Download HumanAnatomyMusclePowerPoint for near pod


Review
› 4 types of tissues
 Connective
 Muscle
 Epithelial
 Neural
Over 700 muscles
 Functions

› Produce movement
› Maintain posture
› Support soft tissues
› Guard entrances and exits
› Maintain body temperature

APPEARANCE
 Striated: has a striped
appearance due to the
thickness of the protein
fibers
> Smooth: protein fibers
(which are arranged
the same in striated
muscle) is not as thick
so you cannot see the
pattern the fibers make

Epimysium:
› Surrounds entire muscle

Perimysium:
› divides skeletal muscle into compartments

Fascicle:
› Each compartment contains a bundle of
muscle fibers

Endomysium
› Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and
ties adjacent muscle fibers together

Write down 3 facts
and be prepared to
discuss with class.

What is the term that surrounds entire
muscle?

What is the term that divides the muscle
into compartments?
What is a fascicle?
 What is endomysium?

Plasma membrane = sarcolemma
 Cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
 Transverse tubules (T tubules) =
passageways through mountains


Myofibrils:
› Actin = thin filaments
 Tin and thin
› Myosin = thick filaments
› https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhgDbjr
rmFg

Sarcomeres = repeating functional units
of myofilaments
Demo
Z lines = boundaries of each sarcomere
 Tropomyosin and troponin = proteins that
help actin and myosin bind and move
 Cross Bridges = myosin head interacts
with thin filaments during contraction

› Like a person pulling on a rope 1 handed
With a partner, make index cards with
definition on 1 side and term on other
 1. Match them up
 2. See who can match up fastest
 3. Memory
 Matching Quiz

Page 200-201
 Skip !

INNERVATION
> Voluntary: under conscious control
(you had to learn to use these muscles)
> Involuntary: work without you having
to think about them
Examples?
LOCATION (review)
› Cardiac- found in the heart
› Skeletal- Muscles that attach to your bone
(are responsible for your body movements)
› Smooth: muscle found in most of your
organs
1. MOVEMENT: ALL MUSCLES MOVE
SOMETHING
 2. POSTURE
 3. HEAT PRODUCTION
 4. STABILIZING JOINTS/ SUPPORT
 5. GUARD ENTRANCES AND EXITS


Tension: muscle cells contract, they
produce an active force
› Grab your pencil, shake someone’s hand,
pretend to kick a ball
› Write down 2 of your own examples.

Resistance: opposes movement
› Ex: lifting weights, wind, snow, friction
› Write down 2 of your own examples.
Muscles can only contract (shorten and
generate tension)
 **Amount of tension produced is
determined by

1) frequency of muscle fiber stimulation
2) number of muscle fibers activated

Botulism: consumption of foods with a
bacterial toxin
› Can lead to paralysis

Rigor Mortis
› Stiff as a board upon death

Mother Russia
› Heavy weights so they could split muscle
fibers
› False!


Eye
Leg: 2000 fibers
Plank Time
 Tension increased by recruiting
additional muscle fibers are until you
wimp out!


Atrophy: muscle fibers become smaller
and weaker
› Name 5 people (preferably hot actors) who
do not have atrophy!

Muscle Fatigue: exhaustion of energy
reserves

Tetanus: 2 meanings
› Disease with rusty nails (infection)
› Immunization: tetanus booster
› And sustained muscle contraction
› https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjbxFA
C-v3Y

Use it or lose it!
Isotonic: tension rises and skeletal
muscle’s length changes
 Isometric: Muscle as a whole does not
change


Lab

Muscles can only contract
› So they have to be pulled back to normal by
another muscle.
› So every muscle has a partner that works
opposite of it
Called antagonistic pairs
 Example: So, when the bicep contracts,
it pulls the tricep to relaxation

ATP
 Aerobic Metabolism: 95% of ATP is
through this process WITH OXYGEN
 SMOOTH MACHINE
 17 ATP at end
 Examples? . . .

ANAEROBIC: ENGINE SPUTTERING: oz. of
gas in car
 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/43860845
1181528008/
 Glycolysis can proceed in the absence
of oxygen so it can provide ATP when
the availability of oxygen limits the rate
of mitochondrial ATP production


What is the process where you have
oxygen/energy stores?

Which process is where oxygen/energy
stores limited?

Conditions within muscle are returned to
normal pre-exertion levels
› Energy reserves were consumed, heat is
released, lactic acid is produced

What are 2 major factors that determine
the performance capabilities of a
particular skeletal muscle?
› Types of muscle fibers
› Physical conditioning or training

Fast Fibers: Reach peak twitch tension:
large glycogen reserves, few
mitochondria
› White muscle
 Example: chicken breasts

Slow Fibers: Extended periods of time
› red

**Genetically Determined

Aerobic Endurance vs. Anaerobic
Endurance

Examples:
Muscle cells are long and skinny
 Thus, a muscle cell is called a muscle
fiber

› Sarcolemma – the cell membrane
› Sarcoplasm- the cytoplasm

Remember: structure determines
function





MYOFIBRIL: a chain of sarcomeres that all
work together
MUSCLE FIBER: the muscle cell
FASCICLE: A bundle of muscle fibers held
together by the endomysium
One muscle has hundreds of fascicles all
bundled together by a membrane called
the perimysium (so one muscle can hold
many fascicles)
Epimysium/fascia: holds the entire muscle
together




Found in heart only
Involuntary
Cells branch
Cells are arranged to look
like really long fibers, but
are actually smaller cells
attached at the
intercalated discs
Found in the digestive
system, and other hollow
organs (blood vessels,
bladder, kidney,
diaphragm, etc)
 No striations (proteins are
still there, just not thick
enough to see pattern)
 Involuntary
 Peristalsis- always pulsing
in order to push
substances through tubes
(or to breath)

The longest type of muscle fiber
 Striated and voluntary
 Are attached to bone in some way
* direct/fleshy attachment: the muscle is
fused to the bone
+ not common
+ where the muscle that cover the scalp
* indirect attachments: uses a tendon to
attach to bone

ORIGIN: end of muscle that attaches to
the non-moving bone
 INSERTION: end of muscle that attaches
to the bone it moves
 BODY: the meaty part of the muscle
 Since the muscles rub against bone,
many have a small BURSA sac below
them. When the muscle flexes, it presses
on the bursa and a oily fluid is released
to reduce friction

Flexors and Extensors
 Abductors and Adductors
 Rotators
 Supinators and Pronators
 Dorsiflexors and Plantar Flexors


Antagonistic pairs- partners that work
opposite of each others

The Stapedius: is a muscle in your ear!
Remember, muscles contract because
nerves tell them to
 Impulses are electrical currents running
through a nerve cell (called a neuron)
 Without Sodium and Potassium, your
neurons cannot make electricity


Too much sodium and heart is weak and
can’t pump it
› Hello Fluid: Cankles!!!!!
Potassium is low . . . Heart troubles
 Water pill: Take potassium

Muscles need Na and K to contract
 Athletes
 Diet
