Download 6th_Science_Study_Guide

Scientific Investigation and
Reasoning
Scientific Tools
Volume
Temperature
hot plate
graduated
cylinder
test
tube
Mass
beaker
Erlenmeyer
flask
Length
ruler
triple beam balance
thermometer
Observation
meter stick
Record & Analyze
Data
lab journal
calculator
Observations
Timing
Petri-dish
stop-watch
measuring tape
electronic balance
6.4A
microscope
Laboratory Safety
6.4B
Safety Hazard Signs
Glassware
Electrical
Eye and Face
Radioactive
Biohazard
Fire
Chemical
Animal
Heat
Sharp Instrument
Safety Equipment
safety gloves
fire
extinguisher
safety goggles
fire blanket
safety apron
www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-3988047-laboratory-safety-symbols.php
Matter and Energy
ELEMENT
6.5A
-a pure substance represented by chemical symbols
Common Elements
Hydrogen (H)
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Sodium (Na)
Silicon (Si)
Phosphorus (P)
Chlorine (Cl)
Elements
6.5B
EARTH’s Crust
LIVING MATTER
“Earth, O Si!”
“Mr.CHON”
Oxygen (O)
Silicon (Si)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
OCEANS
“Clams Ordered Salty Hamburgers!”
Nitrogen (N)
Sulfur(S)
Phosphorus(P)
ATMOSPHERE
“NO atmosphere?”
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Element vs. Compound
Element
•made up of Only ONE of element
O
•CANNOT be broken down into simpler
substances
Compound
•made up of TWO or MORE elements
H
O
H
•CAN be broken into simpler substances
H
O
Examples:
Au (gold)
O (oxygen)
N (nitrogen)
6.5C
Examples:
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
H2O (water)
NaCl (salt)
H
Chemical Changes
6.5D
•substances are changed into different substances
•cannot return to their original substance form
burning wood
baking a cake
rusty nail
fireworks
apple turns brown
frying an egg
leaves changing color
4 Signs of Chemical Change
COLOR CHANGE
PRECIPITATE FORMATION
6.5D
GAS PRODUCTION
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
Metals vs. Nonmetals
Metal Properties
6.6A
Nonmetal Properties
•DO have luster (shiny)
•Do NOT have luster (dull)
•DO conduct heat
•Do NOT conduct eat
•DO conduct electricity
•Do NOT conduct electricity
•DO have malleability
(can bend, be hammered out, or shaped)
•Do have Ductility
(can be shaped to wires, like copper wire)
•Do NOT have malleability
Metalloids
6.6A
-have properties of both metals and nonmetals
Unknown Element #1
Physical
Property
Yes
Luster
X
No
Unknown Element #2
Physical
Property
Yes
Luster
Unknown Element #3
No
Physical
Property
Yes
X
Luster
X
Conductor
of Heat
X
Conductor
of Heat
X
Conductor
of Heat
X
Conductor
of
Electricity
X
Conductor
of
Electricity
X
Conductor
of
Electricity
X
Malleable
X
Malleable
Malleable
X
METALLOID
METALLOID
No
X
METALLOID
Physical Properties of Minerals
6.6C
Hardness
Color
Luster
Streak
-the ability of a
mineral to scratch or
be scratched
-the appearance of a
mineral seen by the
human eye
-the ability of a mineral to
reflect light (shiny or dull)
-color of powder left
after rubbing a mineral
www.theimage.com/geology/notes3/index4.html
Calculating Density
mass = 4
6.6B
grams
M
volume = 2 cubic centimeters
density =
grams per cubic centimeter
D
V
Jingle:
“my dear valentine”
Density = Mass / Volume
2 g/cm3
=
4g
/
2 cm3
Measuring Density
object
regular shaped
irregular shaped
mass
6.6B
volume
triple beam balance
1 mL =1 cm3
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
6.7A
Nonrenewable Energy Sources: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear Power, and Biomass
Advantages
• only small amount required to
generate large amount
Disadvantages
• limited supply- nonrenewable
•pollute the air
•can be harmful to the environment
Renewable Energy Resources
6.7A
Renewable Energy Sources: Wind, Hydropower, Geothermal, and Solar
Advantages
Disadvantages
• not as harmful to environment •some not as efficient as
nonrenewable energy
• unlimited supply-renewable
• take up more time to generate
energy
• expensive to set up
•may harm animals and disrupt
ecosystems (birds , fish)
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
6.8A
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
• Energy stored in an
object based on its
position
• ‘P’ for Position
• Energy in motion
• ‘Kinet’ means movement
Moving Pendulum
1
2
highest potential
energy at point 1
3
1
4
highest kinetic
energy at point 3
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
6.8A
Potential Energy
• Energy stored in an
object based on its position
girl has highest potential
energy at point A
Kinetic Energy
• Energy in motion
girl has highest kinetic
energy at point B
Force, Motion and Energy
Forces and Motion
6.8B
Balanced Forces
Object does not accelerate-not move
Forces are equal
100 N
100 N
Unbalanced Forces
Object accelerates-moves
Forces are not equal
100 N
60 N
www.bbc.co.uk/.../science/ images/sci_dia_89.gif
Calculating Average Speed
Speed =
2 m/s
=
6.8C
Distance / Time
10 meters
/
5 seconds
D
S
T
Jingle:
“dominate staar test”
Start
0m
Total Time = 5 seconds
End
10 m
Graphing Changes in Motion
Constant Speed
Increasing Velocity
Positive Velocity
No Speed- at Rest
6.8D
Constant Speed, at Rest, Constant Speed
Constant Velocity
www.science-class.net/PowerPoints/motiongraphs_files/frame.htm
Inclined Plane and Pulley
Inclined Plane
6.8E
Output Force
Work –does not change
Force and Effort - reduced
Distance -increased
W
Pulley
Work -does not change
Force and Effort - reduced
Distance –increased
Force- changes direction
F
D
Work = Force x Distance
Jingle:
“What’s for dinner?”
