Download BODY PARTS حسام العزاوي .د All health care fi elds require

BODY PARTS
‫حسام العزاوي‬. ‫د‬
All health care fi elds require knowledge of body directions and
orientations. Physicians, surgeons, nurses, occupational therapists, and
physical therapists, for example, must be thoroughly familiar with the
terms used to describe body locations and positions . Radiologic
technologists must be able to position a person and direct x-rays to
obtain suitable images for diagnosis.
Directional Terms
In describing the location or direction of a given point in the body, it is
always assumed that the subject is in the anatomic position, that is,
upright, with face front, arms at the sides with palms forward and feet
parallel A frontal plane, also called a coronal plane, is made at right
angles to the midline and divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts. A sagittal (SAJ-i-tal) plane passes from front to back and divides
the body into right and left portions. If the plane passes through the
midline, it is a midsagittal or medial plane. A transverse plane passes
horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
Body Cavities
Internal organs are located within dorsal and ventral cavities The dorsal
cavity contains the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the
spinal cavity (canal). The uppermost ventral space, the thoracic cavity,
is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm, a muscle
used in breathing.There is no anatomic separation between the abdominal
cavity and pelvic cavity, which together make up the abdominopelvic
cavity. The large membrane that lines the abdominopelviccavity and
covers the organs within it is the peritoneum(per-i-tō-NĒ-um).
Abdominal Regions
For orientation, the abdomen can be divided by imaginary lines into nine
regions—three medial regions and six lateral regions. The sections down
the midline are the:
■ epigastric (ep-i-GAS-trik) region, located above the stomach
■ umbilical (um-BIL-i-kal) region, named for the umbilicus, or navel
■ hypogastric (hī-pō-GAS-trik) region, located below the stomach
The lateral regions have the same name on the left and right sides They
are the:
■ hypochondriac (hī-pō-KON-drē-ak) regions, right and left, named for
their positions near the ribs, specifi cally near the cartilages (root:
chondr/o) of the ribs
■ lumbar (LUM-bar) regions, right and left, which are located near the
small of the back (lumbar region of the spine)
■ iliac (IL-ē-ak) regions, right and left, named for the upper bone of the
hip, the ilium. These regions are also called the inguinal (ING-gwi-nal)
regions, with reference to the groin.
Directional terms.
Planes of division.
The nine regions of the abdomen.
Body Positions
POSITION
DESCRIPTION
anatomic position standing erect,facing forward,arms at sides,palm forward,
an-a-TOM-ik
legs parallel, toes pointed forward; used for descriptions
and studies of the body
decubitus position lying down, specifically according to the part of the body
dē-KŪ-bi-tus
resting on a flat surface, as in left or right lateral
decubitus, or dorsal or ventral decubitus
dorsal recumbent position on back, with legs bent and separated, feet flat;
rē-KUM-bent
used for obstetrics and gynecology
Fowler position on back, head of bed raised about 18 inches, knees
elevated; used to ease breathing and for drainage
jackknife position on back with shoulders elevated, legs flexed and thighs at
JAK-nīf
right angles to the abdomen; used to introduce a tube into
the urethra
knee–chest position on knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed
above head; used in gynecology and obstetrics and for
flushing the intestine
lateral recumbent position on the side with one leg flexed, arm position may
vary
lithotomy position on back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart; used for
li-THOT-ō-mē
gynecologic and urologic surgery
prone
lying face down
supine*
lying face up
SŪ-pīn
Trendelenburg position on back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45tren-DEL-en-berg
degree angle; used for pelvic and abdominal surgery,
treatment of shock
term
abdominal cavity The large ventral cavity below the diaphragm and above the
ab-DOM-i-nal
pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity The large ventral cavity between the diaphragm and pelvis
ab-dom-i-nō-PEL-vik
that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities
anatomic position Standard position for anatomic studies, in which the body is
an-a-TOM-ik
erect and facing forward, the arms are at the sides with palms
forward, and the feet are parallel
cranial cavity
The dorsal cavity that contains the brain
KRĀ-nē-al
Diaphragm
The muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
DĪ-a-fram
frontal (coronal) plane Plane of section that separates the body into anterior (front)
ko-RŌN-al
and posterior (back) portions
pelvic cavity
The ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity
PEL-vik
peritoneum
The large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic
per-i-tō-NĒ-um
cavity and covers the organs within it
sagittal plane
Plane that divides the body into right and left portions
SAJ-i-tal
spinal cavity (canal) Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord
SPĪ-nal
thoracic cavity The ventral cavity above the diaphragm, the chest cavity
thō-RAS-ik
transverse (horizontal) plane Plane that divides the body into superior (upper)
trans-VERS
and inferior (lower) portions
digit
A finger or toe (adjective: digital)
DIJ-it
epigastrium
The epigastric region
ep-i-GAS-trē-um
fundus The base or body of a hollow organ, the area of an organ farthest from its
FUN-dus
opening
hypochondrium
The hypochondriac region (left or right)
hī-pō-KON-drē-um
lumen
The central opening within a tube or hollow organ
LŪ-men
Meatus
A passage or opening
mē-Ā-tus
orifice
The opening of a cavity
OR-i-fis
Os
Mouth, any body opening
septum
A wall dividing two cavities
SEP-tum
Sinus
A cavity, as within a bone
SĪ-nus
sphincter
A circular muscle that regulates an opening
SFINK-ter
TERMS OF POSITION
Ab : away (ex :abnormal; abduction :move a limb away from midline)
Ad: toward (ex: adrenal gland which is the endocrine gland above the
kidney).
