Download Unit 6 Study Guide

AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
STUDYING AND BUILDING MEMORIES
A. Studying Memory
» Terms to Know:
1. Memory
B. Memory Models
» Terms to Know:
2. Encoding
3. Storage
4. Retrieval
5. Parallel processing
6. Sensory memory
7. Short-term memory
8. Long-term memory
9. How is the information-processing model used to describe memory?
10. How does the connectionism model view memories?
11. What are the 3 stages of the Atkinson and Shiffrin memory model?
C. Working Memory
» Terms to Know:
12. Working memory
13. As you integrate new memory inputs with existing long-term memories, your attention is focused.
What did Baddeley (2002) suggest handles this focused processing?
14. What is the correct order of these memory stages: long-term memory, sensory memory,
working/short-term memory?
BUILDING MEMORIES: ENCODING
A. Dual-Track Memory: Effortful vs. Automatic Processing
» Terms to Know:
15. Explicit (declarative) memories
16. Effortful processing
17. Automatic processing
18. Implicit (nondeclarative) memories
19. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, how do we encode explicit memories?
20. Outside of the Atkinson-Shiffrin stages, how are implicit memories produced?
B. Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories
» Terms to Know:
21. Procedural memory
22. How do we automatically process information about space?
AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
23. How do we automatically process information about time?
24. How do we automatically process information about frequency?
C. Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories
25. How can effortful processing become automatic?
D. Sensory Memory
» Terms to Know:
26. Iconic memory
27. Echoic memory
28. How does sensory memory work?
E. Capacity of Short-Term and Working Memory
29. How many bits of information did George Miller (1956) propose that short-term memory can
retain?
30. What is the capacity of our short-term memory?
31. What is the capacity of our working memory?
F. Effortful Processing Strategies
» Terms to Know:
32. Chunking
33. Mnemonics
34. Acronym
35. Hierarchies
36. How does the peg-word system use visual-imagery to remember items?
37. How can hierarchies aid in retrieval of information?
G. Distributed Practice
» Terms to Know:
38. Spacing effect
39. Hermann Ebbinghaus
40. Testing effect
41. Why does distributed practice result in better long-term recall?
42. When studying for a test, why are spaced study and self-assessment better than rereading the
material?
H. Levels of Processing
» Terms to Know:
43. Shallow processing
44. Deep processing
AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
45. Which type of processing best prepares you to recognize verbal information at a later time?
I. Making Material Personally Meaningful
» Terms to Know:
46. Self-reference effect
47. Often times we remember what we encoded rather than the initial information we were to learn.
How can we avoid this?
48. What would be the most effective strategy to learn and retain a list of names of key historical
figures for a week? For a year?
MEMORY STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
A. Memory Storage
49. What is the capacity of long-term memory?
50. Are our long-term memories processed and stored in specific locations? Why or why not?
B. Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus
51. The hippocampus is a temporal-lobe neural center located in the limbic system, and acts as the
brain’s equivalent of a “save” button. Damage to this area disrupts the recall of __________
memories.
52. With left-hippocampus damage, people have trouble remembering
_________________________________, but have no trouble recalling
______________________________________. With right-hippocampus damage, the problem is
reversed.
53. The rear area of the hippocampus processes ____________________ memory.
C. Implicit-Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
54. How does the cerebellum play a role in memory?
55. How does the basal ganglia play a role in memory?
56. Why do we experience infantile amnesia (for the most part, our first 3 years is blank)?
D. The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory
» Terms to Know:
57. Flashbulb memories
58. How do emotions affect our memory processing?
AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
E. Synaptic Changes
» Terms to Know:
59. Long-term potentiation
RETRIEVAL: GETTING INFORMATION OUT
A. Measuring Retention
» Terms to Know:
60. Recall
61. Recognition
62. Relearning
63. What does Ebbinghaus’s retention curve demonstrate?
B. Retrieval Cues
» Terms to Know:
64. Retrieval cues
65. Priming
66. Context-dependent memory
67. State-dependent memory
68. Mood congruent
69. Serial position effect
FORGETTING, MEMORY CONSTRUCTION, AND MEMORY IMPROVEMENT
A. Forgetting
» Terms to Know:
70. Anterograde amnesia
71. Retrograde amnesia
B. Encoding Failure
72. How can age affect encoding efficiency?
C. Storage Decay
» Terms to Know:
73. Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
D. Retrieval Failure
» Terms to Know:
74. Proactive interference
75. Retroactive interference
76. Positive transfer
77. Motivated forgetting
78. Repress
79. Why did Sigmund Freud believe we repress painful or unacceptable memories?
80. How did Freud believe repressed memories could be retrieved?
81. Do current memory researchers believe that people repress memories?
AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
MEMORY CONSTRUCTION ERRORS
A. Misinformation and Imagination Effects
» Terms to Know:
82. Misinformation effect
83. Imagination inflation
84. Why did researchers Bernstein & Loftus (2009) believe that to some degree, all memories are
false?
B. Source Amnesia
»Terms to Know:
85. Source amnesia (source misattribution)
86. Déjà vu
87. What is the best explanation for one’s experience of déjà vu?
C. Discerning True and False Memories
88. Why is it nearly impossible to sift suggested ideas out of the larger pool of real memories?
89. How reliable are young children’s eyewitness descriptions?
90. Why are reports of repressed and recovered memories so hotly debated?
D. Improving Memory
» Terms to Know:
91. SQ3R study technique (survey, question, read, retrieve, review)
92. How can you use memory research findings to do better in this and other courses?
THINKING, CONCEPTS, AND CREATIVITY
A. Thinking and Concepts
» Terms to Know:
93. Cognition
94. Concepts
95. Prototypes
96. What are the functions of concepts?
B. Creativity
» Terms to Know:
97.Convergent thinking
98. Divergent thinking
99. What is creativity, and what fosters it?
AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
Robert Sternberg’s 5
Components of
Creativity
100. Expertise
Explanation
101. Imaginative thinking
skills
102. A venturesome
personality
103. Intrinsic motivation
104. A creative
environment
105. How can one boost the creative process?
SOLVING PROBLEMS AND MAKING DECISIONS
A. Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
» Terms to Know:
106. Algorithms
107. Heuristics
108. Insight
109. Foresight
110. Confirmation bias
111. Fixation
112. Mental set
113.. How are a perceptual set and mental set different?
B. Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments
» Terms to Know:
114. Intuition
115. Representative heuristic
116. Availability heuristic
117. Overconfidence
118. Belief perseverance
119. Framing
120. How can representative and availability heuristics influence our decisions and judgments?
121. How can framing be a powerful persuasion tool?
122. What are the pros and cons of using intuition?
AP PSYCH UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – COGNITION
THINKING AND LANGUAGE
A. Language Structure
» Terms to Know:
123. Language
124. Phonemes
125. Morphemes
126. Grammar
127. Syntax
128. What are the structural components of a language?
B. Language Development
» Terms to Know:
129. Receptive language
130. Productive language
131. Babbling stage
132. One-word stage
133. Two-word stage
134. Telegraphic speech
135. What are the milestones in language development?
C. Explaining Language Development
» Terms to Know:
136. Noam Chomsky
137. Universal grammar
138. Statistical learning
D. The Brain and Language
» Terms to Know:
139. Aphasia
140. What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?
E. Language and Thought
» Terms to Know:
141. Linguistic determinism
142. Bilingual advantage
143. What is the relationship between language and thinking?
144. What is the value of thinking in images?