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Lecture Notes
A PowerPoint Presentation
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems,
Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
7
Respiratory
System
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function
•Nose
•Pharynx
•Larynx
•Trachea
•Bronchi
• Bronchioles
•Lungs
• Alveoli
2
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Trachea (windpipe)
•Tube that extends from
lower edge of the larynx
downward into the thoracic
cavity
•Rings of cartilage to help
keep airways open
3
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Bronchial tree
•Lower part of the trachea that
divides into the right and left
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
•Transport of air from the trachea
over a wide area as quickly as
possible
4
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Bronchioles
•Smaller divisions of the bronchi
•Walls of smooth muscle to allow contraction and
expansion, thereby regulating airflow to the
alveoli
5
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Alveoli
•Tiny sacs located at the
end of the alveolar ducts
•O2 and CO2 exchange
between the alveolus and the
capillary surrounding it
•Loss of alveolar wall elasticity
from respiratory disease,
making breathing difficult,
especially when exhaling
6
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Respiration
• External
• Internal
•Other functions (with help of the
cardiovascular system)
• Transport of O2 to body cells
• Removal of CO2, a waste product of cell
metabolism
7
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. Name the main structures of the respiratory
system.
2. Name the smaller branches of the bronchi.
3. Name the tiny air sacs in the lungs.
8
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. Name the main structures of the respiratory
system. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs
2. Name the smaller branches of the bronchi.
bronchioles
3. Name the tiny air sacs in the lungs. alveoli
9
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
4. What do the abbreviations O2 and CO2 mean?
5. What body system helps the respiratory system
transport O2 and remove CO2 from body cells?
6. What does the abbreviation OSA mean?
10
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
4. What do the abbreviations O2 and CO2 mean?
O2 means oxygen; CO2 means carbon dioxide.
5. What body system helps the respiratory system
transport O2 and remove CO2 from body cells?
The cardiovascular system helps transport O2
to body cells and removes CO2 from body
cells.
6. What does the abbreviation OSA mean?
obstructive sleep apnea
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CF(s) for:
1. alveolus:
2. larynx:
3. nose:
4. pleura:
12
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
1. alveolus: alveol/o
2. larynx: laryng/o
3. nose: nas/o, rhin/o
4. pleura: pleur/o
13
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. pharynx:
6. tonsils:
7. trachea:
8. lung:
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. pharynx: pharyng/o
6. tonsils: tonsill/o
7. trachea: trache/o
8. lung: pulmon/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o
15
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. bronchus (plural, bronchi):
10. bronchioles:
11. chest:
12. diaphragm:
16
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. bronchus (plural, bronchi):
bronch/o, bronchi/o
10. bronchioles: bronchiol/o
11. chest: thorac/o
12. diaphragm: phren/o
17
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
13. straight:
14. mucus:
15. blue:
18
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
13. straight: orth/o
14. mucus: muc/o
15. blue: cyan/o
19
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Plural Forms Exercise
1. What is the plural form of alveolus?
2. What is the plural form of bronchus?
3. What is the plural form of pleura?
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Plural Forms Exercise
1. What is the plural form of alveolus? alveoli
2. What is the plural form of bronchus? bronchi
3. What is the plural form of pleura? pleurae
21
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. resembling the adenoids:
/
2. paralysis of the larynx (voice box):
/o/
3. visual examination of the bronchi:
/o/
4. incision of the trachea:
/o/
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. resembling the adenoids: aden/oid
2. paralysis of the larynx (voice box):
laryng/o/plegia
3. visual examination of the bronchi:
bronch/o/scopy
4. incision of the trachea: trache/o/tomy
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
5. paralysis of the diaphragm:
6. disease of the chest:
/o/
/o/
7. rapid breathing: tachy/
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
5. paralysis of the diaphragm: phren/o/plegia
6. disease of the chest: thorac/o/pathy
7. rapid breathing: tachy/pnea
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. excision of tonsils:
2. resembling mucus:
3. surgical repair of the nose:
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. excision of tonsils: tonsill/ectomy
2. resembling mucus: muc/oid
3. surgical repair of the nose: rhino/plasty
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. specialist in (treatment of) lungs:
5. swallowing air:
6. absence of breathing:
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. specialist in (treatment of) lungs:
pulmon/o/logist
5. swallowing air: aer/o/phagia
6. absence of breathing: a/pnea
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Bronchiectasis
•Dilation of bronchial
airways, as shown in the
illustration
•Dilated areas becoming
flabby and scarred
•Possibly localized or
spreading throughout the
lungs
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Bronchiectasis
(continued)
•Pooling of secretions that are difficult to
cough up, creating an environment where
bacteria can flourish, thus causing infection
•Usually occurring secondary to another
chronic respiratory condition, such as cystic
fibrosis, asthma, bronchitis, or exposure to
a toxin
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Bronchiectasis (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Productive cough over months or years
•Shortness of breath
•Wheezing
•Chest pain
•Finger clubbing
32
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Bronchiectasis (continued)
•Treatment
•Control of infections and bronchial secretions
•Relief of airway obstruction
•Regular, daily drainage to remove bronchial
secretions
•Antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytics, and
expectorants
33
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. M. has poorly controlled asthma and
difficulty breathing, especially during the
past 4 months. Besides retaining mucus, his
bronchial passages are infected. The
recurrent inflammation or infection of the
airways has resulted in a condition known as
(atelectasis, bronchiectasis, pleuroclysis).
