Download Emergency First Aid Course

1
Welcome to your:
Emergency First Aid Course
Your Instructor is:
Mr. Tom Gourley
Emergency Medical Supplies
2
Introduction
• Trainer Introduction
• Course register
• Health & Safety
– Fire drill etc.
• Course Format
Areas Covered in this Session
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Human Anatomy
What is first aid
Aims of first aid
The Responsibilities of the First Aider
Delegation / Confidence / Communication
Incident / Casualty priorities
Multiple casualties
Staying Safe during First Aid DANGER
Telephone the Emergency Services 999
4
Human Anatomy (remind/revise)
1. Trachea
1
2. Lungs
3. Heart
4. Liver
5. Stomach
2
6. Pancreas
7. Large intestine
8. Small intestine
3
4
7
5
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8
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Circulatory System
5
Veins
Aorta
Action of muscles around
these thin walled vessels
squeezes blood through
them, and one-way valves
keep it from flowing back
towards the heart
Largest artery in the
body
Arteries
Strong muscular, elastic walls
enable arteries to expand
with each surge of blood
away from the heart and
towards tissues
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
6
Circulatory System
7
The Heart
Functions of the Blood
8
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Transportation of gases
Nutrition
Regulation
Protection
Excretion
9
Pulse Points
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
The Respiratory System
10
Tongue
Respirtory
Centre
(Brain)
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lung
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Alveoli
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
11
Define Respiration
Respiration is the exchange of gases, oxygen
and carbon dioxide, which takes place in the
lungs and cells of the body.
Take in oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
What is First Aid
12
• The treatment given for any injury, or sudden
illness before the arrival of an ambulance,
doctor or any other qualified person.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
The Aims of First Aid
13
• To Preserve life
• To Prevent the condition
getting worse
• To Promote recovery
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Responsibilities of First Aider
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• Incident Management - Assess the situation /
get help
• Casualty Care - Protect casualty and others
from Danger
• Assess the casualty
• Identify casualty’s injury / Illness
• Provide treatment
• Arrange transport
• Remain with the casualty
• Prevent cross infection
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Approach and Action
15
• Assess the situation
• Telephone for help
• Assess any further danger
– Can you cope
– Do you need assistance
• Begin Treatment
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
16
Primary Assessment
Danger your present environment
Responses of your casualty
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Road Traffic Accidents
17
Speed Kills
Make the accident site safe
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
18
Levels of Response (AVPU)
Alert
responds appropriately / aware of place / time
Verbal
responds in some manner to voice
Pain
responds in some manner to painful stimuli
Unresponsive
Does not respond to painful stimuli
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
19
Airway
• Before opening the airway (check) for any
obstructions and remove (clear) them if
possible
• By tilting the head back and lifting the chin
forward, the tongue is drawn away (open)
from the back of the throat. Suspected Spinal
injuries will differ, majority are conscious.
• In an unconsciousness casualty the tongue
may fall back to block the airway.
Airway
20
OPEN
AIRWAY
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Breathing Rates
21
Average Breathing Rates
Adults
12 – 20 times per minute
Infants and
young children
20 - 30 times per minute
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Inspired and Expired Air
22
Inspired Air
Other
Gases
1%
Expired Air
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Carbon
Dioxide
4%
Other
Gases
1%
Breathing
23
IF ABSENT BREATHE FOR YOUR
CASUALTY !
Look, Listen & Feel up to 10seconds
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Self Protection
24
ALWAYS
WEAR GLOVES
When dealing with blood
or body fluids
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Staying Safe during First Aid
25
• Blood and Bodily Fluid
– HIV
– Hepatitis B
– Always
wear protective gloves and goggles
when dealing with blood and body fluids
• Environmental Hazards
– Traffic
– Electrical Wires
– Gas Leak
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Emergency Services 999
26
Always Give the Following Information:
Name and telephone number
• Give exact location
• Type of incident
• Seriousness of incident
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Number of casualties
Condition of casualties
Any hazards
DON'T HANG UP THE PHONE UNTIL
YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO !
