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Transcript
Antibiotics, Viruses, and Prions Bacterial Infections • Colonization by harmful bacteria • Using the body as resources to grow and reproduce • Battled by the immune system • Different numbers of bacteria needed to overwhelm the immune system and cause infection • Shigella: 10 • E. coli: 100 How Antibiotics Work • 2 main methods • Kill bacteria outright • Prevent bacteria from growing • Usually bind to bacteria to do this • Generally stop bacteria from making something • Cell wall, proteins, DNA, etc. • The more similar that target to your cells, the more toxic the antibiotic is to you How Antibiotics Work • Antibiotics reduce the population of invading bacteria • Survivors usually dealt with by immune system • Start to feel better before using all of the medicine • Feel better before the population is reduced to the point that the infection is defeated • Stopping the medication before this point leaves bacterial survivors Antibiotic Resistance • Surviving bacteria have time to adapt to drug • Drug loses effect • Trait passed in population • Treatment with same drug now ineffective How do we deal with this? • Hospitals: • Serious infections get multiple antibiotics at the same time • Bacteria that are immune to one probably aren’t immune to the others • Personal: take ALL of your antibiotics as prescribed, even if you feel better before you run out of medicine • If the bottle says take for 7 days, take for 7 days, not 4 Viruses • Obligate intracellular parasites • Must invade your cells • Hijack organelles to reproduce itself • Will antibiotics work against viruses? NO Viruses Ebola Influenza Smallpox Bacteriophage Prions • Prions are misshaped proteins • When they encounter their normal counterparts, prions cause them to refold and form into new prions, which then clump together • Cause holes to form in the brain, giving it a spongy appearance • Cluster in spinal tissue and saliva • Mad cow disease, scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru Prions • No current treatment, is 100% fatal • Decontamination very difficult • Survives bleach, heat, concentrated bases and acids, UV • Contamination at USAMC resulted in disposal of $300,000 worth of equipment
