Download Memory

Types of Long-Term Memory
Explicit Memories
• Episodic Memories
• Semantic Memories
Implicit Memories
• Procedural Memories
• Emotional Memories
• Conditioned Memories
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Types of Long Term Memory
• Explicit memory
– Memory for information we can readily express
and are aware of having
– This information can be intentionally recalled
– Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events
in a specific time and place
– Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and
concepts not linked to a specific time
Types of Long Term Memory
• Implicit memory
– Memory for information that we cannot readily
express and may not be aware of having
– Cannot be intentionally retrieved
– Procedural memories: Motor skills and habits
– Emotional memories: Learned emotional
responses to various stimuli
Implicit vs. Explicit
• Lets practice
– When you take this unit test will you be using
implicit or explicit memory?
• Explicit
– Riding a bike?
• Implicit
– Explaining how to tie a shoe step by step?
• Explicit
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
recall
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositionsclassical and
operant
conditioning
effects
Brain structures
• Hippocampus: turns STM into LTM
• The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to
the seahorse, from the Greek hippos meaning
"horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster")
Storage
• Variety of Strategies
– Maintenance/Rote Rehearsal
• Repeating information over and over
• Great for STM
– Elaborative Rehearsal
• More effective for LTM
• Relating new information to old information
you know well.
• Meaning is assigned to new info and then
linked to as much existing knowledge as
possible.
• Ex: relating perspectives, stats/research,
memory, & bio unit to rest of year!
Maintaining Long-Term Memory
– Repetition can result in long-term memory
– Only effective if there is intent to learn material
– Examples when there is no intent:
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What color is on top on a stop light?
How many sides does a stop sign have?
Which color is the top stripe on the US Flag?
What direction is Lincoln facing on the five dollar bill?
How many chairs are in this room?
Draw a penny
Forgetting
Can you draw a penny?
How does our brain store long-term
memories?
• Memories do NOT reside in single specific
spots of our brain.
•They are not electrical (if the electrical activity
were to shut down in your brain, then restartyou would NOT start with a blank slate).
How are the Memories Stored?
Synaptic Changes
Long-Term Potentiation
(LTP) A long-lasting
change in the structure
or function of a synapse
that increase the
efficiency of neural
transmission.
It’s a form of rehearsal, but for our neurons
Stress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress-related or
otherwise) make for stronger memories.
Hormones such as Epinephrine act on brain
centers in the brain
Extreme stress undermines learning and later
recall
How does this apply to an exam?
Where Are Memories Stored?