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
27
Multiple Casualties
Assess Danger
Remove Danger
Assess Casualties responses
Assess Casualties A.B.C
4 X B’s
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Immediate Care Conditions
28
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Lack of Airway
Lack of Breathing
Lack of Pulse
Suspected Spinal Injury
Shock
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Life Threatening Conditions
29
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Asphyxia
Bleeding
Cardiac arrest
Shock
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Principles of Resuscitation
30
• For life to be sustained,:
– A constant supply of oxygen must be maintained
and delivered to the brain and other vital organs by
circulating the blood.
• The “pump” that maintains this circulation:
– Is the heart. If the heart stops (cardiac arrest)
urgent action must be taken if death is to be
prevented.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
31
Lay Rescuer CPR Guidelines
• Establish that the casualty is unresponsive
– Dial 112/999 ask for cardiac ambulance
• Open the Airway
– Head tilt/chin lift or, if trauma is suspected, jaw
thrust.
– Check for normal breathing.
– (look, listen, feel)
• If normal breathing is absent
– Give 2 slow breaths (2 seconds per breath)
– Ensure adequate chest rise, and allow exhalation
between breaths.
32
Lay Rescuer CPR Guidelines
• Check for signs of circulation
– Normal breathing, coughing, or movement in
response to the 2 breaths
– If signs of circulation are present but there is no
normal breathing, provide rescue breathing
– 1 breath every 6 seconds, about 10 breaths per
minute
• If no signs of circulation are present,
– Begin cycles of 15 chest compressions (about 100
compressions per minute) followed by 2 slow
breaths
Circulation
33
IF NO PULSE PRESENT
COMMENCE CARDIAC MASSAGE !
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Speed is Essential
34
• CPR if Commenced within 3 Minutes of Arrest
can Prevent Permanent Brain Damage
• Buys Time to Allow Successful Defibrillation
by Trained personnel
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
The Chain of Survival
35
Early
Access
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Early
CPR
Early
Defibrillation
Early
Advanced
Cardiac Care
36
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Making a Diagnosis
37
Secondary Survey
Monitor Vital Signs
Breathing
Pulse
Skin Colour
Temperature
Level of response
Complete Top to Toe Survey
Complete Definitive Treatments
Top to Toe Survey
38
1. Head
2. Neck
4. Shoulders
3. Chest
6. Abdomen
5. Upper Limbs
7. Pelvis Lower
Back
8. Lower Limbs
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Sequence of examination.
39
External Clues
If casualty is Unconscious
Look for Clues
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment Priorities
40
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ABC
Maintain airway (Recovery position)
Bleeding
Treat large wounds and burns
Immobilise bone and joint injuries
Other injuries / Conditions
Regularly monitor casualty ABC
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Reporting
41
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Casualty’s name
Casualty’s address
History of the incident
Description of any injuries
Any unusual behavior
Treatment given
Breathing
Pulse
Response level
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Patient Interview
42
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S
A
M
P
L
E
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past Medical History
Last Meal
Events
Dressings & Bandages: Uses
43
• Dressings
– Control bleeding
– Reduce infection
• Bandages
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Direct pressure
Securing dressings etc
Reduce swelling, support limbs
Restrict movement
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Rules for Applying Dressings
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Wear disposable gloves
If possible, wash hands
Correct size
Place pad directly onto wound
Avoid touching wound
Try not to cough or sneeze
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
General Rules for Bandaging
45
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Explain and reassure
Posture
Support
Your positioning
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Natural hollows
Apply bandages firmly
Exposure of digits
Check circulation
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Preventing Cross Infection
46
• Always wash your hands
– Before dressing a wound
• Wear disposable gloves
• Avoid touching the wound
• Do not sneeze or cough
– When treating a wound
• Place soiled dressing in suitable bag
– Seal and destroy by incineration
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
The Choking Casualty
47
Recognition
• Cannot Breathe
• Cannot Speak
• Cannot Cough
• May Clutch Throat
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
48
Effects of Fume Inhalation
Carbon monoxide
Vehicle exhausts, chimneys
– headache, confusion
– aggression, nausea
– vomiting, incontinence
– dusky skin, red tinge
– unconsciousness
Carbon dioxide
Deep enclosed spaces
– Breathlessness
– headache
– Hypoxia
– confusion
– unconsciousness
Smoke
Fires
– coughing
– swollen air passages
– unconsciousness
– soot around nose
– burns
Solvents & Fuels
Glues, lighter fluid
– headache, vomiting
– stupor
– unconsciousness
– death
Treatment for Asthma
49
• Ensure A, B, C
• Reassure the patient.
