
Unit 4 Assessment
Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams
AP Human Geography 9
Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Essential Unit Questions:
1. Where Did Agriculture Originate
2. Where Are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries
3. Where Are Agricultural Regions In More Developed Countries
4. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties
Domain to be Assessed:
Development and diffusion of agriculture.
Major agricultural production regions.
Location of agricultural hearths.
Linkages and flows among regions of food production and consumption.
Rural land use and settlement patterns.
Essential Unit Skills and Instructional Approaches:
At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation
to agriculture and:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
The five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Consumer investigations
Field trip to Brookside Dairy Farm (or guest speaker)
Compare/ contrast domestic and imported food for price and quality.
Contrast shifting cultivation practiced in regions of low population density with
subsistence agriculture practiced in regions of high population density.
The Mainland; Urban and Rural Contrasts; Oil and Water; Developing Countries
Brazil: The Sleeping Giant & Regions and Economies (video)
Major Assignments:
Chapter Outline 10
Key Terms from additional texts
Writing Assignment: The Coffee Trade
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 10
Unit 5 Assessment
Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams
AP Human Geography 10
Unit 6: Industrialization & Economic Development
Essential Unit Questions:
1. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries
2. Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed
3. Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles To Development
4. Where Is Industry Distributed
5. Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions
6. Where Is Industry Expanding
7. Why Are Location Factors Changing
Domain to be Assessed:
Concepts in industrialization & development
The changing role of energy & technology
History, growth & diffusion of industrialization
Evolution of economic cores
Differing scales of economic development models
Spatial organization of the world economy
Industrialization & environmental issues
Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches:
At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation
to industrialization and economic development:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
The five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Analyze diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Compare distribution of industry worldwide
Evaluate factors and obstacles that impact distribution of industry
Critique models of economic and industrial development
Examine the role of industrialization and the impact on the environment
“What do your Parents Make?” – An evaluation of the distribution and types of jobs
in the greater Indiana area.
Major Assignments
Chapter Outline 9 & 11
Key Terms from additional texts
Chapter Questions
Writing Assignment: Developing a plan for developing nations
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 9 & 11
Unit 6 Assessment
Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams
AP Human Geography 11
Unit 7: Cities & Urban Land Use
Essential Unit Questions:
1. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries
2. Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed
3. Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles To Development
4. Where Is Industry Distributed
5. Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions
6. Where Is Industry Expanding
7. Why Are Location Factors Changing
Domain to be Assessed:
Historic patterns of urbanization
Interregional migration & urban growth
Global cities and mega cities
Models of urban systems
The function of cities
The social, economic and cultural impact of cities and urban sprawl
Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches
At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation
to urbanization and:
Using and interpreting maps
Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets
Comparing and evaluating geographic models
Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images
The five themes of geography
Class Activities:
Examine where urban areas have grown
Analyze the distribution of people within urban areas using the three models of
urban development
Compare urban models at a world scale
Analyze differences between inner city and suburban problems
Redesigning Pittsburgh – A Critical Analysis of Pittsburgh- Has a revitalized downtown
Pittsburgh benefited all?
Major Assignments
Chapter Outline 12 & 13
Key Terms from additional texts
Chapter Questions 12 & 13
Writing Assignment: Renewing Urban Renewal
Major Assessments:
Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 12 & 13
Unit 7 Assessment
Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams
AP Human Geography 12
Classroom Course Summary
AP Human Geography 13
Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives
The AP Human Geography course emphasizes the importance of geography as a field of inquiry and
briefly discusses the emergence of academic geography in nineteenth-century Europe. It shows how
the discipline has evolved into the study of diverse peoples and areas organized around a set of
concepts. This discussion of the evolution of the discipline helps students understand how human
geography is related to the rest of the field.
The course introduces students to the importance of spatial organization—the location of places,
people, and events and the connections among places and landscapes—in the understanding of human
life on Earth. Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are location, space, place, scale,
pattern, regionalization, and globalization. These concepts are basic to students’ understanding of
spatial interaction and spatial behavior, the dynamics of human population growth and movement,
patterns of culture, economic use of Earth, political organization of space, and human settlement
patterns, particularly urbanization. Students learn how to use and interpret maps. They also learn to
apply mathematical formulas, models, and qualitative data to geographical concepts. The course also
makes use of the concept of the region, encourages students to consider the regional organization of
various phenomena, and enables students to create regions in order to illustrate process.
A significant outcome of the course is students’ awareness of the relevance of academic geography to
everyday life and decision making. This combination of the academic and the applied gives students a
sophisticated view of the world and an understanding of the manifold applications of what they have
learned in the course. (AP Central: Human Geography)
Unit Summary:
A.
What is Human Geography
Geography is the systematic study of the earth’s space and its physical and
cultural content. The emphasis in human geography is placed on humanenvironmental interactions and the ever-increasing connectedness of places that
are at the same time both unique and similar.
B.
How Did Human Geography Develop
People are born as natural geographers. We have an innate desire to explore the
world around us. Geography can trace its historical roots back to the ancient
Greeks. As human comprehension of the world, so did the need for tools and
theories to explain it. Geographers through the centuries have drawn on
knowledge from many fields to explain the interaction between people and their
environment.
C.
Where Things Are
Geographers utilize maps and models to examine the complex reality that is the
planet earth. Maps, while inherently inaccurate as a model of the earth, are a
useful tool to summarize spatial information. Though distorted, the
manageability and convenience of maps allow geographers to review and analyze
some of the characteristics of the spatial content of the earth.
D.