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. M. has poorly controlled asthma and
difficulty breathing, especially during the
past 4 months. Besides retaining mucus, his
bronchial passages are infected. The
recurrent inflammation or infection of the
airways has resulted in a condition known as
(atelectasis, bronchiectasis, pleuroclysis).
35
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. J. is diagnosed with bronchiectasis,
which resulted from a chronic respiratory
condition known as cystic fibrosis. She has
difficulty coughing up bacterial secretions
and has now developed a lung (compliance,
infection, tumor).
36
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. J. is diagnosed with bronchiectasis,
which resulted from a chronic respiratory
condition known as cystic fibrosis. She has
difficulty coughing up bacterial secretions
and has now developed a lung (compliance,
infection, tumor).
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Pulmonary Embolism
•Foreign object that travels
through the blood stream
•Possibly a blood clot, air, or
fat
•Usually a blood clot that has
traveled into a pulmonary
artery (as shown in the
illustration)
38
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Pulmonary Embolism (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Shortness of breath
•Chest pain
•Hemoptysis
•Edema
•Acrocyanosis
•Finger clubbing
39
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Pulmonary Embolism (continued)
•Treatment
•Anticoagulant therapy
•Thrombolytics (clot busters)
•Insertion of small filters to remove the embolism
from the blood stream
•Surgical embolectomy (possibly required in lifethreatening cases)
40
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. P. presents to the ER and is diagnosed
with a pulmonary embolism. His chief
complaint is that he spits up blood in his
sputum. This condition is charted as
(hemolysin, hemoptysis, hemolysis).
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. P. presents to the ER and is diagnosed
with a pulmonary embolism. His chief
complaint is that he spits up blood in his
sputum. This condition is charted as
(hemolysin, hemoptysis, hemolysis).
42
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. L. undergoes knee replacement. He is
advised that a complication of this surgery
is the development of blood clots that may
break loose and travel to the lungs. This is a
serious condition known as a pulmonary
(aneurysm, edema, embolism).
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. L. undergoes knee replacement. He is
advised that a complication of this surgery
is the development of blood clots that may
break loose and travel to the lungs. This is a
serious condition known as a pulmonary
(aneurysm, edema, embolism).
44
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sleep Apnea
•Breathing at night
repeatedly stops and starts
•Serious symptom, especially
in patients with other lifethreatening conditions
•Accompanied by snoring
loud enough to disturb
others
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sleep Apnea
(continued)
•More common in males and older adults
•Three forms
•Obstructive, in which throat muscles relax due to
obstruction of the airway (by the soft palate or
obesity of the neck)
•Central, in which the brain does not send the proper
signals to the muscles that control breathing
•Complex, a combination of obstructive and central
46
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sleep Apnea
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•In premature infants, failure of the immature CNS to
maintain a consistent respiratory rate, causing long
pauses between periods of regular breathing
•Susceptibility of middle-aged, obese patients who
snore excessively due to obstructive sleep apnea
• Breathing may stop as many as 30 times during the night (commonly
caused by the soft palate blocking the airway or obesity of the neck),
leading to gasping respirations that commonly awakens the patient
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Sleep Apnea
(continued)
•Treatment
•Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
•Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP)
•Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) apparatus
to keep airway open in adults
•Apnea monitor in the hospital and at home for
infants
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. S. is diagnosed with sleep apnea and
asks the nurse to explain this disorder.
2. Ms. M. presents for an excision of tonsils
and adenoids as a treatment for sleep
apnea. The abbreviation for excision of the
tonsils and adenoids is
.