• Position patient up-right
– Leaning forward.
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Ensure a good air supply.
Monitor vital signs.
Assist with medication.
999?
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Medical Assistance for Asthma
50
Seek medical assistance if:
• First attack or is severe
• Inhaler has no effect after 5-10 minutes
• Casualty is getting worse
• Breathlessness makes talking difficult
• Exhaustion
• Unconsciousness
– ABC, Resuscitate if necessary
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Causes of Shock
51
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Blood loss
Heart attack
Allergic reaction
Loss of body fluids
Massive infection
Damage to spinal nerves
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Shock - First Signs
52
RECOGNITION:
– (adrenaline causes)
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Rapid pulse
Pale gray skin
Cold clammy skin
Sweating
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
53
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment for Shock
54
Blood Loss 2-3 pints
MODERATE LOSS
2 to 3 pints (20% - 30%)
Pulse
Skin
Colour
slightly raised
cold and sweaty
pale
Pupils
dilating, but equal
Breathing
Consciousness
History
Peripheral Temp.
General Condition
slightly raised
light headed, faint
constant observation and
monitoring of vital signs to
determine medical progress
cool
becoming unstable
55
Blood Loss over 3 pints
SEVERE LOSS
over 3 pints (30% and over)
Pulse
Skin
Colour
Pupils
Breathing
Consciousness
History
Peripheral Temp.
General Condition
fast, light, thready
cold and clammy
pale - cyanosed
dilated and equal, slow to react
to light
deep sighing - air hunger
apathetic, low pain threshold
may become thirsty and suffer
from blurred vision
cold
poor, could prove fatal
Causes of Fainting
56
• Temporary reduction of blood flow
to the brain
• Reaction to pain or fright
• Emotional upset
• Exhaustion
• Lack of food
• Long periods of standing
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Recognition of Fainting
57
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Brief loss of consciousness
Fall to the floor
Slow pulse
Pallor
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment for Fainting
58
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Raise and support lower limbs
Fresh air, open window
As they recover reassure casualty
Assist casualty to sit up
Treat any injuries
If unconsciousness persists
Call for the ambulance
59
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
60
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The name given to a major Allergic reaction
within the body;
Causes:
Specific drugs
Stings
Ingestion of certain foods (peanuts)
Chemical released into the blood stream
causing the blood vessels to dilate thus
restricting the airway.