Why Places Are Unique
Every place on the earth has a unique location on the surface of the planet.
Every place has a unique combination of geographic characteristics that set it
AP Human Geography 14
apart from every other place. The distinctive combination of cultural, physical,
economic and environmental traits that each place possesses is what geographers
use to understand why every place (and every region) is unique.
E.
Why Places Are Similar
Places exist as part of the global world. Very few places in the world today are
totally isolated. Because places are increasingly connected to each other, they
begin to share similarities. The diffusion of ideas and people over time cause
places to share characteristics. As geographers use different scales, from local
to global, the types of similarities exhibited by places change.
Concepts:
Density
Diffusion
Dispersion/concentration
Dispersed/scattered
Clustered/agglomerated
Distortion
Five Themes
GIS
GPS
Greenwich Mean Time
Historical Development of Geography
International Date Line
Location
Maps (reference, thematic, types)
Mental Maps
Pattern (linear, centralized, random)
Regions
Scale
Space-Time Compression
Spatial Interaction
Time Zones
Time-Distance Decay
Terms:
Absolute Direction
Absolute Distance
Absolute
(mathematical)
Location
Accessibility
Activity Spaces
Agricultural Density
Arithmetic Density
Base Line
Built Landscape
Cartography
Circular Pattern
Concentration
Connectivity
Contagious
DiffusionCultural Barrier
Cultural Ecology
Cultural Hearth
Cultural Landscape
Culture
Culture Complex
Culture Trait
Diffusion
Distribution
Environmental
Determinism
Expansion Diffusion
Formal Region
Functional Region
Globalization
Hearth
Hierarchical Diffusion
Independent invention
Latitude
Longitude
Map
Meridian
Model
Natural Landscape
Nodal Region
Parallel
Pattern
Physical Geography
Physiological Density
Perceptual Region
Place
Polder
Possibilism
Projection
Region
Relative Direction
Relative Distance
Relative Location
Relocation Diffusion
Remote Sensing
Sequent Occupance
Site Location
Situation Location
Spatial
Spatial Distribution
Stimulus Diffusion
Symbolic Landscape
Topography
Toponym
Uneven Development
Vernacular Region
AP Human Geography 15
Models:
Land Ordinance of 1785
People:
Aristotle – natural geography
Hippocrates – taught place affects nature and character of man
Humbolt, Alexander – explained why certain phenomena are present or
absent
Kant, Immanuel – need discipline focused not only on phenomena, but also on the
perspectives of time and space
Marsh, George – focused on the impact of human actions on the natural
environment
Mikesell, Marvin – Geography is the “Why of Where”
Pattison, WD – four traditions
Ptolemy – Greek who published volumes of maps
Ratzel, Friedrich – argued that civilization and successful economic development
are largely the result of temperate climates
Ritter, Carl – founder of regional geography
Zelinsky, Wilbur – perceptual regions
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 1
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 1
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 1, 2
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 1
Knox, Marston 1, 2
AP Human Geography 16
Population
A consideration of the ways in which the human population’s organized geographically provides
AP students with the tools they need to make sense of cultural, political, economic, and urban
systems. Thus, many of the concepts and theories encountered in this part of the course crosscut
with other course modules, In addition, the course themes of scale, pattern, place, and
interdependence can all be illustrated with population topics. For example, students may analyze
the distribution of the human population at different scales: global, continental, national, state or
province, and local community. Explanations of why population is growing or declining in some
places and not others center on understanding the processes of fertility, mortality, and migration.
In stressing the relevance of place context for example, students may assess why fertility rates
have dropped in some parts of the developing world but not others, and how age—sex structures
vary from one country to another.
Analysis of refugee flows, immigration, internal migration, and residential mobility helps
students appreciate the interconnections between population phenomena and other topics.
Environmental degradation may prompt rapid out-migration and urbanization, in turn creating
new pressures on the environment. Refugee flows may be magnified when groups have no
access to political power because of the way boundaries have been drawn. Rapid immigration to
certain parts of the world fosters regional differences in industrial employment and political
sentiment toward foreigners. This part of the course also aids in our understanding of
contemporary growth trends by considering how models of population change, including the
demographic and epidemiological (mortality) transitions. Given these kinds of understandings,
students are in a position to evaluate the role, strengths, and weaknesses of major population
policies. For example, how might increasing the education levels of females lead to lower
fertility? (AP Central: Human Geography)
Unit Summary:
A.
Where is the World’s Population Distributed
Humankind is unevenly distributed over the Earth. Global population is
concentrated in those few places where humans consider the land to be
most desirable. By avoiding places that are extreme, the global population
becomes concentrated in population clusters. The Earth has the potential
to support a much larger population as people develop the ability to use
sparsely settled land more efficiently.
B.
Where Has the World’s Population Increased
Almost all of the world’s natural population increase is concentrated in
relatively poor countries. Most of the countries in Europe and North
America have low population growth rates, and some are actually declining.
Geographers examine the crude birth and death rates in countries and have
determined that globally, population increases are attributable mainly to
differences in crude birth rates. In addition, the make-up of populations,
considering age and gender, in different countries is also a topic for study,
as the needs of countries vary with different populations.
C.
Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries
AP Human Geography 17
All countries are in different stages of development. Models have been
created to show the variations in a country’s population as they become
more developed. Traditionally, countries experience high birth and death
rates, and then, as they become more developed, the countries move to a
state of low birth and death rates. However, during the transition period,
populations increate tremendously. Many of the least developed countries
are still in the first state of population growth (demographic transition),
while the more developed countries have reached the end of the model.
