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In His Name
1) What is post modernism?
Post modernism is not a method of doing philosophy, but rather a way of
approaching traditional ideas and practice in traditional ways that deviate from
well-established super structural models.
2) What do post modernists believe?
Postmodernists assume that many if not all apparent realities are only social
constructs and are therefore subject to change. It emphasizes the role of language,
power relations and motivations in the formation of ideas and beliefs. In particular
it attacks the use of sharp binary classification such as male versus female, white
versus black.
3) What are some proposed differences between modern and postmodern
thoughts?
Reasoning
Modern
Postmodern
From foundation upwards
Multiple factors of
multiple levels of
reasoning.
Web-oriented.
Science
Universal Optimism
Realism of Limitations
Part/Whole
Parts comprise the whole
The whole is more than
the parts
God
Acts by violating
Top-Down causation
“natural” “laws” or by
“immanence” in
everything.
Language
Referential
Meaning in social context
through usage
4) What are the characteristics of postmodernism?
1. There is no absolute truth
2. Facts and falsehoods are interchangeable.
3. Globalization
4. All religions deserve equal recognition.
5. Morality is personal
6. Pro-environmental
5) What’s the definition of feminism?
Feminism consists of ideas and beliefs about what culture is like for women just
before they are women compared to what the world is like for men just because
they are men. In ethical terms this form or aspect of feminism is descriptive. The
assumption in feminism is that women are not treated equally to men.
6) How are the subject choices among male and female?
 Traditionally female students have tended to avoid math, science and
technology.
 Certain subjects were often seen as “boys’ subject” and “girls’ subject”.
Often girl’s subject has lower statues and lower market value.
7) What are the gender roles in school textbooks?
School textbooks have tended to present males and females in traditional gender
roles. For example: women as mothers and housewives.
8) Name gendered stereotypes.
 Boys are presented more adventurous than girls
 As physically stronger
 As having more choices
 Girls are presented as more caring than boys
 As more interested in domestic matters
 As followers rather than leathers
9) What is the big concern of feminism?
The concern is now the underachievement of boys rather than discrimination
against girls…
10)
What is the definition of feminism? Who is a feminist?
Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing and
defending equal political, economic and social rights for woman. In addition,
feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in education and
employment. A feminist is a person whose beliefs and behavior are based on
feminism.
11)
What did feminist activities campaign for?
Feminist activities campaign for women rights- such as in while also promoting
bodily integrity, autonomy and reproductive rights for women. In the west they
achieved women’s suffrage, gender neutrality in English, and equal pay for
women. They have also advocated for workplace rights including maternity leave,
and against forms of discrimination against women.
12)
Define different values of feminism?
The history of the modern western feminist movement is divided into three waves.
Each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues.
The first wave comprised women’s suffrage movements of the 19th and early 20th
centuries, promoting women’s right to vote.
The second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of women’s liberation
movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and
social equality for women.
The third wave is a continuation of and a reaction to the perceived failures of
second wave feminism beginning in 1990s.
13)
What is pro-feminism?
Pro-feminism is the support of feminism without implying that the supporter is a
member of feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men
who are actively supportive of feminism.
14)
What is anti-feminism?
Anti-feminism is opposition to feminism in some or all form of its forms. In the
19th century anti-feminism who mainly focused on opposition to woman’s suffrage.
Later, opponents argued that education was too great physical burden on women.
Other anti-feminists opposed women’s right to join unions, to sit on juries or to
obtain birth control.
15)
Write a comprehensible definition of interactionism?
In interactionism we can understand that the individual is not only influenced by
his\her environment but she\he also influences his\her environment. The emphasis
is on the person taking an active or constructive part in his\her development.
Interactionism is a social-psychological theory that the self is formed by interacting
with others and that social life depends on that to imagine ourselves in other social
roles.
16)
According to interactionism theory how we can define
interaction?