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. S. is diagnosed with sleep apnea and
asks the nurse to explain this disorder. She
explains that this condition occurs when an
individal’s breathing at night repeatedly
stops and starts.
2. Ms. M. presents for an excision of tonsils
and adenoids as a treatment of sleep apnea.
The abbreviation for excision of the tonsils
and adenoids is T&A.
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mary is prescribed a CPAP machine. The
respiratory therapist explains that it will help
keep her airway open at night so she can
breathe normally. The medical term for
normal breathing is (apnea, dyspnea,
eupnea).
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mary is prescribed a CPAP machine. The
respiratory therapist explains that it will help
keep her airway open at night so she can
breathe normally. The medical term for
normal breathing is (apnea, dyspnea,
eupnea).
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. M. complains of excessive snoring at
night that awakens him and causes him to
gasp for breath. The physician explains that
he has a common condition for middle-aged,
obese men in which temporary cessation of
breathing occurs. This condition is known as
sleep (apnea, dyspnea, eupnea).
53
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. M. complains of excessive snoring at
night that awakens him and causes him to
gasp for breath. The physician explains that
he has a common condition for middle-aged,
obese men in which temporary cessation of
breathing occurs. This condition is known as
sleep (apnea, dyspnea, eupnea).
54
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Lung Cancer
•Comprising various malignant neoplasms in
the trachea, bronchi, or air sacs of the lungs
•Leading cancer killer in men and women
•Commonly metastasizing to surrounding tissue
•Three main types
•Squamous cell
•Adenocarcinoma
•Large-cell carcinoma
55
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Lung Cancer (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Difficult to detect in early stage (usually no symptoms
until later stages)
•Smoker’s cough, wheezing
•Chest pain, dyspnea
•Hemoptysis
•Risk factors
•Chemical exposure
•History of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke
56
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Lung Cancer (continued)
•Treatment
•Depending on the type of malignancy
•Combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and
chemotherapy
•Common metastasization to other tissues by the time of
diagnosis
•Commonly, metastasis to the brain, liver, and bone
57
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. O. sprays paint on cars and admits he
does not wear a face mask during his work
hours. He has also smoked two packs per
day for 15 years. His doctor tells him he has
two risk factors for developing lung cancer.
What are these factors?
58
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. O. sprays paint on cars and admits he
does not wear a face mask during his work
hours. He has also smoked two packs per
day for 15 years. His doctor tells him he has
two risk factors for developing lung cancer.
What are these factors? Smoking and inhaling
toxic substances are risk factors for
developing lung cancer.
59
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. B. has smoked one pack per day for the
past 8 years and is concerned about
contracting lung cancer. How should the
doctor respond when she asks how she can
reduce her chances of contracting this
disease?
60
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Ms. B. has smoked one pack per day for the
past 8 years and is concerned about
contracting lung cancer. How should the
doctor respond when she asks how she can
reduce her chances of contracting this
disease?
If she stops smoking during early
precancerous cellular changes, damaged
bronchial lining tissues commonly return to
normal.
61
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. D. undergoes visual examination of his
interior bronchi with biopsy to confirm a
diagnosis of lung cancer. The physician
documents the visual examination of the
bronchi as a(n)
.
62
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. D. undergoes visual examination of his
interior bronchi with biopsy to confirm a
diagnosis of lung cancer. The physician
documents the visual examination of the
bronchi as a bronchoscopy.
63
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Ms. T. is diagnosed with advanced lung
cancer and asks why it was not detected last
year during her annual physical examination.
How should the nurse respond?
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Ms. T. is diagnosed with advanced lung
cancer and asks why it was not detected last
year during her annual physical examination.
How should the nurse respond?
Early-stage lung cancer usually produces no
symptoms and is difficult to detect. When
symptoms appear, cancer commonly has
metastasized to tissues, such as the brain,
liver, and bone.
65
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Upper Airway Obstruction
• Acute blockage in any of the upper airway
structures, including the:
•trachea
•larynx
•throat
•Commonly caused by infections, allergic
reactions, throat cancer, or trauma
66
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Upper Airway Obstruction (continued)
• Signs and symptoms
•Varying, depending on the cause of obstruction
•Some common to all types of obstruction
•Cyanosis
•Difficulty breathing
•Choking
•Confusion, panic
•Loss of consciousness
67
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Upper Airway Obstruction (continued)
• Treatment
•Depending on the cause of the blockage
•Removal of objects lodged in the airway with a
laryngoscope or bronchoscope
•Possible tube insertion into the airway (endotracheal
tube or nasotracheal tube)
•Creation of an opening directly into the airway
(tracheostomy), if needed
68
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Dr. Jones is concerned that Mrs. M. has an
airway blockage. The patient asks if there is
a test to confirm the blockage. How should
the doctor respond?