Many factors, though predominately economic, contribute to the different
rates of population growth worldwide.
D.
Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem
The last half of the twentieth century witnessed an unprecedented
population growth. The principal cause was an improvement in medical
conditions which led to a slowing of the death rate. As people live longer,
the only way to control the world’s population is to slow the birth rate.
There is much debate as to the point at which the world will become
overpopulated and as to the effects that overpopulation will have. Cultural
attitudes about mobility, resource usage, and family patterns are more
evident on a smaller scale. Therefore, on a regional scale, there is more
concern for overpopulation. Predictions of massive famines and
widespread suffering are fears put forth by those concerned with the
rapidly growing population at different scales.
E.
Why Do People Migrate
People move for a variety of reasons, whether voluntary or forced, the
motivation to migrate had shaped the changing population of the world.
Motivating factors are often grouped into push and pull categories. Push
factors, which coerce people to emigrate from their homeland, include
political, economic, cultural and environmental factors. On the other hand,
those same people are pulled, or enticed, to immigrate because of the
expected benefits of the political, economic, cultural and environmental
factors in the new location.
F.
Where Are Migrants Distributed
Depending on the scale, the distribution of migrants varies. On a global
scale, the United States receives the largest number of immigrants, who
come from Asia and Latin America. On a regional scale, migrants move
within a region, or often a country, for a variety of environmental economic
conditions. On a more local scale, migrants move within a country in
predictable patterns, from rural to urban, then from urban to suburban.
G.
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles
Immigration laws and quota systems often make it difficult for migration to
occur. Host countries often limit immigration for fear of straining limited
resources. Migrant and guest workers often migrate to perform jobs that
laborers in the host country do not want.
AP Human Geography 18
Concepts:
Diffusion of fertility control
Doubling Time
Expansive Population Policies
Eugenic Population Policies
Islands of Development
J Curve
Migration Patterns
Natural Increase Rate
Net Migration
Push-Pull factors
Restrictive Population
Policies
S Curve
Total Fertility Rate
Zero Population Growth
Terms:
Activity Spaces
Age distribution
Age-sex diagram
Agricultural Revolution
Baby boom
Carrying Capacity
Census
Chain Migration
Cohort
Colonization
Crude Birth Rate
Crude Death Rate
Cyclic Movement
Demographic Equation
Demographic
Momentum
Demographic Region
Demography
Dependency Ratio
Disease Diffusion
Eco-migration
Ecumene
Emigration
Epidemiology
Forced
Gendered space
Guest Workers
Homeostatic Plateau
Industrial Revolution
Infant Mortality Rate
Internal migration
Internally Displaced
Persons
Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Kinship links
Life Expectancy
Maladaptation
Medical Revolution
Migratory Movement
Mortality
Natality
Nomadism
Overpopulation
Periodic Movement
Place Utility
Population densities
Population Distribution
Population explosion
Population projection
Population pyramid
Quotas
Refugee
Replacement Level
Selective Immigration
Sex ratio
Space time prism
Standard of Living
Stationary Population
Level
Population Composition
Step Migration
Sustainability
Transhumance
Transmigration
Underpopulation
Voluntary
Models:
Demographic transition model
Epidemiological Transition Model
Gravity Model
Rule of 72
Theories:
Neo-Malthusianism
Rate of natural increase
People:
Malthus, Thomas – warned of problems associated with rapidly growing
population
Ravenstein, EG – created the model for contemporary migration studies
AP Human Geography 19
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 2,3
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 2, 3
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 3
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 7
Knox, Marston 3
AP Human Geography 20
Cultural Patterns and Processes
Understanding the components and regional variations of cultural patterns and processes is
critical to human geography. In this section of the course, students begin with the concept of
culture. They learn how geographers assess the spatial and place dimensions of cultural groups
as defined by language, religion, race, ethnicity, and gender, in the present as well as the past.
A central concern is to comprehend how culture patterns are represented at a variety of
geographic scales from local to global. Diffusion is a key concept in understanding how cultural
trails (for example, agricultural practices and language) move through time and space to new
locations. Students learn that the concept of region is central to the spatial distribution of cultural
attributes,
The course also explores cultural differences at various scales according to language, religion,
ethnicity, and gender. The geographies of language and religion are studied to illustrate
processes of cultural diffusion and cultural differences. For example, students learn to distinguish
between languages and dialects; ethnic and universalizing religions; and popular and folk
cultures, and to understand why each has a different geographic pattern.
An important emphasis of the course is the way culture shapes human—environment
relationships. For example, religion can influence environmental perception and modification.
The differential impact on environment of traditional folk cultures versus popular cultures is
studied, as is the significance of environment in relation to social customs and cultural
landscapes.
Students also come to understand how culture is expressed in landscapes, and how landscapes in
turn represent cultural identity. Built environments enable the geographer to interpret cultural
values, tastes, and sets of beliefs. For example, both folk and contemporary architecture are rich
and readily available means of comprehending cultures and changes in landscapes. (AP Central:
Human Geography)
Unit Summary:
A.
What Is The Role Of Culture
Culture is an important component of the study of Human Geography.
There are many ways of perceiving and being in the world landscape.
Culture is multifaceted, ranging from single traits and complex custom
systems. Cultural identities are being blended as a result of globalization
and at the same time, efforts are being made to preserve those individual
cultural identities.
B.