Severe Allergies
61
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Anxiety
Blotchy skin
Swelling of face
Swelling of neck
Puffiness around eyes
Breathing difficulties
Rapid pulse
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment of Severe Allergies
62
• Relieve Breathing
• Epi-pen
999
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Heart Attack Treatment
66
Your aims are;
• Make casualty comfortable
• Phone for ambulance
• Monitor vital signs
• Reassure
• Prepare to resuscitate
if necessary
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
First aid priorities
71
• Control blood loss
– Pressure, Elevation
• Minimise shock
• Protect from infection
• Hospital
The nature of the
wounding force
determines the type of
wound and influences
its treatment.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Types of Bleeding
72
• Arterial
• Venous
• Capillary
Always
wear protective gloves and
goggles when dealing with
blood and body fluids
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Wound Types
73
Contusion
Laceration
Incised
Puncture
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Bleeding Control
74
Pressure
Elevation
Shock
Infection
999
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Internal Bleeding
75
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Bruising / Rigid abdomen
Tender abdomen
Guarding stomach
Symptoms of shock
Bleeding from orifices
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Internal Bleeding
76
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Lungs
Stomach
Kidneys
Upper / Lower Bowel
Fractured base of skull
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment - Internal Bleeding
77
• A, B, C
• Treat for shock
– Elevate lower limbs if possible
– Place in the recovery position
if patient becomes
unconscious
– Reassure
– Monitor vital signs
– Urgent removal to hospital
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
78
Scalp & Head Wounds
Treatment;
• Displace skin flaps (Split wounds)
• Apply direct pressure (Sterile dressing, secure)
• Lay casualty down slightly raised head &
shoulders
• Unconscious ABC (Recovery position)
Lots of blood, Possible underlying injury
79
Minor Wounds
• Minor wounds may need medical help
– Dog bite,
– Infected
– Embedded object etc.
• Minor bleeding
• Foreign bodies
• Bruises
HYGIENE
Bleeding from Orifices
80
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Mouth
Ear
Nose
Anus
Urethra
Vagina
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
81
Various Injuries
• Palm wounds
• Bleeding varicose veins
• Wounds at joint creases
Eye Injury
82
• Provide support for the casualty’s head
• Give the casualty a sterile dressing to
hold on the eye
• Arrange removal to hospital
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
83
Types of Head Injury
All Head Injuries Are Serious;
• Wounds to the scalp
• Fracture of the skull
• Concussion
• Cerebral compression
84
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Fractured Skull
Recognition of Concussion
85
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Brief or partial loss of consciousness
Nausea,
Dizziness on recover
Memory loss
Cerebral Compression
86
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Noisy slow respiration's
Slow, full and bounding pulse
Flushed face
Diminished level of response
– going into unconsciousness
• Unequal or dilated pupils
• Intense headache
87
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Fractured Skull
Causes of Unconsciousness
88
F
Fainting
S Stroke
H Heart Attack
I
Infantile convulsion
A
Asphyxia
P
Poison
E
Epileptic Fit
S Shock
H Head injury
D Diabetes
Types of Muscles
89
Voluntary
Biceps etc.
Tendons
Involuntary
Operate vital organs
Heart etc.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
90
Soft Tissue Injuries
Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
91
Sprains are injuries due to:
• Stretching or tearing ligaments
or other tissues at a joint.
• Caused by a sudden twist or
stretch of a joint beyond it’s
normal motion
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Soft Tissue Injuries - Sprains
92
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The Symptoms of a Sprain are:
Pain on movement
Swelling
Tenderness
Discoluration
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
93
• A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon
caused by over-exertion.
• In severe cases muscles or tendons are torn
and the muscle fibres are stretched.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
94
Soft Tissue Injuries - Strains
The Symptoms of a strain are;
• Intense pain
• Moderate swelling
• Painful movement
• Difficult movement
• Sometimes, discolouration
Soft Tissue injuries
Treatment (RICER)
95
• Rest the injured part.
• Apply Ice or cold compress.
– (15-20mins)
• Compress the injury.
• Elevate the injured part.
• Rehabilitate / Recuperation
IF IN DOUBT - TREAT AS A
FRACTURE !
