* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Sociology - MHHE.com
Survey
Document related concepts
Postdevelopment theory wikipedia , lookup
Social contract wikipedia , lookup
Labeling theory wikipedia , lookup
Social group wikipedia , lookup
Symbolic interactionism wikipedia , lookup
Social development theory wikipedia , lookup
Structural functionalism wikipedia , lookup
Differentiation (sociology) wikipedia , lookup
Sociology of terrorism wikipedia , lookup
Sociology of culture wikipedia , lookup
Public sociology wikipedia , lookup
Sociological theory wikipedia , lookup
History of sociology wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Slide 1 SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer 1 McGraw-Hill Understanding Sociology © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 1. Understanding Sociology • • • • • • • What is Sociology? What Is Sociological Theory? The Development of Sociology Major Theoretical Perspectives Developing a Sociological Imagination Sociology in the Global Economy Applied and Clinical Sociology McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 What is Sociology? • Sociology – Systematic study of social behavior in human groups • Influence of social relationships • How those relationships influence behavior • How societies develop and change McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 What is Sociology? • The Sociological Imagination – Awareness of relationship between an individual and the wider society (C. Wright Mills) • Ability to view one’s society as an outsider, rather than from perspective of our limited experiences and cultural biases • Goes beyond personal experiences and observations McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 What is Sociology? • Sociology and the Social Sciences – Science: body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation – Natural Science: study of physical features of nature and ways they interact and change – Social Science: study of social features of humans and ways they interact and change McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 What is Sociology? • Sociology and the Social Sciences – Emphasizes the influence that society has on people's attitudes and behavior and the ways in which people interact and thereby shape society • Sociology and Common Sense – Sociologists test and analyze information they use McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 What is Sociology? Figure 1-1. Race of Murder Victims Sources: Department of Justice 2005:table 2.3; Death Penalty Information Center 2003 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 What Is Sociological Theory? • Theory – Set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior • Effective theories have explanatory and predictive power • Theories never a final statement about human behavior McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 The Development of Sociology • Early Thinkers – Auguste Comte (1798–1857) • Coined sociology to apply to the science of human behavior – Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) • Studied social behavior in Britain and U. S • Emphasized impact economy, law, trade, health, and population could have on social problems McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 The Development of Sociology • Early Thinkers – Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) • Studied “evolutionary” change in society • Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) – Developed fundamental thesis to help explain all society Anomie: loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 The Development of Sociology • Max Weber (1864–1920) – To fully comprehend behavior, we must learn subjective meanings people attach to their actions, called Vertehen Ideal Type: construct or model for evaluating specific cases McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 The Development of Sociology • Karl Marx (1818-1883) – Society fundamentally divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of their own interests • Worked with Engles • Emphasized group identification and associations that influence one’s place in society • Argued working class should overthrow the existing class system McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 The Development of Sociology • Modern Developments – Charles Horton Cooley (1864—1929) • Increased understanding of groups of relatively small size – Jane Addams (1860–1935) • Combined intellectual inquiry, social service work, and political activism McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 The Development of Sociology • Modern Developments – Robert Merton (1940–2003) • Created theory of deviant behavior • Emphasized sociology should use “macro-level” and “micro-level” approaches Macrosociology: onoflarge-scale Microsociology:concentrates stresses study small phenomena or entire civilizations groups, often through experimental means McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Major Theoretical Perspectives • Functionalist Perspective – Emphasizes ways parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability Manifest Functions: institutionsor Latent Functions: unconscious Dysfunctions: element or process are open, stated, conscious unintended functions that may of a society that may actually functions that involve reflect hidden purposesintended, of an disrupt the social system orofdisrupt recognized, consequences an institution it stability aspect of society McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Major Theoretical Perspectives • Conflict Perspective – Assumes social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups – The Marxist View: conflict not merely a class phenomenon, but part of everyday life in all societies McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Major Theoretical Perspectives • Conflict Perspective – An African American View: W. E. B. DuBois • Conducted research to assist the struggle for a racially egalitarian society • Believed knowledge essential to combating prejudice and achieving tolerance and justice • In-depth studies of urban life McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Major Theoretical Perspectives • Feminist Perspective – Views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization – Sometimes allied with conflict theory • Also focuses on micro-level relationships, just as interactionists do McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Major Theoretical Perspectives • Interactionist Perspective – Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction to understand society as a whole – Sociological framework for viewing humans as living in a world of meaningful objects Nonverbal communication: can include many gestures, facial expressions, and postures McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Major Theoretical Perspectives • Interactionist Perspective – George Herbert Mead (1863—1931) – Erving Goffman (1922—1982) Dramaturgical approach: people seen as theatrical performers McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Major Theoretical Perspectives Table 1-1 Comparing Major Theoretical Perspectives Table to be continued on next slide McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Major Theoretical Perspectives Table 1-1 Comparing Major Theoretical Perspectives McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Major Theoretical Perspectives • The Sociological Approach – Gain broadest understanding of society by drawing on all major perspectives, noting where they overlap or where they diverge – Each perspective offers unique insights into the same issue – A researcher’s work always will be guided by his or her theoretical viewpoint McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Developing a Sociological Imagination • Theory in Practice • Research in Action • Thinking Globally – Globalization: worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Developing a Sociological Imagination • The Significance of Social Inequality – Social inequality: condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power • Speaking Across Race, Gender, and Religious Boundaries • Social Policy Throughout the World McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Sociology in the Global Economy • The Global Response to the 2004 Tsunami – International relief effort obvious sign of globalization – Most devastation hit relatively poor areas of the world McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Applied and Clinical Sociology Applied Sociology: discipline of sociology with specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations Clinical Sociology: dedicated to altering social relationships or to restructuring social institutions Basic Sociology: seeks more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomenon McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.