Where Do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and Diffuse
Folk and popular culture are the two types of material culture. Because it
is found among small groups living in relative isolation, folk culture is more
closely identified with a specific place. Popular culture is more often
associated with groups that have efficient transportation and
communication systems, which allow rapid spread of ideas. Because of the
different ways that culture originates and diffuse, folk culture has different
distribution patterns. Folk culture is more likely to be based on long-
AP Human Geography 21
standing traditions with no clear origin. Because folk culture is strong
among unique regions characterized by a lack of interaction among groups,
it tends to remain unchanged. Folk culture is more likely to be directly
related to the physical environment of the people who practice it. Folk
culture is also more likely to spread slowly due to migration. On the other
hand, the origin of popular culture is more easily identifiable. The diffusion
of popular culture is generally through the benefits of modern society.
Advances in transportation, communication, technology helps popular
culture diffuse allowing people to experience new music, food, and fashion.
C.
Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems
Globalization has led to the systematic elimination of many culture traits,
and it has also brought different culture groups closer together. While
globalization has caused popular culture to spread as never before, it has
also made the concept of preserving local culture more important. As
people struggle to preserve their heritage, governments are often taking
steps to preserve aspects of culture. However, trying to identify an
authentic local culture custom leads to stereotypes of the custom or of an
experience. This can cause clashes among others in the region as some
groups suffer more harm or reap more benefits. Most geographers do not
believed there will be one homogeneous world-wide culture. While
undoubtedly, some culture traits will become global, those custom traits
are experienced and responded to differently by the people who live in
places, which is the real effect of globalization.
D.
What Is The Role Of Language
Language helps to define, shape and maintain culture. Our opinion of the
world is a direct reflection of the words we use to describe it. It is one of
the basic tenets of a culture. Language helps categorize people, nations
and regions. The vocabulary, dialects, and variations of language in a place
are a direct result of the history of a people. Language is also affected by
the spread of culture and customs, as different ideas are assimilated, new
words are introduced into a language. Language is directly related to other
elements of culture. In addition, language plays an increasingly important
role in world economic and political systems.
E.
Where Are English-Language Speakers Distributed
Historically, the English language can be traced back to the invasion of
England by Germanic tribes. The diffusion of the English language is
directly related to the exploration, expansion and colonization of the
English empire. The distinctive dialects of the English language are directly
related to the physical separation of the groups. The increasing use of the
internet has strengthened the dominance of the use of the English language
as a form of communication. In addition, as English becomes increasingly
used as the language of trade, travel, and culture many more people are
becoming speakers of the English language.
AP Human Geography 22
F.
G.
Where Are Language Families Distributed
The world distribution of languages today is directly related to the history
of world conflicts, colonization and migration. English is related to the
Indo-European language family, which traces its historical roots to the
Proto-Indo European language system. Other major language families
include: Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo and
Dravidian. Each of the languages that develop from the common ancestor
share common traits, which can include sentence structure, grammar rules,
alphabet, or sounds. As speakers of the ancestoral language migrated then
became isolated, different languages developed.
Why Do People Preserve Local Languages
The number of languages that exist worldwide are threatened by
globalization. As some languages face extinction because of the growing
popularity of others, governments have intervened by adopting official
languages or creating societies dedicated to the preservation of traditional
languages.
H.
What Is The Role of Religion
Religion, like language, is a basic tenet of culture. It is an important and
evident manifestation of cultural variation. Religious beliefs that are
strongly held are a major driving factor in the lifestyles of the practitioners.
Religion can unite and divide people.
I.
Where Are Religions Distributed
The major world religions all originated from the same general area in
central Eurasia. Over time, they diffused and individually became
regionally influential. Religion is difficult to define as some religions are so
closely tied to ethnicity or culture that it becomes difficult to determine
whether religion influences the culture or religion is the culture. The three
largest universalizing religions are Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Each
of these is divided into several branches and then further divided into
denominations. The religions then spread as migration took place.
J.
Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions
The universalizing religions all identify a specific history, including a precise
origin and pattern of diffusion. These religions are distributed as a direct
result of migration and conversion. Ethnic religions are more vague in their
origin and generally are located in a localized area. Globalization has
caused dramatic changes in the distribution of world’s religions.
K.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups
Religion is a very important form of identity. Recent events have shown
that religious beliefs can lead to extremist behaviors. When people in the
same place practice different religious beliefs, conflict can occur.
Globalization has affected the way different religions interact with each
other.
