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Transcript
Cell Theory 1. The cell is the basic unit of structure. 2. The cell is the basic unit of function. 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells. Cells make up all living things. Cells: Size & Shape • Size and Shape depend upon its function. • Red blood cells are small and disc shaped to fit through the smallest blood vessel. • Muscle cells are long and thin. When they contract they produce movement. • Nerve cells which carry signals to the brain are very long. Functions of Cells Cell Function Cell work together to perform basic life processes that keep organisms alive. Getting rid of body wastes. Making new cells for growth and repair. Releasing energy from food. Parts of a cell Cell Wall Chloroplast Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Nucleus Vacuole Cell Membrane What do plant and animal cells have in common • • • • • Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuole Large in plants; small in animals What DO NOT plant and animal cells have in common • CELL WALL – ONLY PLANTS • CHLOROPLAST – ONLY IN PLANTS • CHLOROPHYLL – ONLY IN PLANTS CELL WALL • The cell wall is the tough, flexible,rigid layer that surrounds plant cells. • protects the cell • gives shape • is made of cellulose • A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi, & most bacteria. CHLOROPLASTS • Green organelles that make food • found only in plant cells CHLOROPHYLL • A green pigment that gives leaves & stems their color • Captures sunlight energy that is used to produce food called glucose • Glucose is a type of sugar Close up on a palisade cell: Cell wall Cell membrane Large vacuole Chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) Nucleus Cytoplasm Photosynthesis equations Carbon dioxide + _____ Sunlight Chlorophyll glucose + _____ Sunlight 6CO2 + 6H20 Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 •SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) •Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy •Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy Chloroplast Things needed for photosynthesis SUNLIGHT Gives the plant energy CHLOROPHYLL WATER Travels up from the roots CARBON DIOXIDE Enters the leaf through small holes on the underneath The green stuff where the chemical reactions happen Chloroplast •No energy transformation is 100% efficient •Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. •Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light) Respiration takes place in animal and plant cells and is the reverse of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis and Respiration Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide Photosynthesis is the reverse of respiration: Water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen VACUOLE • Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell • Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells VACUOLE CONT’D So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together. You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over HOLDING UP THE WALLS MITOCHONDRIA • Organelles that release energy from food • This energy is released by breaking down food into carbon dioxide • AKA the powerhouse b/c they release energy from food • Some muscle cells have 20,000 mitochondria CELL MEMBRANE • Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells • For cells with cell walls,the cell membrane is inside the cell wall • Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell. Nucleus The “brain” of the cell Controls all of the cellular activities DNA is inside the nucleus Nucleus CHROMOSOMES- are found inside the nucleus carry the information that Chromosomes – determines what traits a living thing will have CHROMOSOMES • contains genetic code that controls cell • made of DNA & proteins Chromosomes have small sections called GENES These are blue print for specific traits or physical Characteristics – hair color, height, shape of ears etc. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid has 4 Nitrogen bases that are arranged in sequences or orders which are responsible for a genetic trait. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine Plant /Animal Cell Definitions Nucleus: The organelle that determines all of a plant’s and animal’s cell activities and produces new cells. Cytoplasm: A jellylike substance that contains many chemicals to keep the cell functioning. Chromosomes: Threadlike structures that contain information about plant or animal. Chloroplasts: Organelles that make food for the plant cell. Cell Membrane: A covering that Vacuole: An organelle that stores food, water, and waste. Large in plants. Small in animals. holds the plant and animal cell together and separates it from surroundings and controls movement into and out of cell. Cell Wall: A rigid layer that supports and protects plant cells. Mitochondria: Organelles that release energy from food. Cells produce tissues Tissues produce organs Organs produce organ systems Organs systems produce organisms Tissues, Organs, & Systems • Cells work together to perform a specific function form a TISSUE. • Tissues that work together form an ORGAN. • Organs that work together to perform a function form a SYSTEM. Example: circulatory system. • Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of a tree. And plant cells work together, forming organs, such as roots and leaves. The Circulatory System The human circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart beats to pump blood around the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood to the heart. Capillaries link arteries and veins with tissue to transfer nutrients between blood and cells. heart arteries veins capillaries Next > The Circulatory System The circulation of blood around the body supplies our cells with the nutrients they need and removes the waste products that they produce. heart The liquid part of blood is call plasma. arteries Plasma carries Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. veins Red Blood Cells – carries oxygen to the cell and removes carbon dioxide from the cell. White Blood Cell – fights diseases. Platelets – act like a cork and stop bleeding by clotting. capillaries Next > The Respiratory System Breathing in and out provides the body with the oxygen it needs and removes waste carbon dioxide. When we breathe in, air enters the nose or mouth, and goes down the trachea. trachea lung The diaphragm flattens and the lungs