Interactions take place between two or more individuals and include uses of
language, exchange, confrontation and working with others. The goal of all such
interactions is communication. Through their interactions people become active
participants in crating their social world.
17)
Explain does social actions affect on people’s lives?
Social interactions explain that people negotiate their social world by adapting to
different situations. These situations are largely considered to be the result of
actions taken by others. People take purposive action toward goals and desires
within the restrictive situations in which they find themselves.
18)
Write an explanation of symbolic interaction?
Human behavior is interpreted as a response to the symbolic act of others. The
approach focuses on creating a framework for building a theory that sees society as
the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
19)
In 2 cases compare interactionism with functionalism.
20)
Define Marxism in sociology?
Marxism is summed up as “a theory in which class struggle is a central element in
the analysis of social change in western societies.”
Marxism emphasizes the idea that social life is based upon “conflicts of interest.”
The most fundamental and important of these conflicts is that between bourgeoisie
(those who own and control the means of production in society) and the proletariat
(those who simply sell their labor power in the market place of Capitalism).
21)
What is Marxism attitude toward education?
Marxism believes that the education system mirrors that of working life and
oppresses the working class in the same ways. For example the hierarchy of the
head teachers and teachers etc. is compared to having bosses and people above you
who tell you what to do. Marxists also say that the upper class or middle class
benefit more from education and the way the national curriculum is run so it is
more suited to middle class children. They believe that things like textbooks and
extra stuff for school are only going to be able to be bought by middle or upper
class kids, which mean working class kids won’t ever learn. Also add in all that
stuff about labeling and how teachers discriminate against lower class because of
the past labels and stereotypes etc.
22)
Name and explain five major epochs in Marxism’s human
history?
 Primitive communism: characteristic of early human history where people
held everything in common.
 The ancient epoch (slave society): societies based upon slavery where the
means of production was owned and controlled by aristocratic elite.

Feudal society: where land was the most important means of production.
This was owned\controlled by an aristocratic class, the majority of people
belonging to a peasant class (who had few if any political rights).
 Capitalist society: where technological development (machinery etc) has
allowed a bourgeois class to exploit factory forms of production for their
private gain.
 Communist society: where the means of production are held “in common”
for the benefit of everyone in society (the dictatorship of the proletariat). In
this society class conflict is finally resolved and this represents the “end of
history” since no further form of society can ever develop…
23)
Name two great classes in capitalist society?
 The Bourgeoisie
 The proletariat
24)
Define feminism and give a brief definition of a feminist.
Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, defending
equal political, economic, and social rights for women. A feminist is a "person
whose beliefs and behavior are based on feminism.
25)
Can men be a part of feminism?
Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues, but because feminism seeks
gender equality, some feminists argue that men's liberation is a necessary part of
feminism, and that men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles.
26)
What do feminist activists campaign for? Mention some of them.
Feminist activists campaign for women's rights. These campaigns have changed
societies, particularly in the West, by achieving women's suffrage, , equal pay for
women, and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Feminists have
worked to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment, and
sexual assault.
27)
What does the first wave feminism mean? Explain.
This term refers to the first concerted movement working for the reform of
women's social and legal inequalities in the nineteenth century. The key concerns
of the First Wave Feminists were education, employment, the marriage laws, and
the plight of intelligent middle-class single women
28)
What does the second wave feminism mean? Explain.
The term 'Second Wave' was coined by Marsha Lear, and refers to the increase in
feminist activity which occurred in America, Britain, and Europe from the late
sixties onwards. Second Wave Feminism did not just make an impact upon western
societies, but has also continued to inspire the struggle for women's rights across
the world.
29)
What does the third wave feminism mean? Explain.
When Rebecca Walker, daughter of author Alice Walker and godchild of activist
Gloria Steinem, published an article in Ms. entitled "I Am The Third Wave," it
drew a surprising response. Young women from all over the country wrote letters
informing the magazine of the activist work they were quietly engaged in and
encouraging older feminists and leaders of the women's movement not to write
them off.
