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Macromolecules
Re-teaching/summary
Organic Molecules
• Organic Molecules are Carbon based
• Why?
• Carbon can form 4 covalent (strong/stable) bonds! (that’s the
max # of bonds an atom can make b/c octet rule)
Carbohydrates
• Elements:
• C, H, O
• 1:2:1 ratio
• Monomer:
• Monosaccharide
• Ex: glucose, galactose & fructose
• Polymer:
• Polysaccharide
• Ex: starch or
cellulose(found in cell walls)
Carbs cont….
• Function:
• Short-term energy
storage
• Cell membranes
• So…..what are they??
• Breads, grains, rice,
pastas, corn,
potatoes, etc..
Lipids
• SUPER Diverse!
• Elements:
• C, H, O
• Monomer
• Glycerol
• Fatty Acids
Lipids cont.…
• Function
• Long-term fat storage
• Triglyceride
• Saturated fats vs Unsaturated fats
•
Solid Fats
Liquid fats (oil)
Lipids cont.
• Function
• Cell membranes
• Phospolipids
• Hydrophilic b/c polar head water loving b/c
attracted to water’s charges
• Hydrophobic b/c nonpolar tail water fearing b/c
no charge
Lipids cont.
• Function
• Cell-to-cell communication
• Steroids
Lipids cont.
• So what are they/where are they…
• Fats and oils that you eat
• Oils, grease, bacon, mayo, cheese, milk, cookies, chips,
bread…seriously almost everything you eat!!!
• Stored as fat in your body (IMPORTANT!!! Otherwise
your body breaks down and eats muscles!!!) broken
down & reused in your body
• Cell membranes (phospholipids)
• Steroids (cell communication)
Proteins
• Elements
• C, H, O, N
• Monomer
• Amino Acids
• Polymer
• Polypeptide
• poly=many, peptide= bonds
holding amino acids together
Proteins
• Function
• …..pretty much everything….. (from hair to
heart)
• Structure
• Determined by Amino Acid sequence
Protein cont.
• 4 types of protein
structure
• Primary (simple chain)
• Secondary (folds OR
coils)
• Tertiary (folds AND coils)
• Quaternary (many
tertiary together)
• **coils & folds held
together by H bonds**
Proteins
• Where are they/how are they used in the body?
• Found in nuts, meat
Nucleic Acids
• Elements
• C, H, O, N, P
• Monomer
• Nucleotide
• Polymer
• DNA
• RNA
Nucleic Acids cont.
• Function
• Carry, express and pass on
genetic traits
• Where is it found?
• DNA ONLY in the nucleus
• RNA found in nucleus and
cytoplasm
• Passed from parents to
offspring and then replicated
millions upon millions of
times!
Reactions
• Reactants
• Atoms/molecules that will….react….to make…
• Products
• Molecules that are…produced….
Reactions
• Dehydration synthesis
• Building/putting together molecules
• MAKE an H2O molecule
• STORE energy
• Hydrolysis
• Breaking apart molecules
• USE up an H2O molecule
• RELEASE energy