Energy Transfer
Conduction
Convection
6.9A
Radiation
Hot flows up
Cold flows
down
•Energy transferred
through direct
contact from
substance to
substance
•Energy transfer
through a current in
fluids and gases
•Energy transfer
through rays without
direct contact
www.beodom.com
Thermal Energy Movement
Warm
to
energy from warm air moves to the cool ice cube
Energy always
moves from
Warmer  Cooler
to balance
temperatures
energy from warm pan moves to cooler hand
6.9B
Cold
Energy Examples
chemical energy
electrical energy
6.9C
light energy
•Batteries
•Electric outlet
•Sun
•Food
•Plug
•Lamp
•Fuel (gas)
•Electron
current
•Light bulb
•Fire
●Transformer
•Flame
Energy Transformations
6.9C
Energy transformation in a flashlight
chemical energy
electrical energy
light energy
Earth and Space
Layers of the Earth
continental crust
oceanic crust
lithosphere
upper most mantle –plates
asthenosphere -upper mantle
middle mantle
lower mantle
outer core -liquid
inner core
Earth model not to scale
6.10A
Rock Formation
6.10B
three types of
rocks
1. Sedimentary
2. Metamorphic
3. Igneous
www.geology.phillipmartin.info/geology_rocks.html
www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/
Rock Formation
6.10B
layers
●forms in lines and
layers of sediment
●heat and pressure
formation
●forms from cooled
magma
“Now magma pushes through the crust
And when it cools it's Igneous
The next in line is elementary
Weathering makes it Sedimentary
Then heat and pressure make rocks change
The stuff inside can rearrange
The final rock, you can't ignore it,
Yeah, you know, it's Metamorphic!”
© 1998 John Paul Taylor, Jr. © 2002-2012 Songs for Teaching®
Major Tectonic Plates
6.10C
1. African
2. South American
3. Eurasian
4. North American
5. Indian-Australian
6. Pacific
“ All Spiders Eat Nutty Iced Pie”
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
www.faithfreedom.org/debates/NaikCampbellp5.htm
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
“Now Plate Tectonics is the theory
That crust is moving under me
Continents they drift apart
'Cause molten rock is in Earth's heart
Scientists say there are three ways
That plates can move around these days
Convergent, Divergent, and Transform-Fault
Is what this rumbling's all about ”
© 2002-2012 Songs for Teaching® © 1998 John Paul Taylor, Jr.
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
plate movement
geological event
earthquake
Transform-Fault
www.arthursclipart.org/nature/nature/page_01.htm
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
plate movement
geological event
volcanic eruption
www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/pltec/contvsocn288x157.gif
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
plate movement
geological event
rift valley
Mid ocean ridge- sea floor spreading
www.geogonline.org.uk/G1_ki2.1iii.htm
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
plate movement
geological event
ocean trench -subduction zone
trench
Plate Tectonic Movement
6.10D
plate movement
geological event
Folded mountain
Upwarped Mountain
Transform-Fault
The Planets
6.11A
“My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos”
Planet Properties
6.11A
Name
Location
Inner Terrestrial Planets  found before the main
asteroid belt
“Rocky Planets”
 first 4 planets from Sun
Properties
 smaller
 composed of rock
 solid surface
 no rings
 high density
Planet Properties
6.11A
Name
Outer Planets
“Gas Giants”
Location
 found after the main
asteroid belt
 last 4 planets from Sun
Properties
 larger
 composed of gases
 no surface
 rings
 low density
Solar System Bodies
6.11A
solar system body
properties
ball of ice and gas
coma - tail on fire
location and movement
found in Kuiper Belt after
outer planets
revolves around the sun
tail points away from sun
Comet
rocky core
irregular shaped
different sizes
 long revolutions (100+yr)
most found in main-belt
between Mars and Jupiter
revolve around Sun
asteroid
rocky core
small size
fired trail
meteor
enter Earth’s atmosphere
as a meteoroid
have different orbits
Galilean Moons
Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto
“In Europe Goals Conquer”
orbit around Jupiter
discovered by Galileo Galilei
massive objects in solar system
contain ice caps
6.11A
Gravitational Force
6.11B
Gravity , the force that governs the solar system
My mass is so large, I have
a great gravitational force
that pulls the planets
towards me !