AP Human Geography 23
Concepts:
Adaptive Strategies
Anglo-American
Landscape
Characteristics
Animism
Bahaii
Buddhism
Chain Migration
Christianity
Confucianism
Culture Region
Diaspora
Diffusion types
Geomancy
Hinduism
Indo-European
languages
Islam
Jainism
Judaism
Language Family
Language Group
Language Subfamily
Mormonism
Official Language
Religion
Religious Conflict
Shamanism
Shintoism
Sikhism
Taoism
Zoroastrianism
Terms:
Acculturation
Apartheid
Architectural Form
Assimilation
Barrio
Built Environment
Cargo Cult Pilgrimage
Caste
Cosmogony
Creole
Cultural Adaptation
Cultural Ecology
Cultural Identity
Cultural Landscape
Cultural Realm
Cultural Shatterbelt
Culture
Custom
Denglish
Denomination
Dialect
Dowry Death
Ebonics
Enclave
Enfranchisement
Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic conflict
Ethnic Enclave
Ethnic Group
Ethnic Homeland
Ethnic Landscape
Ethnic Neighborhood
Ethnic religion
Ethnicity
Ethnocentrism
Exclave
Extinct Language
Folk Culture
Folk Food
Folk House
Folk Songs
Folklore
Franglais
Fundamentalism
Gender
Gender Gap
Ghetto
Habit
Hadj
Ideograms
Infanticide
Innovation Adoption
Interfaith Boundaries
Isogloss
Isolated Language
Landscapes of the Dead
Language
Lingua Franca
Linguistic Diversity
Literary Tradition
Longevity Gap
Maladaptive Diffusion
Material Culture
Maternal Mortality Rate
Missionary
Monolingual
Monotheism
Multilingual
Muslim pilgrimage
Muslim population
Nonmaterial Culture
Pagan
Pidgin
Pilgrimage
Plural Society
Polytheism
Popular Culture
Proselytic Religion
Race
Racism
Reincarnation
Religious Architectural
Styles
Religious Culture Hearth
Religious Toponym
Sacred Space
Sect
Secularism
Segregation
Sequent Occupance
AP Human Geography 24
Sharia
Shia
Social Distance
Spanglish
Sunni
Survey Systems
Taboo
Terroir
Theocracy
Topnmym
Models:
Cultural Core/Periphery Pattern
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 4, 5, 6
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 4, 5, 6, 7
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 5, 6, 7
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 2, 3, 4, 5
Knox, Marston 4, 5
Trade Language
Traditional Architecture
Universalizing
AP Human Geography 25
Political Organization of Space
This section of the course introduces students to the nature and significance of the political
organization of territory at different scales. Students learn that political patterns reflect ideas
about how Earth’s surface should be organized mid affect a wide range of activities and
understandings.
The course gives primary attention to the political geography of the modem “nation-state” or
country. Students are introduced to the different forces that shaped the evolution of the
contemporary world political map, including the rise of the modem state in Europe and the
influence of colonialism. Students also learn about the basic structure of the political map and
the inconsistencies between maps of political boundaries and maps of ethnic, economic, and
environmental patterns. In addition, students consider some of the forces that are changing the
role of individual countries in the modern world, including ethnic separatism, economic
globalization, the emergence of regional economic blocs, and the need to confront environmental
problems that cross national boundaries.
This part of the course also focuses on political units above, below, and beyond the state. For
example, at the scale above the state, attention is directed to regional integration schemes and
alliances, such as NATO and the European Union. At the scale below the state, students are
introduced to the ways in winch electoral districts, municipal boundaries, and ethnic territories
affect political, social, and economic processes In addition, students study how particular
policies affect the spatial organization of cultural and social life, as in the case of racial
segregation. Through study of these matters, students understand the importance of the political
organization of territory in the contemporary world. (AP Central: Human Geography)
Summary:
A. What Is The Role Of Ethnicity
Identity is a very powerful motivating factor for humans. The need to identify
oneself as well as others is a strong one. Identity is closely related to the
political, social, cultural and environmental circumstances in which people
live. Ethnic traditions bring distinction to the cultural landscape of different
places. The fate of these unique traditions in light of growing globalization is a
topic of tremendous importance in cultural geography.
B. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed
Ethnic groups often cluster in regions of a country or within urban
neighborhoods. As immigrant groups established new communities the culture
of the original group is dispersed to the adoptive land. Ethnic groups influence
the style of architecture, settlement patterns and patterns of daily life.
C. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities
Ethnic groups often possess a sense of loyalty and attachment to a particular
place. In recent years, many countries have been created that attempt to
transform ethnic groups into nations.
AP Human Geography 26
D. Why Do Ethnicities Clash
As nations are a man-made construct, sometimes nations are created without
regard to ethnic groups located within the nation, which causes rival groups
struggle for power.
Restructuring of communities as different ethnic groups assimilate often causes
hostility.
E. What Is Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is the extreme result of ethnic clash, as one group attempts to
use its position of power and control to create a homogenous society by
eliminating minority ethnicities within the nation’s borders.
F. Where Are States Located
The modern idea of a state is less than 400 years old. As a political unit, it is
identified as a place with an organized government and sovereignty. However,
the notion of the concept of the sovereign state dominates the world political
landscape. The notion of the state may seem logical, natural and permanent,
but recent history reminds us that it is not. New states are being created, and
existing states face realignment as they experience challenges over borders.
The boundary, which defines the size and shape of the state, as well as
defining the limit of the state’s sovereignty, is a creation of humans and often
does not take into consideration of preexisting cultural landscapes.
G. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems
The greatly varying physical characteristics of the several hundred states in the
world lead to vastly different resources and human population within those
states. Boundaries are man-made constructs. At a local scale, challenges over
resources, cultural clashes, and political differences often cause hostility
between neighbors who share a border. As societies organize around territorial
units that are created by man, economic and political conditions change,
causing people to re-evaluate their usefulness. The globalization of the
economy is largely the result of nations increasing their influence in the world
market. As a political entity, the nation strives to expand their authority
outside the traditional borders drawn on a map. These more imaginary borders
between spheres of influence also lead to conflict.
H. Why Do States Cooperate With Each Other
At the global scale, nations face an increasing need to cooperate in light of
globalization, transportation, communication and technology.