30)
What is the key concept in post modern education?
The basic idea is that all knowledge is invented or "constructed" in the minds of
people. Knowledge is not discovered as modernists would claim. In other words,
the ideas teachers teach and students learn do not correspond to "Reality," they are
merely human constructions. Knowledge, ideas and language are created by
people, not because they are "true," but rather because they are useful.
31)
What are postmodern classrooms, teachers and education like?
Student-centered classroom usually involves opportunities for social interaction,
independent investigations and study, and the expression of creativity, as well as
provision for different learning styles. There, students create knowledge, and are
no longer forced to obey objective "knowledge." The teacher would come to
realize that what he or she presents as a 'problem' may be seen differently by the
student. Consequently, the student may produce a sensible solution that makes no
sense to the teacher. To be then told that it is wrong is unhelpful and inhibiting . . .
because it disregards the effort the student put in." Children not taught right from
wrong, even in areas like science and social studies.
32)
What do constructs mean in postmodernism?
Constructs are mental images or ideas that people formulate in order to seek to
understand the world also called “paradigms.” Postmodern theorists believe that
most constructs are devised by those in power, especially white males, in order to
maintain dominance over females and other racial groups. This view is also a
central tenet of Marxism. Postmodernists say we must “deconstruct” all
knowledge, that is, we must eliminate the constructs of those in power and replace
the old constructs with new ones developed by the exploited classes.
33)
What are the values of postmodernism in education? Name and
explain
 Striving for diversity-- guarding, unchanged, the existing values, tastes and
way of life of each subculture in our society.
 Equality--In postmodern ideology, equality means equal in terms of power
relationships
 Tolerance and freedom--tolerance has a new meaning: roughly, never
negating or criticizing oppressed groups. Freedom for cultures and
communities to express themselves
 The importance of creativity--Creativity is clearly allied to the postmodern
emphases on the construction of knowledge and diversity. Stimulating and
affirming creativity in students is important in constructing knowledge and
values, particularly, if diverse viewpoints are to be encouraged
 The importance of emotions-- Affirmation of emotions follows along with
the importance they place on self-esteem. They believe that any time
children's emotions are challenged (even hate or selfish jealousy) the child is
being disabled by having the teacher's reality imposed on her.
 The importance of intuition--intuition gains in importance, because
rational thought has lost its authority as a means for dealing with ideas.
Modernists tend to suppress intuition and feelings, according to
postmodernists, even though they are just as legitimate as and perhaps even
more important than rational, conceptual (or “linear” thought.
34)
Define Interactionism in sociology.
In sociology, Interactionism is a theoretical perspective that derives social
processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) from human
interaction. It is the study of individuals and how they act within society.
OR
A theoretical position assuming that the individual is not only influenced by his/her
environment, but that s/he also influences his/her environment. The emphasis is on
the person taking an active, or constructive, part in his/her development.
35)
What is dramaturgy in the study of Interactionism?
Social interactionists observe how people both create and enact roles in order to
negotiate their social situations in a process called dramaturgy, in much the same
way stage actors play roles on a stage.
36)
What are three possible variations of Interactionism? Explain
each one briefly.
Symbolic Interactionism: or Interactionism for short is one of the major theoretical
perspectives in sociology. This perspective has a long intellectual history,
beginning with the German sociologist and economist, Max Weber (1864-1920)
and the American philosopher, George H. Mead (1863-1931), both of whom
emphasized the subjective meaning of human behavior, the social process, and
pragmatism.
Phenomenology: In sociology, phenomenology seeks to reveal how human
awareness is implicated in the production of social action, social situations and
social worlds.
Ethnomethodology: A branch of the social sciences which is concerned with
exploring how people interact with the world and make sense of reality.