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
96
Rehabilitation
Stop moaning I haven’t started yet…
Functions of the Skeleton
97
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Support
Movement
Protection
Produce blood cells
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Definition of a Fracture
98
Definition;
• A broken or cracked bone
CAUSES:
TYPES
Direct force
Open/Closed
Indirect force
Stable/Unstable
Muscular action
Greenstick
Disease
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Simple Fracture
99
Simple:
This is a clean break or
crack in the bone
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Comminuted Fracture
100
Comminuted:
This is a type of fracture
that produces multiple bone
fragments
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Green-Stick Fracture
101
Green stick:
A split in a young, immature
bone. Most common in children
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Open Fracture
102
The exposed bone is
Vulnerable to contamination
Open:
In a open fracture, part of
the bone breaks through the
skin causing bleeding
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Wound
Closed Fracture
103
Closed:
The surrounding skin is
unbroken.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Open Fractures
104
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Cover wound, apply dressing
Place padding over and around the wound
Secure dressing and padding
Immobilise injured part
999
Treat casualty for shock
N.B. Nothing to eat or drink
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Closed Fractures / Dislocations
105
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Support injured part
Secure injured part
999
Circulation
– (10 minutes)
• N.B. Traction in extreme locations
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Assessment of Injuries
106
• History: (Ask the casualty what happened)
– Violent blow or fall
– Snapping sound
– Sharp pain
• Compare:
– One side of the body against another
• Visualise:
– Try and imagine what happened
• X-ray:
– Injury may not be obvious
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Assessment of injuries
107
Recognition;
• Difficulty moving limbs
• Pain made worse by movement
• Distortion
• Coarse grating at bone ends
• Shock (Femur, Ribcage, Pelvis)
• Shortening, bending or twisting
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Dislocations
108
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Partial or full displacement of bones at a joint
Tears ligaments
Associated fracture
External wrenching force
Violent muscle contraction
Do not attempt to replace joint
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Injuries to the face and jaw
109
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Maintain airway
Possible spinal injury
Possible head injury
Reduce swelling
Hospital treatment
The Human Spine
110
• Spinal Cord
– Composed of nerve fibres
Cervical 7
• Intervertebral discs
– Padding or cushioning
Thoracic 12
– Gristle
Lumbar 5
4 coccyx (fused)
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Sacrum
5 (fused)
Spinal Injuries
111
Three things are required;
• A high index of suspicion.
• Acute observation.
• Dexterous and gentle handling.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Spinal Injury
112
Your aims are;
• To prevent further injury
• Arrange removal to hospital
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment of Spinal Injuries
113
• Call for an ambulance.
– do not attempt to treat casualty on your own
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Support head and neck.
Instruct casualty not to move.
Reassurance.
Do not move casualty unless in extreme
danger.
IF IN DOUBT
TREAT AS A SPINAL INJURY
Principles of Lifting
114
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Assess the Task - Area - Load
Bend the knees
Broad stable base
Back straight (Not necessarily vertical)
Firm grip with palm of hand
Arms in line with trunk
Weight close to center of gravity
Turn feet in direction of movement
“LIFT WITH THE LEGS”
Types and Causes of Burns
115
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Dry Burn
Scald
Electrical Burn
Chemical Burn
Radiation
Friction Burn
Cold Burn
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Fire- Domestic appliances
Hot liquids - Steam
Low and high voltage - Lightning
Industrial & Domestic chemicals
Sunburn - Exposure to radiation
Fast moving belts – Machinery
Bare skin contacting ice etc.