Concepts:
Balance of Power
Boundry Disputes
Boundry Origin
Boundary Process
Boundary Type
Conference of Berlin
Ethnic Conflict
European Union
Exclusive Economic Zone
Israel/Palestine
Manifest Destiny
Nation-State
Peace of Westphalia
Scale
Stateless Ethnic Group
Stateless Nation
Territorial Disputes
Territorial Morphology
UNCLOS
AP Human Geography 27
Terms:
Annexation
Antecedent Boundary
Apartheid
Artificial Boundary
Autonomous
Nationalism
BioTerrorism
Border Landscape
Buffer State
Capital
Centrifugal
Centripetal
City-state
Colonialism
Compact State
Commodification
Confederation
Containment
Core
Decolonization
Devolution
Electoral Regions
Elongated State
Enclave
Exclave
Federal
Forward Capital
Fragmented State
Frontier
Geopolitics
Gerrymandering
Global Commons
Heartland
Immigrant States
Imperialism
International
Organization
Intifada
Iron Curtain
Irredentism
Landlocked
Microstate
Ministate
Nation
National Iconography
Periphery
Perforated State
Physical Boundary
Prorupted State
Raison d’etre
Reapportionment
Regionalism
Reunification
Rimland
Satellite State
Self-Determination
Semi-Periphery
Shatterbelt
Sovereignty
Suffrage
Supranationalism
Territoriality
Theocracy
Treaty Ports
Unitary
Theories:
Domino Theory
East/West Divide
Heartland Theory
Law of the Sea
Median-Line Principle
Rimland Theory
Models:
Ratzel Model (seven laws of state growth)
People:
Mackinder, Halford – highlighted the importance of geography to world political
and economic stability
Ratzel, Friedrich – employed biological metaphors to describe the growth and
development of the state
Stanton, Gregory – developed the eight states of Genocide
AP Human Geography 28
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 7, 8
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 5, 8
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 6, 12
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 5, 6
Knox, Marston 9
AP Human Geography 29
Agricultural and Rural Land Use
This section of the course explores four themes: the origin and spread of agriculture; the
characteristics of the world’s agricultural regions; reasons why these regions function the way
they do; and the impact of agricultural change on the quality of life and the environment,
Students first examine centers where domestication originated and study the processes by which
domesticates spread. This diffusion process makes clear why distinct regional patterns of diet,
energy use, and agrarian technology emerged. The course next examines Earth’s major
agricultural production regions.
Extensive activity (fishing, forestry, nomadic herding, ranching, shifting cultivation) and
intensive activity (plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock systems, market gardening,
horticulture, factory farms) are examined, as are settlement patterns and landscapes typical of
oath major agriculture type. In addition, students learn about land survey systems, environmental
conditions, and cultural values that created and sustain the patterns.
Explanations for the location of agricultural activities are another major concern, Von Thünen’s
land use model, agricultural change, such as the impact of factory fanning on food supplies, and
the distribution of crops and animals are also emphasized. The need for increased food supplies
and the capacity to crease food production concludes this section. (AP Central: Human
Geography)
Summary:
A.
Where Did Agriculture Originate
Agriculture developed independently in several culture hearths as a result
of accidents and experimentation. Historically, the dramatic changes that
have occurred as a result of the various agricultural revolutions have greatly
affected food production. As globalization of the economy increases, the
effect on global agriculture has not necessarily led to an increase of food
production. Instead, what has developed is specialization in crop
production in some areas.
B.
Where Are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries
Less developed countries rely more on traditional agricultural methods. As
subsistence farmers, agriculture is practiced on a much smaller scale.
Countries that are less developed have a large percentage of their
population in the agricultural labor force and utilize very few machines.
With the dependence on traditional farming techniques, agriculture regions
are located in the parts of countries with more traditionally fertile land.
C.
Where Are Agricultural Regions In More Developed Countries
As agriculture becomes more industrialized in developed countries, it has
led to a decline in the use of older agricultural practices. The changing
nature of agriculture has also changed where agricultural regions are
located. The most prevalent form of agriculture in More Developed
Countries is mixed crop and livestock farming. In areas where this is not
practical, alternative crops are planted. Agriculture is more productive
AP Human Geography 30
with the use of technology and the ability to utilize land considered
traditionally less fertile.
D.
Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties
Farmers in less developed countries face difficulties as they struggle with
increasing demand created by rapidly growing populations. Farmers in
more developed countries face difficulties as they struggle with the costs of
modern technology, overproduction and increased competition.
Concepts:
Adaptive Strategies
Agricultural Industrialization
Agricultural Origins
Commercial Agriculture
Environmental Modifications
First Agricultural Revolution
Globalized Agriculture
Green Revolution
Metes and Bounds Survey
Second Agricultural Revolution
Survey Patterns
Third Agricultural Revolution
Tragedy of the Commons
Terms:
Agrarian
Agribusiness
Agricultural Landscape
Agriculture
Animal domestication
Aquaculture
Biorevolution
Biotechnology
Collective Farm
Crop Rotation
Cultivation Regions
Dairying
Debt-For-Nature Swap
Desertification
Diffusion
Double Cropping
Extensive Commercial
Agriculture
Extensive Subsistence
Agriculture
Extractive Industry
Farm Crisis
Farming
Feedlot
Food Chain
Forestry
Growing Season
Hunting and Gathering
Intensive Commercial
Agriculture
Intensive Subsistence
Agriculture
Interillage
Livestock Ranching
Market Gathering
Mediterranean Agriculture
Models:
Agricultural Location Model
Economic Activity
Köppen Climatic Classification
Renfrew Model
Von Thünen Model
Mineral Fuels
Mining
Nonrenewable
Resource
Organic Agriculture
Pesticides
Planned economy
Plant Domestication
Plantation Agriculture
Renewable Resource
Rural Settlement
Specialization
Staple Grain
Suitcase Farm
Sustainable Yield
Transhumance
Truck Farm
AP Human Geography 31
People:
Carson, Rachel
Sauer, Carl O.