37) What are two aspects of our self-awareness that Mead, father of symbolic
Interactionism, argued?
a. The "I" aspect (self-conception) which largely consists of spontaneous actions.
b. The "Me" aspect (views of others) which consists of an awareness of how other
people expect us to behave at any given moment and in any given situation.
38) What are the basic ideas that Interactionist sociologists have in common?
a. They focus on the way in which individuals act rather than simply react to social
stimulation.
b. The way in which different social actors interpret the behavior of others is
significant as a means of understanding the way in which the world is socially
constructed. This "social construction" of the world is focused upon the meanings
people give to behavior and the way in which they interpret the meaning of
behavior.
c. The social context within which people interact is significant for both their
interpretation of the behavior of others and the way they themselves choose to
behave at any given time.
39) Write a comprehensible defenition of interactionism?
We can understand that the individual is not only influenced by his/her
environment, but that s/he also influences his/her environment. The emphasis is on
the person taking an active, or constructive, part in his/her development
40) According to interactionism theory how we can define interaction?
Interactions take place between two or more individuals , and include all uses of
language , exchange , confrontation , and working with others. The goal of all such
interactions is communication . Through their interactions , people become active
participants in creating their social world.
41) How does social action affect on our life(people lives)?
For social interactionists , people negotiate their social world by adapting to
different situations . These situations are largely considered to be the result of
actions taken by others. People take purposive action toward goals and desires
within the restrictive situations in which they find themselves.
42) Write a comprehensible(accurate) explanation of symbolic interaction?
Human behavior is interpreted as a response to the symbolic act of others.” The
approach focuses on creating a framework for building a theory that sees society as
the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
43) Compare interactionism with functionalism?
Interactionism:
1. Micro-Emphasizes individuals
2. Focus on subjective aspects of social life
3. Studies communication between individuals and groups
4. Communicates with symbols which are meaningful
5. Deviance and individual differences are more tolerated
functionalism:
1. Macro-Emphasizes larger units such as institutions or cultures
2. Demands of roles and social interaction are situational
3. Enforced by sanctions of the group
4. Deviance and individual difference is abnormal
44) What are the functions of education from functionalists’ view? (name 3
functions and explain briefly)
 Socialisation: Education is a secondary agent of socialisation – bridge
between family and society. All societies have to have ways of socializing
new members, and some societies need specialist institutions for
differentiating between people and allocating them to specific levels of
economic activity within their society.
Schools are a miniature society: cooperation, interaction, rules –
universalistic standards. Education enhances social mobility by providing for
social selection based on achieved rather than ascribed characteristics of
individuals.
 Skills provision: The second function is to do with the skills that education
teaches children, from literacy and numeracy to more job-specific skills.
Occupational jobs are becoming more specialized and this in turn will lead
to more years in education.
 Role allocation: Examinations and qualifications are said to allocate people
for their most suited job. The equality of opportunity took place and so
higher talented people are given the most functionally important jobs for the
society.
Davis and Moore examined role allocation. They believe that education
selects talented individuals and allocates them to the most important roles in
society. Higher rewards for jobs such as GP’s and pilots encourages
competition. Davis and Moore believe that education sifts and sorts
according to ability. The Marxist view on educational achievement is greatly
influenced by social class background. Education transmits ruling class
ideology. Melvin Tumin believes that jobs are considered important when
they are highly rewarded.
 social solidarity: Durkheim views education as an entity creating social
solidarity: community, cooperation. It, helped form a more-cohesive social
structure by bringing together people from diverse backgrounds.
 Transforming cultures: Functionalists point to the ironic dual role of
education in both preserving and changing culture. Studies show that, as
students progress through college and beyond, they usually become
increasingly liberal as they encounter a variety of perspectives. Thus, more
educated individuals are generally more liberal, while less educated people
tend toward conservatism. Moreover, the heavy emphasis on research at
most institutions of higher education puts them on the cutting edge of
changes in knowledge, and, in many cases, changes in values as well.