69
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Dr. Jones is concerned that Mrs. M. has an
airway blockage. The patient asks if there is
a test to confirm the blockage. How should
the doctor respond? Bronchoscopy,
laryngoscopy, and radiography are common
diagnostic tests used to confirm a blockage.
70
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. C.’s x-ray shows a small foreign
object lodged in his larynx. The physician
removes the object with an instrument
called a(n)
.
71
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. C.’s x-ray shows a small foreign
object lodged in his larynx. The physician
removes the object with an instrument
called a laryngoscope.
72
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. An opening into the trachea is created to
maintain an open airway. This surgical
procedure is documented as a(n)
.
4. The anesthesiologist inserts a catheter
directly into the trachea to help the patient
maintain normal breathing while under
general anesthesia. This catheter is known as
a(n) (draining, endotracheal, suction) tube.
73
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. An opening into the trachea is created to
maintain an open airway. This surgical
procedure is documented as a tracheostomy.
4. The anesthesiologist inserts a catheter
directly into the trachea to help the patient
maintain normal breathing while under
general anesthesia. This catheter is known as
an (draining, endotracheal, suction) tube.
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. atelectasis:
2. consolidation:
3. coryza:
75
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. atelectasis: collapsed or airless condition of
the lung(s)
2. consolidation: process of becoming solid
(used especially in describing lung diseases)
3. coryza: acute inflammation of the nasal
mucosa accompanied by profuse nasal
discharge; also called rhinitis or a cold
76
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. epistaxis:
5. rhonchi:
6. stridor:
77
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. epistaxis: bleeding from the nose; also called
nosebleed, nasal hemorrhage, or rhinorrhagia
5. rhonchi: abnormal respiratory sound
resembling snoring, caused by blockage in
the larger airways
6. stridor: high-pitched sound heard on
inspiration that may indicate a serious airway
obstruction
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
•Endotracheal intubation
•Tube placed through the mouth
into the pharynx, larynx, and
trachea
•Used to establish an airway
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Laryngectomy
•Removal of all or part of
the larynx
•Illustration: Airflow before
laryngectomy (A) and
airflow after laryngectomy
(B)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Lavage
• Irrigation of paranasal sinuses to remove
mucopurulent material
•Postural drainage
• Body positioned so gravity helps remove secretions
from the lung or bronchi and coughing will usually
expel secretions from the trachea
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Septoplasty
• Correction of a deviated nasal septum, the dividing
partition separating the right and left nostrils
• Difficulty breathing caused by deviation of
septum that may impede airflow through the
nose
• Removal of cartilage or bone usually required to
restore normal nasal breathing
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. W. fell off his bike which resulted in facial
lacerations and a nasal fracture. His septum
now completely blocks his right nostril. The
surgeon will perform a surgical repair of the
septum. This surgery is called
.
83
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. W. fell off his bike which resulted in facial
lacerations and a nasal fracture. His septum
now completely blocks his right nostril. The
surgeon will perform a surgical repair of the
septum. This surgery is called septoplasty.
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Tracheostomy
• Surgical creation of an
opening into the trachea
through the neck to
provide and secure an
open airway
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Mechanical ventilation
•Ventilator: device that
provides respiratory
assistance for a patient who
is unable to breathe (as
shown in illustration)
86
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Oxygen therapy
•Oxygen administration most
commonly via nasal cannula
•Oxygen delivery through a
flexible catheter that has two
short nasal prongs, as shown in
the illustration
87
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. J. has a history of smoking two packs per
day for 30 years. He is diagnosed with throat
cancer and presents to the hospital for an
excision of the larynx. What is this surgical
procedure called?
88
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. J. has a history of smoking two packs per
day for 30 years. He is diagnosed with throat
cancer and presents to the hospital for an
excision of the larynx. What is this surgical
procedure called? laryngectomy
89
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. M. has accumulated thick mucus in his
lungs due to a prolonged respiratory
infection. As part of his treatment, his head
must be positioned below the affected lung
area. The use of body positioning to facilitate
removal of mucus is called postural
.
