Download Secondary one*s basic first aid lesson 1

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS FIRST AID?

First Aid is the provision of initial care for
an illness or injury
AIM OF FIRST AID

Preserve life

Prevent condition from worsening

Promote recovery
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST AIDER
Assess situation
 Protect from danger.
 Prevent cross infection.
 Comfort and reassure casualties.
 Assessment of casualties
 Early treatment by priority.
 Arrange for appropriate help.

CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
 What

is Chain of Survival?
It is the sequence of actions that will increase
chances of survival.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL – 1ST LINK
(EARLY RECOGNITION AND ACCESS)
 Recognition
of early warning
signs, such as chest pain and
shortness of breath, that
prompts a person to call 995
before collapse.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL – 2ND LINK
(EARLY CPR)



CPR is Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation
CPR is a temporary intervention
that attempts to restore breathing
and circulation.
Loses its value if third and fourth
link are not rapidly carried out.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL – 3RD LINK
(EARLY DEFIBRILLATION)


Defibrillation is a process in which
an electronic device sends an electric
shock to the heart to stop an
extremely rapid, irregular heartbeat,
and restore normal heart rhythm.
Most effective way to convert
ventricular fibrillation (VF) back into
normal heart rhythm.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL – 4TH LINK
(EARLY ACLS)


ACLS is Advanced Cardiac Life
Support.
It includes the use of equipment to
support ventilation, establish
intravenous access, administer drugs
control arrhythmias and prepare
casualty for transportation.
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
Any delay could be fatal or
results in poor chance of
survival should be avoided!
PRIMARY SURVEY



Purpose of Primary Survey:
to diagnose and treat life threatening injuries
which, if left undiagnosed and untreated, could
lead to death
D-R-S-A-B-C-D.
PRIMARY SURVEY
D for Danger


Check surroundings for danger.
Remove the danger or move the casualty to a safe
environment if required.
PRIMARY SURVEY
R for Response


Establish level of response.
Firmly taps casualty’s shoulders and ask
loudly:
“Hello! Hello! Are you Okay?”
PRIMARY SURVEY
S for Shout

If casualty is unresponsive,
immediately call out for help:
“Help! Call for Ambulance, 995.
Get an AED !”

If a phone is available nearby, call
ambulance first.
PRIMARY SURVEY
A

for Airway
Head Tilt-Chin Lift manoeurve
is effective in opening the
airway.
HOW TO DO HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT?
1.
Place one hand on the
casualty’s forehead and apply
pressure to tilt the head back.
2.
Place two fingers of the other
hand at the angle of the jaw
bone.
3.
Lift the chin forward and
support the angle of the jaw,
helping to tilt the head back.
PRIMARY SURVEY
B
for Breathing
(Awake)
 Ask casualty to take deep breath and observe chest
movement.
 Observe for any abnormal speech.
 If laboured or painful breathing, expose chest and
look for life threatening injuries.
PRIMARY SURVEY
B
for Breathing
(Unconscious)
 While maintaining an open airway, the rescuer will
check the casualty's breathing.
 Rescuer’s ear over casualty’s mouth and nose.
Observe casualty's chest.
 LOOK – for chest rise and fall
 LISTEN – for air inhalation and exhalation
 FEEL – for the flow of air on your cheek
CHECKING FOR BREATHING
If
No breathing, Start CPR.
PRIMARY SURVEY
C

for Circulation
Rapid Body Survey (<30s) for major hemorrhage,
treat if found.
Perfusion (SCTM)
 Skin Colour (Pale/Pink/Cyanosed)
 Capillary Refill Time
 Temperature (Warm/Cold)
 Moisture (Dry/Moist)
PRIMARY SURVEY
D for Defibrillation
Use of Automated External Defibrillator (AED).
 It is a portable electronic device that diagnose
and correct arrhythmia of the heart.
 Most effective way to convert ventricular
fibrillation back into normal heart rhythm.

SECONDARY SURVEY
 Systematic
process for checking
other injuries.
D for
 Assess
 AVPU
 GCS
Disability
cerebral function.
E for
Environment/
Examine
 Protect
from Environment/ Expose to
check for injuries
 Head-to-Toe
VITAL SIGNS
 Level
of consciousness (LOC)
 Respiration
 Pulse
 Body
Temperature (if required)
HISTORY

To find details what happened and any previous
history.
SAMPLE
 Symptoms Presented
 Allergies
 Medication
 Past Medical History
 Last meal
 Event history

REASSESMENT
 Vital
Signs
 Review
Wound Dressings or Bandages
CPR PROTOCOL
 D-R-S-A-B-C
 Check
for Danger
 Check for Response
 Shout for help
 Open Airway
 Check for Breathing
 Chest Compression
CPR
 Cycles
of
30 Chest
Compression : 2
Ventilations
CHEST COMPRESSION
Landmark at lower half
of the sternum.
Compression rate is at
least 100 per minute.
Compress at least 5cm
Ensure full recoil of the
chest after each
compression
1&2&3&4&5&
1&2&3&4&10&
1&2&3&4&15
1&2&3&4&20
1&2&3&4&25
1&2&3&4&30
CHEST COMPRESSION
CHEST COMPRESSION
•Each Ventilation over 1
sec,
just enough to make the
chest rise.
•Ventilation volume:
400ml – 600ml.
WHEN TO STOP CPR?
Repeat the cycle (30:2) until
•Someone can take over
•Casualty wake up or show signs of
life.
•AED analysing rhythm.