Download Napoleon Bonaparte

French Revolution Scramble!
• Match the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Old Regime
Tennis Court Oath
3rd Estate
Louis XVI
Storming of the Bastille
Paris Bread Riots
1st Estate
2nd Estate
Reign of Terror
Robespierre
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Jacobin who seized control of France and
began the Reign of Terror.
Parisian Women stormed Versailles in
protest over rising prices of Bread.
Nobility
French Social Classes
Time period during the revolution when
over 40,000 people were executed for
being enemies of the state.
King of France who would be executed.
Peasants
Pledge taken by the 3rd estate to stay
together and create a fair constitution.
Parisian mob stormed a prison in Paris
looking for ammunition.
Clergy
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Born in 1769 on an island called
Corsica – off the coast of Italy.
– Napoleon was Italian NOT French.
– But… he will rule France.
• At 10 years old his parents sent
him to military school in France.
– Napoleon was made fun of
growing up because he was very
small (only 5’2”) and had a thick
Italian accent.
• However by 15 years old,
Napoleon was leading military
campaigns for France.
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
• The Italian Campaigns
– 1796 – 1797 Napoleon conquered most of Northern
Italy for France and had developed a taste for power.
– In Northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious
orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble
privilege.
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
• The Egyptian Campaigns
– 1798 Napoleon was defeated by the British navy
under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the
French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
– Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned
to France a received a hero’s welcome!
The Rosetta Stone
Jean Champollion
Europe in 1800
Napoleon as “First Consul”
• With the French government in
disarray, Napoleon launched a
successful coup d’etat on
November 9, 1799.
– Coup d’etat = sudden overthrow
of government.
• He proclaimed himself “first
consul” (Julius Caesar’s title)
and did away with the elected
assembly (appointing a Senate
instead).
– In 1802, he made himself sole
“consul for life.”
Napoleon Rules France
• Lycee system of Education
– Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.
– Lycees initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students.
• They had to pay tuition to attend.
– Lycees were created to train the nation’s future leaders and
bureaucrats.
Napoleon Rules
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
– Sells French territory in America to Thomas Jefferson for
$15 million (3 cents per acre!).
– Good for U.S., bad for France…
Napoleon Rules France
• Code Napoleon (1804)
– New system of civil laws
– Its purpose was to reform the
French legal code to reflect the
principles of the French
Revolution and provide all
French people equal rights.
• “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”
– Created one law code for
France.
The Fall of Napoleon
Napoleon Makes Himself Emperor
• Napoleon becomes more
power hungry as he ruled
France as the “First Consul.”
• On December 2, 1804
Napoleon declares himself the
Holy Roman Emperor.
– Forces Pope Pius VII to crown
him the Holy Roman Emperor.
– But then steals the crown and
does it himself…
Josephine’s Bedroom
Napoleon’s
Throne
Napoleon’s Bed Chamber
Napoleon Builds an Empire
• By 1812, Napoleon had built one of
the World’s largest Empires.
– Annexed the Netherlands, Belgium,
and parts of Italy and Germany.
– Conquered parts of Prussia, Austria,
and Poland.
• Between 1804 and 1812, Napoleon
sought to control all of Europe.
– He used the French government to
finance his military campaigns.
– He built a large and strong French
military.
– Developed new plans for each battle
so that the opposing forces could not
anticipate what he would do next.
Napoleon’s Empire (1810)
The Problem of Great Britain
• The only country not under
Napoleon’s control was Great
Britain.
• Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
– Napoleon tried to invade
England
– Launched a naval battle off
Spain’s coast.
– British smashed Napoleon’s
fleet
– Napoleon was humiliated and
mad!
• Napoleon decides to wage
economic warfare through
the Continental system.
The Continental System
• Goal: to isolate Great Britain and
promote Napoleon’s domination over
Europe.
– British ships were not allowed in
European ports (this would keep
supplies from moving in or out –
choking off trade).
– All British ships would be seized.
• Both Britain and France seized neutral
ships suspected of trading with the
other side
– This eventually led to the War of 1812
between Great Britain and the United
States.
The Continental System
Napoleon Video Clip
The “Big Blunder” - Russia
•
In July, 1812 Napoleon led his
Grand Armee of 614,000 men
eastward across central Europe
and into Russia.
–
The Russians avoided a direct
confrontation with Napoleon.
–
They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of
Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as
“support” for the Russian cause].
–
The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops
to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply
bases in territory stripped of food.
Napoleon at the gates of Moscow
• By September 1812, Napoleon’s troops had reached
Moscow.
• The Russians used the “Scorched Earth Policy” - city was
abandoned and burned to the ground, as well as all food
supplies.
Moscow is on Fire!
Napoleon Retreats
• Napoleon retreats from Moscow in January 1813.
– His troops starve and freeze to death.
• 100,000 troops retreat - only 40,000 survive
– Napoleon rides in a coach, eating as his men suffer.
Napoleon Abdicates!
• Napoleon returns to Paris
and is forced to abdicate
(give up the throne).
– Treaty of Fontainbleau –
exiled Napoleon to the
island of Elba with an
annual income of $2
million Francs.
• The French loyalists
restore Louis XVIII to the
throne.
Napoleon Escapes!
• Napoleon escapes Elba
and heads back to France
to reclaim power.
• This is the beginning of his
100 days campaign.
• Battle of Waterloo (June
18, 1815) – Napoleon tries
to defeat the Prussians
and British at Waterloo.
– Defeated by the Duke of
Wellington!
Exile on St. Helena
• After his defeat at Waterloo,
Napoleon is exiled to St.
Helena.
– Small island off West Coast of
Africa.
• Dies of poisoning – possible
hair product?
Napoleon’s Tomb
Hitler visits Napoleon’s Tomb
June 28, 1940