Download Sections 4-5 PPT - Lyndhurst Schools

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Big Idea
• Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic
feelings across Europe and contributed to his
downfall.
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes
• 3 Disastrous Mistakes
• 1. The Continental
System (Blockade)
• 2. The Peninsular War
• 3. The Invasion of
Russia
The Continental System
• Napoleon ordered a blockade of Britain from
mainland Europe
• Goals: Make Europe more self-sufficient and
Crush British Trade
• Blockade
– A forcible closing of ports
Napoleon’s Empire
The Continental System Breaks Down
• Blockade was a disaster
• British were still able to trade through
smugglers
• British set up their own blockade of Europe
which was more effective
• This British blockade led to the War of 1812
The Blockades
The Peninsular War
• Portugal did not want to
take part in Continental
System
• Napoleon sent troops
through Spain to attack
Portugal
• The Spanish protested
these actions
• In response, Napoleon
placed his brother Joseph
on the throne
Guerilla Warfare
• Fearing the Catholic Church
would decline under the
new leadership, the
Spaniards fought back
• Resorted to guerilla warfare
against the French
• Small scale attacks (Hit and
Run attacks)
• Armies were made up of
Spanish peasants (not
regular soldiers)
• War drained French
resources and morale
The Invasion of Russia
• By 1812, France and
Russia disagreed about
issues over British trade
and Poland
• 420,000 French troops
invaded Russia in 1812
• Russians employed a
scorched-earth policy
Scorched-Earth Policy
• When a retreating army
burns grain fields and
slaughters livestock
• Leaves nothing for
invading army
• Goal is to make them
starve and retreat
• Russians even burned
“holy city” of Moscow
rather than let the French
have it
French Retreat
• Stayed in Moscow for
about a month
• Retreated in October
through the deadly
Russian winter
• Russians now used
guerilla tactics
• French Grand Army
reduced to 10,000
soldiers
• Most died from hunger,
disease, and exposure
The Battle of Leipzig
• October 1813
• Napoleon faced off
against the allied armies
of Europe
• Was easily defeated by
the alliance and forced
to give up his throne
• Exiled to tiny island of
Elba
The Hundred Days
• Napoleon escaped from
his captivity and
returned to France
• Met with joyous crowds
due to the unpopularity
of King Louis XVIII
• Was able to reform
another army
The Battle of Waterloo
• Another alliance of European powers sought
to stop Napoleon’s momentum
• The alliance was able to gain a significant
victory at Waterloo in Belgium
• In the aftermath, Napoleon was sent to St.
Helena in the South Atlantic where he died
The Congress of Vienna
Big Idea
• After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at
the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order
and reestablish peace.
The Congress of Vienna
• Goal was to establish a
new European order
• Wanted to ensure
security and stability for
the whole continent
3 Goals of Klemens von Metternich
• 1. Check French
aggression by
surrounding it with
strong nations
• 2. Restore a balance of
power in Europe
• 3. Wanted to restore
royal families to the
thrones they held
before Napoleon’s
actions
The Containment of France
• Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic
united to form Kingdom of the Netherlands
• 39 German states loosely joined as German
Confederation
• Switzerland was recognized as an independent
nation
• Kingdom of Sardinia strengthened with
addition of Genoa
Balance of Power
• Did not want to leave
France powerless
• Thus, they did not exact
a great price from the
defeated France
• France remained a
major, but diminished
power
Idea of Legitimacy
• Restoring royal families to
power
• Needed to be recognized
as legitimate rulers
• Ruling families in France,
Spain, several states in
Italy and Central Europe
came back into power
• Thought this would
restore order
Successes
• Demonstrated cooperation of an entire
continent
• European powers were at peace for 40 years
Political Changes Beyond Vienna
• Victory for conservatives as kings and princes
returned to power
• A return and strengthening of absolute
monarchs
Conservative Europe
• Holy Alliance:
agreement between
Prussia and Austria that
based their relationship
on Christian principles
(conservative)
• Concerts of Europe:
ensured nations would
help one another if
revolutions broke out in
a nation
Liberals and Radicals in a Conservative
Era
• Bided their time to try and undo the
conservative era established at Congress of
Vienna
• Revolutions broke out in the early to mid
1800’s that supported people wanted changes
• Revolutions and upheavals in Latin America
against royal control supported the influences
of the French Revolution
Long-Term Legacy
• Influenced world politics for 100 years
• British and Prussian power increased
• Promoted spread of nationalism in Italy,
Greece, and Germany
• Eventually, Europe would be rocked by
revolutions