Von Thünen, Johann
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 10
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 11
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 8
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 8
Knox, Marston 8
AP Human Geography 32
Industrialization and Development
Economic activity has a spatial character influenced by the interaction of several factors,
including natural resources, culture, politics, and history in specific places. By dividing
economic activities into key sectors, students can appreciate why natural resources have
different, values for different societies, and how places and regions acquire comparative
advantages for development.
In this section of the course, students learn about the geographic elements of industrialization
and development. Students need to understand how models of economic development, such as
Rostow's stages of economic growth and Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory, help to explain
why the world is described as being divided into a well-developed core and a less-developed
periphery. The course also includes a comparison of location theories, such as those by Weber
and von Thünen, which stress resource and market dependence, with accounts of economic
g1obalization, which accent time—space compression and the new international division of
labor. For example, students might study the reasons why some Asian economies achieved rapid
rates of growth in the 1980s while most sub-Saharan African economies experienced decline. In
addition, students need to understand patterns of economic growth mid decline in North
America.
This part of the course also addresses contemporary issues surrounding economic activity. For
example, countries, regions, and communities must confront new patterns of economic inequity
that are linked to geographies of interdependence in the global economy. Communities also face
difficult questions regarding use and conservation of resources and the impact of pollution on the
environment and quality of life. Students study the impact of deindustrialization, the
disaggregation of production, and the rise of consumption and leisure activities. (AP Central:
Human Geography)
Summary:
A.
Why Does Development Vary Among Countries
Because development is a term that signifies change and improvement, it
implies that nations striving to become developed will utilize their
resources in a more productive manner through the increased use of
technology. The intended result of this development is a higher standard of
living or state of well-being for the population of the area. Because
different countries have different priorities, different cultural barriers,
different available resources, development is not consistent. Even among
nations with the resources to become more developed there are other
factors that cause development to proceed at different paces.
Development is not always a sequential process of modernization and
increasing economic prosperity. Sometimes development refers simply to
changes made in the way in which something is produced or in the shift one
economic activity to another.
B.
Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed
Countries considered to be less developed are those that often have a large
percentage of their labor force involved in the area of agriculture. These
countries face different issues in achieving development. More developed
AP Human Geography 33
countries are clustered in three regions: Anglo-America, Europe and Japan.
These regions have experienced technological growth and development that
has brought different levels of prosperity.
C.
Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles To Development
At one time, underdevelopment was considered to be merely the first stage
in an inevitable pattern that countries would follow. Today, however, this
is not as widely accepted. First, it is no longer a certainty that countries
will be able to acquire enough wealth, skills and resources to begin the path
to development. As countries struggle with population, literacy, ethnic
conflicts, political instability, and aggression from neighbors there is little
opportunity for development to occur. In addition, development implies
major, enveloping change that is not always welcome by groups who value
tradition.
D.
Where Is Industry Distributed
Unlike agriculture, which demands an enormous amount of physical space,
industry is less land dependent. Most of the world’s industry is
concentrated in North America, Europe and Japan.
E.
Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions
The industrial revolution may have transformed the world in a variety of
ways, but the economic, political and social effects of that revolution are
not universally experienced. Places that were the hearth of
industrialization have since become deindustrialized, whether from the
relocation of manufacturing or from the outsourcing of the steps of
production.
F.
Where Is Industry Expanding
As some countries set goals for development and industrialization,
newcomers are making their presence felt in the world economic landscape.
In some cases, it is new countries, like China, and in other cases, it is simply
a new area of an industrialized country, like the southwestern United
States.
G.
Why Are Location Factors Changing
Many factors contribute to the changing location of industry. An availability
of a skilled work force has contributed to the stability of existing industry.
However, the availability of a low cost labor force has contributed to the
relocation of some industry. In addition, changing market demands,
transportation systems and communication methods have also caused a
reexamination of the location of some industries.
AP Human Geography 34
Concepts:
Aluminum Industry
Economies of Scale
Fordism
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Product
Human Development Index
Industrial Regions
Industrial Revolution
International Division of Labor
Labor-intensive
Least Cost Location
Levels of Development
Measures of Development
Physical Quality of Life Index
Terms:
Acid Rain
Agglomeration
Agglomeration
Economies
Agricultural Labor Force
Air Pollution
Assembly Line
Production
Break of Bulk Point
Calorie Consumption
Carrier Efficiency
Comparative Advantage
Cultural Convergence
Cumulative Causation
Deglomeration
Development
Deindustrialization
Economic sectors
Ecotourism
Energy Consumption
Energy Resources
Entrepôt
Export Processing Zone
Fixed Costs
Footloose Industry
Foreign Direct
Investment
Four Tigers
Gender
Greenhouse Effect
Growth Poles
Heartland
Infrastructure
Maquiladora
Market Orientation
Multiplier Effect
NAFTA
Neocolonialism
Outsourcing
Ozone Depletion
Plant Location
Postindustrial
Refrigeration
Resource crisis
Resource orientation
Rimland
Technology Gap
Technology Transfer
Third world
Yurky: AP Human Geography 35
Models:
Core-Periphery Model
Least-Cost Model
Stages of Growth Model
Theories:
Dependency Theory
Bid Rent Theory
Heartland-Rimland
Industrial Location Theory
Wallerstein’s World Systems
World Systems Theory
People:
Hotelling, Harold
Rostow, W. W
Von Thűnen, Johann
Wallerstein, Immanuel
Weber, Alfred
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 9, 11
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 12
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 10
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 9
Knox, Marston 7
Cities and Urban Land Use
Yurky: AP Human Geography 36
The course divides urban geography into two subfields. The first is the study of systems of cities,
focusing on where cities are located and why they are there. This involves an examination of
such topics as the current and historical distribution of cities; the political economic, and cultural
functions of cities; reasons for differential growth among cities; and types of transportation and
communication linkages between cities. Theories of settlement geography, such as Christaller’s
central place theory and the rank size rule, are also introduced, Quantitative information on such
topics as population growth, migration fields, zones of influence, and job creation are used to
analyze changes in the urban hierarchy.