Therefore, while the primary role of education is to preserve and pass on
knowledge and skills, education is also in the business of transforming them.
 Transmitting culture: children receive rewards for following schedules,
following directions, meeting deadlines, and obeying authority.
Education socializes young people into key cultural values such as equality
of opportunity, competition and religious morality. Education is said by
functionalists (especially Durkheim) to emphasize moral responsibilities in
society that people should have towards each other. If these norms were not
passed down through generations then there would be a tendency for
individualism (where people believe that they are more important than social
groups). Citizenship and religious education were introduced as compulsory
subjects in schools to see that young people did things with thought for the
society.
 replacement of the family: A final and controversial function assumed by
education in the latter half of the twentieth century is replacement of the
family. Many issues of career development, discipline, and human
sexuality—once the domain of the family—now play a routine part in school
curriculum. Parents who reject this function of education often choose to
home-school their children or place them in private schools that support their
values.
45)
How does education lead to Socialisation in a society?:
Socialisation
46)
Why do some parents home-school their children?
replacement of the family
47)
Name some good points regarding functionalists’ perspective on
education.
 Structural perspective enables analysis to move beyond the level of
the classroom or individual school.
 Links schools to systemic needs of the wider society.
 Identifies schools as transmitters of knowledge, norms and values and
as a selecting mechanism.
Name 3 critical views on the functionalists’ ideas about education.
48)
Naturally, functionalist have been criticised for their optimistic
nature.
 Functionalism does not appear to offer a satisfactory account of conflict
within educational systems. The goals and purposes of education are not
generally agreed by professionals and employees within it.
 It fails to deal adequately with the content of the curriculum and teacher-pupil
interaction in the classroom.
 some criticise the skills and knowledge taught in schools and believes that
they teach things irrelevant to the world of work. Many school subjects are
irrelevant & do not teach work skills.
 It treats individuals as if they were the "puppets" of society. "Nothing more
than the product of the societal norms and values which they internalise
through their experiences of socialisation in the home, school, workplace
etc."
 Overstates the extent to which education serves the 'common good'.
Underestimates interests of dominant groups.
 School is a 'black box'. Does not investigate the 'meaning' of education for
its participants.
 Too much emphasis on power of school to shape attitudes. People seen as
'cultural dopes'.
49)
What types of interactionism are there traditional classroom?
Explain one.

learner - content, learner - learner, learner - instructor, and learner –
interface
 Learner-Instructor Interaction
In the traditional classroom, the instructor often takes center stage and
becomes a lecturer; in the
Web-based format, the instructor becomes
more of a facilitator. Despite the differences, the interaction between the
student and teacher is as crucial in the Web-based classroom as it is in any
learning environment. Some researchers have indicated that the quality of
interactions in the Web-based courses between students and instructors
were equal to, or better than, interactions in the traditional courses.
50)
How dissimilar is the learner-Instructor interaction in web-based
course and traditional classroom?
In the traditional classroom, the instructor often takes center stage and
becomes a lecturer; in the Web-based format, the instructor becomes more
of a facilitator. Despite the differences, the interaction between the student
and teacher is as crucial in the Web-based classroom as it is in any learning
environment. Some researchers have indicated that the quality of
interactions in the Web-based courses between students and instructors were
equal to, or better than, interactions in the traditional courses.
51)
How should be the relationship between student and instructor?
the relationship between student and technology should work in tandem to
promote online learning. The technological tools themselves are neutral
(Payne, 2002); therefore, the manner in which students interact with the
technology is what impacts on their learning.
52)
Name three advantages of distance learning?
1.Convenience: Technological tools, implementing distance learning can
provade advantages in terms of costs reduction. Both for the students and for
the teachers.
2. Flexibility: several distance learning systems allow the students to attend
the course when they prefer, for example, during the night or in the early
aftenoon.
3. Efficacy: Distance learning is not only convenient, but also effective.
Good Luck
Parvaneh Mohammadi