www.gcsescience.com
History of Space Exploration
Sputnik 1 (1957)
Sputnik 2 (1957)
Apollo 11 (1967)
6.11C
Voyager 1 (1977present)
First mission to land a man
on the moon lead by U.S.A. NASA
First artificial satellite to
orbit Earth launched by the
Soviet Union .Marked
beginning of space age and
space race.
Equipment:
Power supply
Radio transmitters
First spacecraft to carry a
living animal into space, dog
named Laika. Launched by
the Soviet Union.
Equipment:
Spacecraft
Radio transmitters
Life support System
Equipment:
Spacecraft Service Model
Spacecraft Command Model
Spacecraft Lunar Model
Life support system
Astronaut Suit and Gear
Farthest man made object
from Earth. Studied outer
planets, Saturn and Jupiter.
Launched by NASA.
Equipment:
Probe craft
TV cameras
UV and IR sensors
Particle detectors
www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect19/Sect19_14.html
http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/SpaceRace/sec300img/311l3p3.jpg
www.timmcguinness.us/1992-1994/arts&letters/spaceage_gallery.htm
Future of Space Exploration
International Space
Station (1998-present)
Mars Science
Laboratory (2011-present)
6.11C
Dawn (2007-present)
Artificial satellite with joint
programs by 5 space stations;
American, European, Russian,
Japanese, and Canadian
stations.
Rover part of NASA's Mar’s
Exploration Program. Will search
for past or present life, study
Mars’ geology, and plan for future
human missions. Landing 8-6-12.
Satellite mission part of NASA’s
Discovery program. Orbiting
asteroids Vesta and Ceres, in
the main asteroid belt.
Equipment: modules, external
trusses, solar arrays and other
components
Equipment: aero-shell (space
travel) ,parachute (landing) ,
mobile robot, rover, solar arrays,
spectrometers, cameras, control
systems
Equipment:
Gamma ray and neutron
detector , antennae, infrared
spectrometer, cameras, solar
arrays, control systems
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/index.cfm
http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/
www.digitaltrends.com/international/astronaut-creates-lego-space-station-while-on-international-space-station/
Organisms and Environments
Cells and Organisms
cells
6.12A
organisms
-All organisms are made up of one or more cells
*organism-any living thing
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cell
NO Nucleus
Both
DNA
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
6.12B
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus present
www.education.com/study-help/article/biology-help-dinosaurs-help-make-fossil/
Taxonomy of Organisms
6.12C
-life is classified or divided into 3 domains
1. Domain Archaea
2. Domain Bacteria
3. Domain Eukarya
•
Unicellular organisms
• 1.Unicellular
Bacteria organisms
• 1.Mostly
multi-cellular
Eukarya
organisms
•
Prokaryotic cells found
in extreme
environments (salty ,
hot, acidic places )
•
•
Prokaryotic cells with
no nucleus
*taxonomy - classification
Eukaryotic cells with
nucleus
Characteristics of Organisms
Autotrophic- organism that produces its own food for energy
Heterotrophic – organism that obtains energy by consuming
other organisms
6.12D
Characteristics of Organisms
6.12D
-organisms are sub-classified into 6 kingdoms of life
ArchaeaBacteria
Eubacteria
Unicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Asexual
reproduction
Domain
Archaea
Asexual
reproduction
(mostly)
Domain
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Multicellular
Multicelluar
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Sexual
reproduction
(mostly)
Asexual and
sexual
reproduction
Sexual
reproduction
Asexual and
Sexual
reproduction
Plantae
Domain Eukarya
Parts of an Ecosystem
Biotic Factors
6.12E
Abiotic Factors
all living things found in an ecosystem
fish
all Non-living things found in an ecosystem
sunlight
soil
coral reef
deer
grass
bird
tree
water
air
rocks
Levels of Organization
Biosphere
6.12F
contains all ecosystems
biosphere
Ecosystem
a community and its nonliving
factors
prairie dog, bison, stream, air, sun, rocks, snake, hawk
Community
populations that live together
in an area
prairie dog, bison, snake, hawk
Population
group of one type of organisms
that live in same area
bison herd
Organism
individual living thing
bison
www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/03%20Cytology/00%20Cytology--WHOLE.htm