The second subfield focuses on the form, internal structure, and landscapes of cities and
emphasizes what cities are like as places in which to live and work. Students are introduced to
such topics as the analysis of patterns of land use, racial and ethnic segregation, types of intracity transportation, architectural traditions, and cycles of uneven constriction and development.
Students’ understanding of cities as places is enhanced by both quantitative data from the census
and qualitative information from narrative accounts and field studies, Students also study
comparative models of internal city structure: for example, the Burgess concentric zone model,
the Hoyt sector model, and the Harris—Ullman multiple nuclei model. Topics such as
architectural history and the evolution of various transportation technologies can be useful in the
analysis of the types of spatial patterns and landscapes evident in cities.
While much of the literature in urban geography focuses on the cities of North America,
comparative urbanization is an increasingly important topic, The study of European, Islamic,
East and South Asian, Latin American, and sub-Saharan African cities serves to illustrate how
differing economic systems and cultural values can lead to variations in the spatial structures and
landscapes of urban places,
Students also examine current trends in urban development that are affecting urban places, such
as the emergence of edge cities and the gentrification of neighborhoods. In addition, students
evaluate urban planning design initiatives and community actions that will shape cities in the
future. (AP Central: Human Geography)
Summary:
A.
Where Have Urban Areas Grown
As home to half the world’s population, cities are at the foundation of
modern society. As such, urbanization is an important phenomenon as
cities are generally the starting point for economic development and
cultural change. Much of the developed world has become highly
urbanized. Highly developed cities in the core region, which have become
world cities, are the center for economics, transportation, politics,
communication and culture. Cities, while urbanized, in the periphery,
however, merely serve as links to the cities of the core. Almost all
countries of the periphery, however, are experiencing remarkable rates of
urbanization. This unmatched growth brings its own concern of
uncontrollable urbanization, as these rapidly growing cities do not resemble
their cohorts in the more developed world. More developed countries have
higher percentages of urban residents, but less developed countries now
have most of the world’s largest urban areas. The close relationship
between globalization and urbanization, because of the transportation and
communication networks, has changed the patterns of urbanization. All
Yurky: AP Human Geography 37
cities do not share in importance, causing imbalanced growth. The growth
of the metropolis of the periphery is very different than the growth of the
metropolis of the core. So while both are urbanized, the problems they
face are very different.
B.
Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas
Cities help to organize space and, as they grow, become more complex. As
the center for both industry and service activities, cities are very diverse.
Several models attempt to explain why various groups of people live where
they do within the urban area. These models serve as a useful tool to
examine the distribution of populations within a urban area. The
distribution of groups of people, though, varies between cities of the United
States, cities of Europe, and cities of less developed countries.
C.
Why Do Inner Cites Have Distinctive Problems
Many of the problems facing cities today are consequences of the history of
the city. Housing and traffic patterns, for instance, were designed long
before modern systems were invented. The decline of the inner-city is a
result of problems specific to the location, including deteriorated housing,
social problems stemming from a high concentration of low-income
households, inadequate transportation, shortage of services, an increased
crime rates.
D.
Why Do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems
As the suburban lifestyle has led to the sprawl of urban areas, problems
have arisen. Principal among them are segregation and inefficiency.
E.
Where Did Services Originate
Cities provide a home to basic activities performed for the larger economy
as well as service activities to meet the needs of the urban residents.
Services naturally develop in the city because of the proximity of those
utilizing the services provided.
Concepts:
Early Cities
Economic Base
Emerging City
Employment Structure
Ethnic Neighborhood
Female Headed Household
Great Cities
Yurky: AP Human Geography 38
Terms:
Agglomeration
Annexation
Barriadas
Blockbusting
Census tract
Central Business District
Centrality
Centralization
Cityscape
Colonial City
Commercialization
Commuter Zone
Council of government
Counterurbanization
Decentralization
Deindustralization
Density Gradient
Early Cities
Edge City
Entrepôt
Favela
Festival Landscape
Filtering
Gateway City
Gender
Gentrification
Ghetto
Greenbelt
High Tech Corridors
Hinterland
Hydraulic Civilization
Indigenous City
In-filling
Informal Sector
Inner City
Lateral Commuting
Medieval Cities
Megacities
Metropolitan Statistical
Area
Micropolitan Statistical
Area
Postmodernism
Public Housing
Range
Redlining
Models:
Concentric Zone Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Peripheral Model
Sector Model
Theories:
Bid-Rent Theory
Central Place Theory
People:
Christaller, Walter
Harris, Chauncy and Edward Ullman
Hoyt, Homer
Related Resource Readings:
Rubenstein 12, 13
DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 9
Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 11
Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 10, 11
Knox, Marston 10, 11
Rush Hour
Slum
Smart Growth
Sprawl
Squatter Settlement
Tenement
Underclass
Underemployment
Urban Growth Rage
Urban Function
Urban Hearth Area
Urban Heat Island
Urban Hierarchy
Urban Hydrology
Urban Morphology
Urban Renewal
Urbanization
Urbanized Area
Urbanized Populaton
World City
Zoning Ordinance