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Cell Theory
1. The cell is the basic unit of
structure.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
function.
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
Cells make up all
living things.
Cells: Size & Shape
• Size and Shape depend upon its function.
• Red blood cells are small and disc shaped
to fit through the smallest blood vessel.
• Muscle cells are long and thin. When they
contract they produce movement.
• Nerve cells which carry signals to the brain
are very long.
Functions of Cells
Cell Function
Cell work together to perform basic life processes that keep organisms alive.
Getting rid of body wastes.
Making new cells for growth and repair.
Releasing energy from food.
Parts of a cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
What do plant
and animal cells
have in common
•
•
•
•
•
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
Large in plants; small
in animals
What DO NOT plant
and animal cells
have in common
• CELL WALL – ONLY
PLANTS
• CHLOROPLAST –
ONLY IN PLANTS
• CHLOROPHYLL –
ONLY IN PLANTS
CELL WALL
• The cell wall is the tough, flexible,rigid
layer that surrounds plant cells.
• protects the cell
• gives shape
• is made of cellulose
• A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi,
& most bacteria.
CHLOROPLASTS
• Green organelles that
make food
• found only in plant cells
CHLOROPHYLL
• A green pigment that
gives leaves & stems
their color
• Captures sunlight energy
that is used to produce
food called glucose
• Glucose is a type of
sugar
Close up on a palisade cell:
Cell
wall
Cell
membrane
Large
vacuole
Chloroplasts
(containing
chlorophyll)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Photosynthesis equations
Carbon dioxide + _____
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
glucose + _____
Sunlight
6CO2
+ 6H20
Chlorophyll
C6H12O6 + 6O2
•SOLAR energy
radiated from the
sun is captured by
plants(chloroplast)
•Then it is
instantaneously
changed into
ELECTRICAL
energy
•Then packaged as
CHEMICAL energy
Chloroplast
Things needed for photosynthesis
SUNLIGHT
Gives the plant energy
CHLOROPHYLL
WATER
Travels up
from the roots
CARBON DIOXIDE
Enters the leaf through small
holes on the underneath
The green
stuff
where the
chemical
reactions
happen
Chloroplast
•No energy transformation is 100%
efficient
•Not all the solar energy captured is
converted to electrical and then chemical
energy.
•Some of it gets lost as heat or other
forms of energy (light)
Respiration takes place in animal and plant cells and is the
reverse of Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Glucose
+
oxygen
water
+
carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis is the reverse of respiration:
Water
+
carbon dioxide
glucose
+ oxygen
VACUOLE
• Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the
cell
• Vacuoles are more important to the
survival of plant cells than they are to
animal cells
VACUOLE CONT’D
So, when there is no water…the vacuole
shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing
holding the plant together.
You will know that a plant's vacuoles are
shrinking when you see the plant begin to
droop over
HOLDING UP THE WALLS
MITOCHONDRIA
• Organelles that release
energy from food
• This energy is released by
breaking down food into
carbon dioxide
• AKA the powerhouse b/c
they release energy from
food
• Some muscle cells have
20,000 mitochondria
CELL MEMBRANE
• Outer covering, protective
layer around ALL cells
• For cells with cell walls,the
cell membrane is inside the
cell wall
• Allows food, oxygen, & water
into the cell & waste products
out of the cell.
Nucleus
The “brain” of the cell
Controls all of the
cellular activities
DNA is inside the nucleus
Nucleus
CHROMOSOMES- are found inside
the nucleus
carry the information that
Chromosomes – determines what traits a
living thing will have
CHROMOSOMES
• contains genetic code that controls cell
• made of DNA & proteins
Chromosomes have small sections called GENES
These are blue print for specific traits or physical
Characteristics – hair color, height, shape of ears
etc.
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid has 4 Nitrogen
bases that are arranged in sequences or orders
which are responsible for a genetic trait.