Burns
116
Superficial
Partial
Thickness
Full
Thickness
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment of Minor Burns
117
Your Aim Is;
• Halt the burning process
• Relieve the swelling
• Relieve the pain
• Minimise risk of infection
• Seek medical advice
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Treatment of Severe Burns
118
Your Aim Is To Ensure;
• Scene safety
• A, B, C
• Halt the burning process,
• Relieve pain
• Treat for shock
– Resuscitate if necessary
– Treat associated injuries
– Minimise the risk of
infection
– Arrange urgent removal to
hospital
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Heat Exhaustion
119
• Recognition
– Wet / sweaty appearance, Fatigue / Pale look
– Headaches with possible cramps
• Treatment
– Remove from offending environment
– Fan / cool patient
– Provide cool drink
– Advise to see doctor or dial
999 if they
deteriorate
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Heat Stroke
120
• Recognition
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Hot dry red skin
Rapid Lowered level of consciousness
Nausea and/or vomiting
Body temperature above 40ºC (104ºF)
• Treatment
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Remove from offending environment
Dial 999 for an Ambulance
Cool patient with cold, wet sheets
Nothing by mouth
Hypothermia
121
General cooling of body
Mild Hypothermia
– Shivers - Cool body
– < 98.6 temperature
Severe Hypothermia
– No Shivers
– Sluggishness
– Lowered level of
consciousness
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Hypothermia
122
• Treatment
– Remove from offending
environment
– Remove wet clothing
– Insulate with blanket or
covers
• Mild
– Offer hot drink
• Severe
– Activate EMS
– Provide source of heat
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Define Diabetes
123
• A condition in which the body fails to regulate
the concentration of sugar in the blood.
• Diabetics are prone to two main problems:
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Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
124
Signs and Symptoms
Hypoglycemia - Low blood glucose
Colour
Skin
Consciousness
pale
profuse sweating and cold
irritable, confused or may be
unconscious, fits may be
present in later stages
Pulse
rapid and weak
Breathing
normal to rapid
Onset
Treatment
sudden, may be minutes
sugar
125
Signs and Symptoms
Hyperglycemia - high blood glucose
Colour flushed
Skin dry
Consciousness restless, drowsy or lethargic
behaviour
Pulse rapid and full
Breathing deep and sighing, possible
sweet smell - acetone
Onset gradual, hours to days
Treatment insulin
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
126
Conscious Patient;
• Establish A, B, C
• Help patient to lie or sit down
• Give sugary foods, drinks etc.
• Advise to See their Doctor
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Hypoglycaemia - Treatment
127
Unconscious Patient
• Establish A, B, C
• Place patient in recovery position
• Monitor vital signs
• Prevent chilling
• Look for other causes
• Urgent removal to hospital
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Hyperglycaemia - Treatment
128
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Establish A, B, C
Place patient in recovery position
Monitor vital signs / Prevent chilling
Look for other causes
Urgent removal to hospital
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
Define Epilepsy
129
Definition:
• A condition that causes brief disruptions
in the normal electrical activity of the
brain.
© 2002 Abertay Nationwide Training
130
Forms of Epilepsy
• Absence Seizures
– A minor form of epilepsy
– Resembles daydreaming.
• Seizures
– A major form of epilepsy.
– The patient experiences fits with a period of
unconsciousness.
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Risk Assessment
Hazard means anything that can cause harm (e.g
chemicals, electricity, working from ladders etc).
Risk is the chance high or low, that somebody will
be harmed by the hazard.
• Look for Hazards
• Who might be harmed
• Evaluate the risk
• Record your findings
• Review Assessment
132
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessments must be suitable and sufficient.
You must be able to show that:
• A proper check was made
• You asked who might be affected
• You dealt with all obvious significant hazards,
taking into account the number of people who
could be involved
• The precautions are reasonable, and the
remaining risk is low
Risk Assessment
133
RISK ASSESSMENT SHEET
Company Name……………….Completed by………………..Date……..
Activity
Hazards
Persons
exposed
Likelihood
Severity
Weight
Lifting
Weights falling onto
fatigued body
Weight
Lifter
1. Most Unlikely
2. Unlikely
3. Likely
4. Most Likely
1. Trivial Injury
2. Slight Injury
3. Serious
Injury
4. Major Injury
or Death
Rating Bands
Action Required
Rating Bands
Action Required
1 & 2 Minimal Risk
Maintain Control Measures
6 & 8 Medium Risk
Improve Control
Measures
3 & 4 Low Risk
Review Control Measures
9, 12 & 16
Improve Controls immediately
and consider stopping work
To establish RISK Rating, multiply LIKELIHOOD by the SEVERITY
Risk