90
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. M. has accumulated thick mucus in his
lungs due to a prolonged respiratory
infection. As part of his treatment, his head
must be positioned below the affected lung
area. The use of body positioning to
facilitate removal of mucus is called
postural drainage.
91
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. S. presents to the ED with cyanosis
caused by an obstructed airway. The
physician incises the trachea to open it below
the blockage and restore breathing. An
incision into the trachea is known as
(tracheocentesis, tracheostenosis,
tracheotomy).
92
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. S. presents to the ED with cyanosis
caused by an obstructed airway. The
physician incises the trachea to open it below
the blockage and restore breathing. An
incision into the trachea is known as
(tracheocentesis, tracheostenosis,
tracheotomy).
93
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Once in the recovery room following her
T&A, Mrs. Q. wears a small finger monitor
that provides information regarding her
oxygen saturation in the blood. This fingerclip device is known as a(n) (aspirator,
oximeter, spirometer).
94
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Once in the recovery room following her
T&A, Mrs. Q. wears a small finger monitor
that provides information regarding her
oxygen saturation in the blood. This fingerclip device is known as an (aspirator,
oximeter, spirometer).
95
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
•Bronchoscopy
• Tissue biopsy for detecting
cancer in the lungs
• Removal of obstruction
(tissue or other) or direct
observation of pathological
changes
96
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Thoracentesis
• Removal of fluid from the
pleural space for diagnostic
or therapeutic purposes (see
illustration)
•Throat culture
• Identifies the microbe
(bacterium or fungus) causing
a throat infection, with results
usually available within 2 days
97
7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Arterial blood gas (ABG)
•Magnetic resonance imaging MRI)
•Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
•Sweat test
• Measurement of the amounts of chloride in sweat
• Considered the most reliable test for diagnosis of CF
• Concentration of chloride in sweat of children with cystic
fibrosis two to five times greater than in healthy children
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. visual examination of the bronchi:
2. surgical puncture of the chest:
3. forming an opening (mouth) in the
trachea:
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. visual examination of the bronchi:
bronch/o/scopy
2. surgical puncture of the chest:
thor/a/centesis or thorac/o/centesis
3. forming an opening (mouth) in the trachea:
trache/o/stomy
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
4. visual examination of the larynx:
5. instrument for examining the larynx:
6. incision of the trachea:
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
4. visual examination of the larynx:
laryng/o/scopy
5. instrument for examining the larynx:
laryng/o/scope
6. incision of the trachea: trache/o/tomy
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
7. process of recording radiation or an x-ray:
8. act of measuring oxygen:
9. act of measuring breath (breathing):
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
7. process of recording radiation or an x-ray:
radi/o/graphy
8. act of measuring oxygen: ox/i/metry
9. act of measuring breath (breathing):
spir/o/metry
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pharmacology
•Bronchodilators
• Drugs used to increase
airflow by dilating
constricted airways of the
bronchioles and bronchi
via a metered-dose inhaler
(MDI), as shown in the
illustration
•Corticosteroids
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pharmacology
(continued)
•Nebulized mist treatments
(NMTs)
• Drugs used to deliver
medications as a fine mist
directly into the lungs when
the patient inhales, as
shown in the illustration
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. To reduce airway inflammation in an
asthmatic patient, the doctor prescribes a(n)
(antibiotic, corticosteroid, expectorant).
2. Ms. C. presents with a chief complaint of
shortness of breath upon exertion.
Medication is prescribed to expand the
bronchial airways via an MDI. This
medication is known as a(n) (antihistamine,
bronchodilator, expectorant).
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. To reduce airway inflammation in an
asthmatic patient, the doctor prescribes a
(antibiotic, corticosteroid, expectorant).
2. Ms. C. presents with a chief complaint of
shortness of breath upon exertion.
Medication is prescribed to expand the
bronchial airways via an MDI. This
medication is known as a (antihistamine,
bronchodilator, expectorant).
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Upon inhalation, a fine spray delivers
medication into the lungs. The device used
for this treatment is a(n) (bronchoscope,
intubator, nebulizer).
4. To reduce sputum thickness and increase the
ability to cough it up, the physician
prescribes a(n) (antibiotic, corticosteroid,
expectorant).
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7
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Upon inhalation, a fine spray delivers
medication into the lungs. The device used
for this treatment is a (bronchoscope,
intubator, nebulizer).
4. To reduce sputum thickness and increase the
ability to cough it up, the physician
prescribes an (antibiotic, corticosteroid,
expectorant).
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