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA carries the genetic information of a
cell
Consists of thousands of genes
It specifies everything that is needed for
the maintenance, function, and replication of
the cell
It is made up of 4 different bases:
(A) adenine
(C) cytosine
(T) thymine
(G) guanine
Plant /Animal Cell Definitions
Nucleus: The organelle that
determines all of a plant’s and
animal’s cell activities and
produces new cells.
Cytoplasm: A jellylike
substance that contains
many chemicals to keep
the cell functioning.
Chromosomes: Threadlike
structures that contain
information about plant or
animal.
Chloroplasts:
Organelles that make
food for the plant cell.
Cell Membrane: A covering that
Vacuole: An organelle that
stores food, water, and waste.
Large in plants.
Small in animals.
holds the plant and animal cell
together and separates it from
surroundings and controls movement
into and out of cell.
Cell Wall: A rigid layer that
supports and protects plant
cells.
Mitochondria: Organelles
that release energy from
food.
Cells produce tissues
Tissues produce organs
Organs produce organ
systems
Organs systems produce
organisms
Tissues, Organs, & Systems
• Cells work together to perform a specific
function form a TISSUE.
• Tissues that work together form an ORGAN.
• Organs that work together to perform a function
form a SYSTEM. Example: circulatory system.
• Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of
a tree. And plant cells work together, forming
organs, such as roots and leaves.
The Circulatory System
The human circulatory system
consists of the heart, arteries,
veins and capillaries. The heart
beats to pump blood around
the body.
Arteries carry blood away
from the heart while veins
carry blood to the heart.
Capillaries link arteries and
veins with tissue to transfer
nutrients between blood
and cells.
heart
arteries
veins
capillaries
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The Circulatory System
The circulation of blood around the body
supplies our cells with the nutrients they
need and removes the waste products
that they produce.
heart
The liquid part of blood is call plasma.
arteries
Plasma carries Red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets.
veins
Red Blood Cells – carries oxygen to the cell
and removes carbon dioxide from the cell.
White Blood Cell – fights diseases.
Platelets – act like a cork and stop
bleeding by clotting.
capillaries
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The Respiratory System
Breathing in and out provides the body with the
oxygen it needs and removes waste carbon dioxide.
When we breathe in, air
enters the nose or mouth,
and goes down the trachea.
trachea
lung
The diaphragm flattens
and the lungs fill with air.
diaphragm
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The Respiratory System
The trachea leads to
two smaller tubes
called bronchi. One
bronchi (a bronchus)
leads into each lung.
These divide into
smaller and smaller
tubes called
bronchioles.
trachea
lung
bronchus
bronchioles
diaphragm
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The Respiratory System
Bronchioles end in tiny sac-like structures
called alveoli.
These are surrounded
by capillaries.
alveoli
capillaries
Oxygen passes
through the walls of
the alveoli and into
the blood in these
capillaries.
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The Respiratory System
Carbon dioxide passes
through the walls of
the capillaries, into the
alveoli.
alveoli
capillaries
The carbon dioxide is
removed (excreted)
from the body when
we breathe out.
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The Digestive System
Humans have to digest (break down)
food to release the energy and
nutrients stored in it.
mouth
Digestion occurs in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The GI tract begins in
the mouth and ends at
the anus.
anus
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The Digestive System
In the mouth, food is broken into
smaller pieces by chewing.
Once swallowed,
food travels down
the esophagus, into
the stomach where
acids break the food
down further.
mouth
esophagus
stomach
anus
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The Digestive System
Food then passes into the small intestine where
chemicals break the food down into small molecules
that can enter the bloodstream.
Material that is not
needed by the body, or
that cannot be digested,
passes to the large
intestine.
stomach
small
intestine
large
intestine
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The Digestive System
Much of the fluid from the digestive juices is
reabsorbed into the blood.
Remaining solid waste
is stored in the rectum
until it leaves the body
via the anus. This is
excretion.
stomach
small
intestine
large
intestine
rectum
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The Excretory System
The kidneys are part of the excretory system.