fill with air. diaphragm Next > The Respiratory System The trachea leads to two smaller tubes called bronchi. One bronchi (a bronchus) leads into each lung. These divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. trachea lung bronchus bronchioles diaphragm Next > The Respiratory System Bronchioles end in tiny sac-like structures called alveoli. These are surrounded by capillaries. alveoli capillaries Oxygen passes through the walls of the alveoli and into the blood in these capillaries. Next > The Respiratory System Carbon dioxide passes through the walls of the capillaries, into the alveoli. alveoli capillaries The carbon dioxide is removed (excreted) from the body when we breathe out. Next > The Digestive System Humans have to digest (break down) food to release the energy and nutrients stored in it. mouth Digestion occurs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract begins in the mouth and ends at the anus. anus Next > The Digestive System In the mouth, food is broken into smaller pieces by chewing. Once swallowed, food travels down the esophagus, into the stomach where acids break the food down further. mouth esophagus stomach anus Next > The Digestive System Food then passes into the small intestine where chemicals break the food down into small molecules that can enter the bloodstream. Material that is not needed by the body, or that cannot be digested, passes to the large intestine. stomach small intestine large intestine Next > The Digestive System Much of the fluid from the digestive juices is reabsorbed into the blood. Remaining solid waste is stored in the rectum until it leaves the body via the anus. This is excretion. stomach small intestine large intestine rectum Next > The Excretory System The kidneys are part of the excretory system. They clean our blood. Our cells produce waste products, some of which are poisonous to our bodies. The kidneys filter our blood and remove the waste products. The waste materials combine with excess water to produce urine. kidney Next > The Excretory System Urine travels down the ureter and is stored in the bladder where it can be released when needed via the urethra. kidney ureter bladder urethra Next > The Excretory System • The function of the excretory system is to remove wastes from the body. • Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and ammonia. • The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the excretory system. • The body also removes wastes through sweating. Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates from the skin. The Nervous System The nervous system controls the body’s actions. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. There are two main parts to the nervous system, the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). brain spinal cord The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. Information from the body is carried to the brain via the spinal cord. Next > The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and brain, out to the rest of the body. Information is carried between the CNS, muscles and glands. Glands are groups of cells that produce substances that the body uses. For example, glands produce the saliva in our mouths. Next > The Nervous System • The nervous system connects all the tissues and organs to your brain. • It consists of two parts: The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. • The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. • The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory organs, such as eyes, ears and body nerves. The Endocrine System The Endocrine System is a system of glands that regulates body functions. It consists of glands that send out chemical messages (hormones) to specific areas of the body. Glands control things like body growth, digestion, the male and female sex cells, and the hormones testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. Next > The Skeletal System The human skeleton is made up of bone and cartilage. These tissues make up what is known as an endoskeleton; that is, a skeleton that grows inside the body. It grows steadily with the body and adapts to the requirements of the body at different stages of life. Next > The Skeletal System Your skeleton has four basic functions. Protection: It provides protection to the soft organs of the body. Support: It works with the muscles to provide support so the body can maintain its shape. Movement: It works with the muscles to provide movement. Blood Production: The bone marrow of certain bones produces blood cells. Next > The Muscular System The muscular system is made up of groups of stretchy tissue. Some muscles move joints. They are attached to the skeleton by tendons and always work in pairs. Next > The Muscular System This is because a muscle can only either contract (get tighter and shorter) or be in a relaxed state. One muscle contracts and moves the joint. Then the muscle relaxes and the second muscle contracts and moves the joint in a different direction. The bicep contracts, pulls the front of the arm, and the arm lifts The tricep contracts, pulls the back of the arm, and the arm lowers Next > The Muscular System We are able to move muscles such as those in our arms, legs, fingers and toes, as and when we choose. These are called voluntary muscles because they can be deliberately controlled by us. Other muscles, like the heart, eye and muscles of the intestines, cannot be controlled. They are involuntary muscles. Next > The Muscular System • Voluntary Muscles: move bones and hold your skeleton upright. • Smooth Muscles: contract slowly and move substances through the organs they surround. • Cardiac Muscles: make up the walls of the heart. Their function is to pump blood. The Integumentary System The integumentary system is all the outer parts of your body that protect you from the outside world. It includes skin, hair and nails, from the soles of your feet to the delicate eyelashes that protect your eyes from harmful particles. eyelashes hair skin Next > The Integumentary System Skin protects the body from the harmful effects of the Sun. It helps to regulate temperature and act as a barrier to harmful substances. eyelashes hair skin Next > 2 types of reproduction • Asexual • Sexual The Reproductive System The purpose of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. For reproduction to occur, a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) must meet and fuse together. egg sperm Next >