Adduction: move a limb toward the midline.
Trans: across (ex: Transrectal ) ultrasound: transparent or translucent:
you can see through ( Transplacental ).
Para : near , beside ( paraaortic lymph node, paratesticular mass,
paracolic abscess.
Per : through (ex: percutaneous cholongiography which is the
radiological visualization of the biliary passages by injection of a dye
through the skin into the biliary passages of the liver).
Medial : toward the midline: The ulnar nerve occupies a medial position
in the forearm.
Median: in the middle: (the median nerve is in the middle of the
forearm; the mediastinum is the space in the middle of the thorax
between the pleural sacs and the lungs .T he median is an arithmetic
statistical value which is the value in an ordered set of values below and
above which there is an equal number of values.)
Lateral: to the side :(ex : lateral neck swelling is a swelling at the side of
the neck , the radial nerve occupies a lateral position in the forearm).
Supra : super: above, beyond : (ex: suprarenal gland which is the
adrenal gland , supraorbital swelling i.e. above the orbit ,supraspinatus
muscle is above the spinous process of the scapula ;superficial: close to
the surface, superimposal : placed above).
Peri : (around) : Ex : peritoneum ,pericardium, and the periosteum
which are the sheaths around the abdominal viscera, heart and bone
respectively).
Pro: forward : for ( prothrombin is the protein that generates thrombin
,promyelocyte is the precursor cell of myelocyte in white blood cell
formation).
Sub: under :(ex: subcutaneous : under the skin; submucosal :under the
mucosa).
Dextro : right: (ex: dextrocardia : the state of heart on the right side of
the thorax).
Levo , sinistro : left( levorotation , sinistrocardia , sinistrocerebral :
related to left cerebral hemisphere).
Dia: across :(ex: diapedesis : passive movement of red blood cells across
the blood vessel wall ;dialysis which is the separation of substances in
solution by means of their unequal diffusion across a semipermeable
membrane ;diaphragm which is the muscular partition that separates
the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Infra: below :(ex: infraorbital foramen : a hole below the orbit,
infraspinatus muscle which is located below the spinous process of the
scapula.)
Dorsal: toward the back.
Ventral: toward the abdomen.
The spinal and cranial cavities are dorsal .The abdominal (peritoneal
cavity) is ventral.
Dorsum of hand : back of hand. Opposite is the palm of hand, dorsum of
foot : back of foot opposite is the sole of foot.
Apex: tip, summit : The uppermost of the lung is its apex .The apical
beat of the heart is best heard in the mid-clavicualr line at the fifth
intercostal space .
Inter: between : (ex : interdigital clefts, intercostal space).
Base: bottom, lower part :( fracture at the base of skull).
Prone: lying face down.
Anterior: in front of ex : the esophagus is anterior to the aorta in the
thorax.
Posterior: behind. Ex: the pancreas lies posterior to the stomach .
Proximal: the part closest to the source or origin.
Distal: the part farthest from the source or origin :ex: the cardiac end
of the stomach is proximal while the pylorus is distal. ex: the head of
femur is proximal ,the tibial end of the femur articulates with the tibial
head.