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Learning Targets for the Day
I CAN identify the theories of
Evolution
 I CAN understand the significance
of studying Evolution in knowing
ancient civilizations

HISTORY PRESENTATION
The Old Testament in the Bible
Creationism is the belief that the Universe and Life originate
"from specific acts of divine creation.
INTRODUCTION
•
•
Human evolution: refers to the evolutionary
process leading up to the appearance of
modern humans.
The study of human evolution involves many
scientific disciplines, including physical
anthropology, primatology, archaeology,
linguistics, embryology and genetics.
The study of past societies through an
analysis of what people have left behind.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Origin of the Species by Means of
Natural Selection

Theory of Universal Common
Descent
Every creature on Earth is ultimately
descended from a single common
ancestor somewhere in the distant
past.
Natural Selection
Organisms had the power to
produce fundamentally new forms of
life.
•
The most significant of these adaptations
are
• 1. bipedalism (1.9 million years ago),
• 2. increased brain size,
• 3. lengthened ontogeny (gestation and
infancy),
• 4. decreased sexual dimorphism.
1 The precursors of the modern human being
Humans appeared late in Earth’s history
The earliest ancestors of
humans (hominids) diverged
from apes about 8 million years
ago.
First Europeans:
approx. 780,000
years ago
 “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age

2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

Made tools
 hunting (men) & gathering (women)
 small bands of 20-30 humans

NOMADIC (moving from place to place)
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE

Hominids --> any member
of the family of two-legged
primates that includes all
humans.

Australopithecines

An Opposable
Thumb
LUCY

Oldest known
australopithecine skeleton
was found in Afar, Ethiopia
by Donald Johanson, Tim
White, and Tom Gray.

3.5 feet tall and may have
lived about 4 million years
ago.

About 20 years old when
she died.
1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE
 HOMO HABILIS
( “Man of Skills” )

found in East Africa.

created stone tools.
Oldowan Tool Variety
OLDOWAN TOOLS (left to right): end chopper, heavy-duty
scraper, spheroid hammer stone (Olduvai Gorge); flake
chopper (Gadeb); bone point, horn core tool or digger

Humans during this period found shelter in caves.

Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??
1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
 HOMO ERECTUS
( “Upright Human Being” )

BIPEDALISM

Larger and more varied
tools --> primitive technology

First hominid to migrate and
leave Africa for Europe and
Asia.

First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )
Homo ergaster
Homo Florensiensis & Homo
Heidelbergensis
200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS
( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals
( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons
( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )
The first skull
The skull of
Neanderthal man
NEANDERTHALS
Neander valley,
German(1856
Made clothes
from animal skins
Live in caves and
tents.
CRO-MAGNONs:

Homo sapiens sapiens
( “Wise, wise human” )
 By 30,000 BCE they
replaced Neanderthals.
THEORIES OF MIGRATION
• One is the “out of Africa” model which states that
homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa and
slowly replaced other groups they encountered
throughout the world.
• The other theory is the multiregional model,
which states that development from earlier
hominids to modern humans occurred in different
locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe at different
times.
During the last ice age between 100,000 B.C. and 8000 B.C.
the water level in the oceans dropped revealing a land bridge
over the Bering Strait connecting Asia and North America
http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/disp.html
Habitat/Map
Asia
(cold)
Europe
(cold)
Afric
a
(hot)
Htttp://www.handprit.com/LS/ANC/disp.h
tml
Australia
(hot)
Theories on prehistory and
early man constantly change as
new evidence comes to light.
- Louis Leakey, British
paleoanthropologist
 “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age
 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
 Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and
domestication of animals.
Why were people nomadic?

People needed to move to get food. If they hunted
& gathered all the available food in one area, they
would have to move to get a new food supply.
 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
 Agriculture developed independently in
different parts of the world.
 SLASH-AND-BURN Farming
Middle East
8,000 BCE
India
7,000 BCE
Central America
6,500 BCE
China
6,000 BCE
Southeast Asia
5,000 BCE
Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago.
Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based culture.
There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominids.
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
Brain Size
Human vs. Chimp
• modern man 1000 - 2000 cc
• chimps 280 - 400 cc
Explain the technology in
Paleolithic and Neolithic times
Paleolithic
Neolithic
•Stone: spears, axes. arrows
•Sticks: spear heads
•Bones: fishhooks
•fire
•Sickles
•Metal tools: copper and bronze
What were the roles of women &
men in hunter-gatherer society?

Men: hunt for food

Women: gathered food, cared for children
Cultural Evolution
Cultural Evolution of Man
Paleolithic
•
•
•
•
•
crude tools of stone
(pounding and
flaking/chipping)
Sewing animal skins,
engraving, carving,
painting
Economy was
based on hunting &
food gathering
Small nomadic
communities
(lifestyle)
Vague religious
ideas (burial)
Mesolithic
•
•
•
•
Gradual
domestication of
animals
Fishing is the main
subsistence
Formation of settled
communities (in the
rivers and lakeshores)
Taming of wild dogs
for hunting and
guarding property
Neolithic
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coined by John Lubbock in
1865
Farming, herding, pottery
making
Agricultural life
Learned to use animals in
dragging their primitive plow in
transporting their belongings.
They made better tools ->
invention of the grinding tools
to sharpen and polish their
tools
Art of pottery and baking clay
pottery (Specialization of
work)
Building of permanent homes
(Sedentary lifestyle) – the
earliest known villages were
found in Jericho (Israel) and
Catal Huyuk (Turkey)
Complex societies
Age of Metals
•
•
•
Copper for
ornamental
purposes
(Eqyptians , 5,000
BCE)
Bronze (Copper
and tin, 2, 000
BCE) used in tools,
weapons, and
utensils
Iron made by
Hittites 1,000 BCE
from ore.
REMINDERS:
Summative
Test About
Evolution & Characteristic of
Culture
– Thursday, August 27, 2015
Thank You