They clean our blood. Our cells produce waste
products, some of which are poisonous to our
bodies.
The kidneys filter our
blood and remove
the waste products.
The waste materials
combine with excess
water to produce
urine.
kidney
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The Excretory System
Urine travels down the ureter and is stored in the
bladder where it can be released when needed via
the urethra.
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
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The Excretory System
• The function of the excretory system is to
remove wastes from the body.
• Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and
ammonia.
• The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make
up the excretory system.
• The body also removes wastes through
sweating. Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates
from the skin.
The Nervous System
The nervous system controls the body’s
actions. It consists of the brain, spinal
cord and nerves.
There are two main parts to the
nervous system, the Central
Nervous System (CNS) and the
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
brain
spinal
cord
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Information from the body is carried to
the brain via the spinal cord.
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The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) consists of nerves that branch
off from the spinal cord and brain, out
to the rest of the body.
Information is carried between the
CNS, muscles and glands.
Glands are groups of cells that
produce substances that the body
uses. For example, glands produce
the saliva in our mouths.
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The Nervous System
• The nervous system connects all the tissues and
organs to your brain.
• It consists of two parts: The central nervous
system and peripheral nervous system.
• The central nervous system consists of brain
and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system consists of
sensory organs, such as eyes, ears and body
nerves.
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is a system of
glands that regulates body functions.
It consists of glands that send out
chemical messages (hormones) to
specific areas of the body.
Glands control things like body
growth, digestion, the male and
female sex cells, and the
hormones testosterone,
estrogen and progesterone.
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The Skeletal System
The human skeleton is made up of
bone and cartilage.
These tissues make up what is
known as an endoskeleton; that
is, a skeleton that grows inside
the body.
It grows steadily with the body and
adapts to the requirements of the
body at different stages of life.
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The Skeletal System
Your skeleton has four basic functions.
Protection: It provides protection to
the soft organs of the body.
Support: It works with the muscles to
provide support so the body can
maintain its shape.
Movement: It works with the muscles
to provide movement.
Blood Production: The bone marrow
of certain bones produces blood cells.
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The Muscular System
The muscular system is
made up of groups of
stretchy tissue.
Some muscles move
joints. They are
attached to the
skeleton by tendons
and always work in
pairs.
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The Muscular System
This is because a
muscle can only either
contract (get tighter
and shorter) or be in a
relaxed state.
One muscle contracts and
moves the joint. Then the
muscle relaxes and the second
muscle contracts and moves
the joint in a different direction.
The bicep contracts,
pulls the front of the
arm, and the arm lifts
The tricep contracts,
pulls the back of the arm,
and the arm lowers
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The Muscular System
We are able to move muscles such as
those in our arms, legs, fingers and
toes, as and when we choose.
These are called voluntary
muscles because they can be
deliberately controlled by us.
Other muscles, like the heart,
eye and muscles of the
intestines, cannot be controlled.
They are involuntary muscles.
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The Muscular System
• Voluntary Muscles: move bones and hold
your skeleton upright.
• Smooth Muscles: contract slowly and
move substances through the organs they
surround.
• Cardiac Muscles: make up the walls of
the heart. Their function is to pump blood.
The Integumentary System
The integumentary
system is all the outer
parts of your body that
protect you from the
outside world.
It includes skin, hair and
nails, from the soles of
your feet to the delicate
eyelashes that protect
your eyes from harmful
particles.
eyelashes
hair
skin
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The Integumentary System
Skin protects the
body from the
harmful effects of the
Sun. It helps to
regulate temperature
and act as a barrier to
harmful substances.
eyelashes
hair
skin
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2 types of reproduction
• Asexual
• Sexual
The Reproductive System
The purpose of the reproductive system is to
produce offspring.
For reproduction to occur,
a male gamete (sperm)
and a female gamete
(egg) must meet and
fuse together.
egg
sperm
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